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English Grammar and Composition Class Six - The -ing form of Verb, Gerund & Participle - Vocabulary

Class 6 to 8 ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

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Class 6 to 8English Grammar and Composition Class Six - The -ing form of Verb, Gerund & Participle - Vocabulary

Chapter: The -ing form of Verb, Gerund & Participle

📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Class Six
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
gerundverbal nounpresent participleverbal adjectivenominal functionsubjectobjectmodifyadjectiveWould you mindthink oflikeloveenjoyhatestopwalkingsingingsmilingcrying
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Base verb + ing can form a gerund when the -ing form functions as a noun: read + ing = reading.
â–ē Base verb + ing can form a present participle when the -ing form functions as an adjective: sing + ing = singing.
â–ē Use an -ing form after verbs of liking or disliking such as like, love, enjoy and hate: enjoy + reading.
â–ē Use verb-ing after mind: I do not mind waiting.
â–ē Use Would you mind + verb-ing for a polite request: Would you mind opening the door?
â–ē Use think of + verb-ing: She is thinking of visiting Dhaka.
â–ē A gerund may be the subject of a sentence: Swimming is good exercise.
â–ē A gerund may be the object of a verb: They enjoy playing football.
â–ē A participle usually comes before a noun and describes it: a smiling boy.
â–ē The same -ing word can be a gerund or participle according to its function: Walking is healthy. The walking boy is healthy.
1. The -ing Form and Gerund (8 words)
gerund[/ˈdʒerənd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ
Alt: verb-āĻāϰ -ing āϰ⧂āĻĒ āϝāĻž noun-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: Swimming is good exercise.
Syn: verbal nounAnt: participle
💡 Exam tip: Gerund āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ sentence-āĻ noun-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
verbal noun[/ˈvɜːrbəl naʊn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ
Alt: verb āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ noun
Example: Reading is a good habit.
Syn: gerundAnt: verbal adjective
💡 Exam tip: Gerund-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻžāĻŽ verbal nounāĨ¤
watching[/ˈwɒtʃÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: I enjoy watching movies.
Syn: observingAnt: ignoring
💡 Exam tip: Enjoy-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ verb-āĻāϰ -ing form āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
closing[/ˈkləʊzÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Would you mind closing the door?
Syn: shuttingAnt: opening
💡 Exam tip: Would you mind-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ -ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
jogging[/ˈdʒɒɡÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϧ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧌āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧌āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋
Example: Jogging is good exercise.
Syn: runningAnt: resting
💡 Exam tip: Jogging sentence-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ gerundāĨ¤
eating[/ˈiːtÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ–āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: I hate eating greasy food.
Syn: consumingAnt: fasting
💡 Exam tip: Like, love, enjoy āĻ“ hate-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ eating-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ gerund āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
learning[/ˈlɜːrnÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻž
Alt: āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: I love learning by doing.
Syn: studyingAnt: forgetting
💡 Exam tip: Learning by doing āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ gerund phrase āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ love-āĻāϰ objectāĨ¤
attending[/əˈtendÉĒŋ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Attending lectures is useful.
Syn: joiningAnt: absenting
💡 Exam tip: Attending lectures sentence-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ gerund phraseāĨ¤
2. Gerund as Subject and Object (8 words)
browsing[/ˈbraƊzÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāωāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ–ā§‹āρāϜāĻž
Example: Browsing the internet is my passion.
Syn: searchingAnt: avoiding
💡 Exam tip: Browsing the internet subject āĻšāϞ⧇ browsing gerundāĨ¤
cycling[/ˈsaÉĒklÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāχāϕ⧇āϞ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋
Alt: āϏāĻžāχāϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Cycling in the afternoon is enjoyable.
Syn: bicyclingAnt: walking
💡 Exam tip: Cycling in the afternoon āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ phrase-āϟāĻŋ gerund phraseāĨ¤
singing[/ˈsÉĒŋÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻ—āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻŖā§āϠ⧇ āϏ⧁āϰ āϤ⧋āϞāĻž
Example: He likes singing.
Syn: chantingAnt: silence
💡 Exam tip: Likes-āĻāϰ object āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ singing gerundāĨ¤
playing[/ˈpleÉĒÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϖ⧇āϞāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāύ⧋
Example: They enjoy playing football.
Syn: participatingAnt: stopping
💡 Exam tip: Playing football-āĻ playing gerund; football āϤāĻžāϰ objectāĨ¤
shopping[/ˈʃɒpÉĒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āϕ⧇āύāĻž
Example: My mother loves shopping.
Syn: buyingAnt: selling
💡 Exam tip: Love-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ shopping āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ gerundāĨ¤
mind[/maÉĒnd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āφāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāύ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: I do not mind lending you money.
Syn: objectAnt: allow
💡 Exam tip: Mind-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ -ing form āĻŦāϏ⧇: mind opening, mind waitingāĨ¤
enjoy[/ÉĒnˈdʒɔÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āωāĻĒāĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: We enjoy reading books.
Syn: likeAnt: dislike
💡 Exam tip: Enjoy-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ to read āύāϝāĻŧ, reading āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
hate[/heÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϘ⧃āĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: She hates wasting time.
Syn: detestAnt: love
💡 Exam tip: Hate-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ gerund āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ: hate waitingāĨ¤
3. Verbs Used with Gerunds (8 words)
like[/laÉĒk/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻž
Example: I like jogging in the morning.
Syn: preferAnt: dislike
💡 Exam tip: Like-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ gerund āĻŦāĻž infinitive āĻĻ⧁āĻŸā§‹āχ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ gerund āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
love[/lƌv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Pia loves learning by doing.
Syn: adoreAnt: hate
💡 Exam tip: Love + verb-ing: loves singing, loves readingāĨ¤
think[/θÉĒŋk/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: I was thinking of going there.
Syn: considerAnt: forget
💡 Exam tip: Think of-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ -ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
stop[/stɒp/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: He has stopped singing.
Syn: ceaseAnt: continue
💡 Exam tip: Stop + gerund āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
lend[/lend/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϧāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: I do not mind lending you my pen.
Syn: loanAnt: borrow
💡 Exam tip: Mind lending-āĻ lending āĻšāϞ⧋ gerundāĨ¤
close[/kləʊz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻāϰāϜāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻž āφāϟāĻ•āĻžāύ⧋
Example: Would you mind closing the window?
Syn: shutAnt: open
💡 Exam tip: Would you mind + verb-ing āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ polite request-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĨ¤
remember[/rÉĒˈmembər/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: I do not remember entering his room.
Syn: recallAnt: forget
💡 Exam tip: Remember-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ entering āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ entering gerundāĨ¤
enter[/ˈentər/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĸā§‹āĻ•āĻž
Example: He entered the room quietly.
Syn: go inAnt: leave
💡 Exam tip: Entering his room-āĻ entering noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ remember-āĻāϰ objectāĨ¤
4. Present Participle (8 words)
participle[/ˈpɑːrtÉĒsÉĒpəl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āϰ⧂āĻĒ
Alt: verb-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āϝāĻž adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: A singing bird sat on the tree.
Syn: verbal adjectiveAnt: gerund
💡 Exam tip: Present participle noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
verbal adjective[/ˈvɜːrbəl ˈÃĻdʒÉĒktÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ
Alt: verb āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ adjective
Example: The crying baby needs milk.
Syn: participleAnt: verbal noun
💡 Exam tip: Participle-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻžāĻŽ verbal adjectiveāĨ¤
singing[/ˈsÉĒŋÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻ—āĻžāχāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻ—āĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: I have a singing parrot.
Syn: melodiousAnt: silent
💡 Exam tip: Singing parrot-āĻ singing parrot-āϕ⧇ describe āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ participleāĨ¤
smiling[/ˈsmaÉĒlÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧋āĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāϏāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The smiling boy is my brother.
Syn: cheerfulAnt: frowning
💡 Exam tip: Smiling boy-āĻ smiling adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
crying[/ˈkraÉĒÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāρāĻĻāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύāϰāϤ
Example: She helped the crying girl.
Syn: weepingAnt: laughing
💡 Exam tip: Crying girl-āĻ crying noun girl-āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
melting[/ˈmeltÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ—āϞāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āϤāϰāϞ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: He ate a melting ice cream.
Syn: softeningAnt: freezing
💡 Exam tip: Melting ice cream-āĻ melting āĻšāϞ⧋ present participleāĨ¤
laughing[/ˈlÃĻfÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāϏāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϝāϰāϤ
Example: The laughing students were noisy.
Syn: gigglingAnt: weeping
💡 Exam tip: Laughing students-āĻ laughing adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤāĨ¤
holding[/ˈhəʊldÉĒŋ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϧāϰ⧇ āφāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The holding child dropped the toy.
Syn: carryingAnt: releasing
💡 Exam tip: Holding āϕ⧋āύ⧋ noun-āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ participle āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
5. Participles in Descriptions (8 words)
roaring[/ˈrɔːrÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ—āĻ°ā§āϜāύāϰāϤ
Alt: āĻœā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: We saw roaring lions at the zoo.
Syn: growlingAnt: silent
💡 Exam tip: Roaring lions-āĻ roaring adjective āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ lions-āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
chirping[/ˈtʃɜːrpÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻŋāϚāĻŋāϰāĻŽāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: The chirping birds woke me up.
Syn: twitteringAnt: quiet
💡 Exam tip: Chirping birds āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ participial phraseāĨ¤
sleeping[/ˈsliːpÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Alt: āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The sleeping child looks peaceful.
Syn: restingAnt: awake
💡 Exam tip: Sleeping child-āĻ sleeping āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
walking[/ˈwɔːkÉĒŋ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāρāϟāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ
Example: The walking elephant was huge.
Syn: strollingAnt: sitting
💡 Exam tip: Walking elephant-āĻ walking participle; āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Walking is healthy-āϤ⧇ gerundāĨ¤
jumping[/ˈdʒʌmpÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϞāĻžāĻĢāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āωāĻ āϛ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϞāĻžāĻĢ āĻĻāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The jumping monkeys amused us.
Syn: leapingAnt: standing
💡 Exam tip: Jumping monkeys-āĻ jumping adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
cooking[/ˈkƊkÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: The cooking mother called Tuli.
Syn: preparingAnt: uncooked
💡 Exam tip: Cooking mother-āĻ cooking participle āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤāĨ¤
frying[/ˈfraÉĒÉĒŋ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ­āĻžāϜāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϤ⧇āϞ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The frying fish smelled delicious.
Syn: sizzlingAnt: boiling
💡 Exam tip: Frying fish-āĻ frying āĻŽāĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
shining[/ˈʃaÉĒnÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻœā§āĻŦāϞāĻœā§āĻŦāϞ⧇
Alt: āφāϞ⧋ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The shining stars looked beautiful.
Syn: glowingAnt: dull
💡 Exam tip: Shining stars-āĻ shining adjective; noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ participle āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
6. Comparison and Exam Usage (8 words)
function[/ˈfĘŒÅ‹kʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Example: A gerund functions as a noun.
Syn: roleAnt: disuse
💡 Exam tip: Gerund noun-āĻāϰ function āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ participle adjective-āĻāϰ function āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
modify[/ˈmɒdÉĒfaÉĒ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ noun-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: The participle modifies a noun.
Syn: describeAnt: confuse
💡 Exam tip: Participle-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāϞ⧋ noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun modify āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
subject[/ˈsƌbdʒÉĒkt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ sentence
Example: Reading is the subject of the sentence.
Syn: topicAnt: object
💡 Exam tip: Sentence-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ -ing form subject āĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž gerundāĨ¤
object[/ˈɒbdʒÉĒkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ
Alt: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇
Example: Watching is the object of enjoy.
Syn: targetAnt: subject
💡 Exam tip: Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ -ing form object āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ gerundāĨ¤
adjective[/ˈÃĻdʒÉĒktÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ
Alt: noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ word
Example: Smiling is an adjective in smiling boy.
Syn: describing wordAnt: noun
💡 Exam tip: Participle adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
nominal[/ˈnɒmÉĒnəl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The -ing form has a nominal function here.
Syn: noun-likeAnt: verbal
💡 Exam tip: Gerund-āĻāϰ nominal function āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
action[/ˈÃĻkʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāϜ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āϘāϟāύāĻž
Example: Walking describes an action.
Syn: activityAnt: inaction
💡 Exam tip: āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž situation āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ gerund āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
situation[/ˌsÉĒtʃuˈeÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύ
Example: Working too hard can change a situation.
Syn: conditionAnt: certainty
💡 Exam tip: Action āĻŦāĻž situation subject āĻšāϞ⧇ -ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ -ing word-āϟāĻŋ sentence-āĻ noun āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ adjective-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ -ing form subject āĻŦāĻž object āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ gerund āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
â€ĸ -ing form noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āϕ⧇ describe āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ present participle āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
â€ĸ Gerund-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ swimming = āϏāĻžāρāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāĨ¤
â€ĸ Participle-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ noun āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋; participle āϏ⧇āχ noun-āϕ⧇ modify āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
â€ĸ Would you mind-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ infinitive āύāϝāĻŧ, verb-ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ Enjoy, mind, think of āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ stop-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ gerund āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
â€ĸ Walking is good exercise-āĻ walking gerund, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ a walking boy-āĻ walking participleāĨ¤
â€ĸ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ subject, object, adjective āĻ“ modify āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ function āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
â€ĸ Gerund āĻ“ participle-āĻāϰ form āĻāĻ•āχ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ function āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžâ€”āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻ“ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

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