Chapter: The -ing form of Verb, Gerund & Participle
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Class Six
â Most Important Exam Words
gerundverbal nounpresent participleverbal adjectivenominal functionsubjectobjectmodifyadjectiveWould you mindthink oflikeloveenjoyhatestopwalkingsingingsmilingcrying
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Base verb + ing can form a gerund when the -ing form functions as a noun: read + ing = reading.
âē Base verb + ing can form a present participle when the -ing form functions as an adjective: sing + ing = singing.
âē Use an -ing form after verbs of liking or disliking such as like, love, enjoy and hate: enjoy + reading.
âē Use verb-ing after mind: I do not mind waiting.
âē Use Would you mind + verb-ing for a polite request: Would you mind opening the door?
âē Use think of + verb-ing: She is thinking of visiting Dhaka.
âē A gerund may be the subject of a sentence: Swimming is good exercise.
âē A gerund may be the object of a verb: They enjoy playing football.
âē A participle usually comes before a noun and describes it: a smiling boy.
âē The same -ing word can be a gerund or participle according to its function: Walking is healthy. The walking boy is healthy.
1. The -ing Form and Gerund (8 words)
gerund[/ËdĘerÉnd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ
Alt: verb-āĻāϰ -ing āϰā§āĻĒ āϝāĻž noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§
Example: Swimming is good exercise.
Syn: verbal nounAnt: participle
đĄ Exam tip: Gerund āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠verb-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻšāϞā§āĻ sentence-āĻ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
verbal noun[/ËvÉËrbÉl naĘn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ
Alt: verb āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ noun
Example: Reading is a good habit.
Syn: gerundAnt: verbal adjective
đĄ Exam tip: Gerund-āĻāϰ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āύāĻžāĻŽ verbal nounāĨ¤
watching[/ËwÉtĘÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: I enjoy watching movies.
Syn: observingAnt: ignoring
đĄ Exam tip: Enjoy-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ verb-āĻāϰ -ing form āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
closing[/ËklÉĘzÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Would you mind closing the door?
Syn: shuttingAnt: opening
đĄ Exam tip: Would you mind-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠-ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ
āύā§āϰā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
jogging[/ËdĘÉÉĄÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϧā§āϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§
Alt: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§
Example: Jogging is good exercise.
Syn: runningAnt: resting
đĄ Exam tip: Jogging sentence-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ gerundāĨ¤
eating[/ËiËtÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: I hate eating greasy food.
Syn: consumingAnt: fasting
đĄ Exam tip: Like, love, enjoy āĻ hate-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠eating-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠gerund āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
learning[/ËlÉËrnÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: I love learning by doing.
Syn: studyingAnt: forgetting
đĄ Exam tip: Learning by doing āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ gerund phrase āĻāĻŦāĻ love-āĻāϰ objectāĨ¤
attending[/ÉËtendÉĒÅ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϞāĻžāϏ⧠āϝā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Attending lectures is useful.
Syn: joiningAnt: absenting
đĄ Exam tip: Attending lectures sentence-āĻāϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ gerund phraseāĨ¤
2. Gerund as Subject and Object (8 words)
browsing[/ËbraĘzÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāύā§āĻāĻžāϰāύā§āĻā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻž
Example: Browsing the internet is my passion.
Syn: searchingAnt: avoiding
đĄ Exam tip: Browsing the internet subject āĻšāϞ⧠browsing gerundāĨ¤
cycling[/ËsaÉĒklÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāĻāĻā§āϞ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύā§
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Cycling in the afternoon is enjoyable.
Syn: bicyclingAnt: walking
đĄ Exam tip: Cycling in the afternoon āĻĒā§āϰ⧠phrase-āĻāĻŋ gerund phraseāĨ¤
singing[/ËsÉĒÅÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŖā§āĻ ā§ āϏā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāĻž
Example: He likes singing.
Syn: chantingAnt: silence
đĄ Exam tip: Likes-āĻāϰ object āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ singing gerundāĨ¤
playing[/ËpleÉĒÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āϞāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāύā§
Example: They enjoy playing football.
Syn: participatingAnt: stopping
đĄ Exam tip: Playing football-āĻ playing gerund; football āϤāĻžāϰ objectāĨ¤
shopping[/ËĘÉpÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āύāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āĻā§āύāĻž
Example: My mother loves shopping.
Syn: buyingAnt: selling
đĄ Exam tip: Love-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠shopping āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ gerundāĨ¤
mind[/maÉĒnd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāύ⧠āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: I do not mind lending you money.
Syn: objectAnt: allow
đĄ Exam tip: Mind-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠-ing form āĻŦāϏā§: mind opening, mind waitingāĨ¤
enjoy[/ÉĒnËdĘÉÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: We enjoy reading books.
Syn: likeAnt: dislike
đĄ Exam tip: Enjoy-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠to read āύāϝāĻŧ, reading āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
hate[/heÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŖāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ
āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: She hates wasting time.
Syn: detestAnt: love
đĄ Exam tip: Hate-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠gerund āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ: hate waitingāĨ¤
3. Verbs Used with Gerunds (8 words)
like[/laÉĒk/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϞāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: I like jogging in the morning.
Syn: preferAnt: dislike
đĄ Exam tip: Like-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠gerund āĻŦāĻž infinitive āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻ
āϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ gerund āĻ
āύā§āĻļā§āϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
love[/lĘv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Pia loves learning by doing.
Syn: adoreAnt: hate
đĄ Exam tip: Love + verb-ing: loves singing, loves readingāĨ¤
think[/θÉĒÅk/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāϤ āĻĒā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: I was thinking of going there.
Syn: considerAnt: forget
đĄ Exam tip: Think of-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠-ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
stop[/stÉp/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: He has stopped singing.
Syn: ceaseAnt: continue
đĄ Exam tip: Stop + gerund āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
lend[/lend/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϧāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: I do not mind lending you my pen.
Syn: loanAnt: borrow
đĄ Exam tip: Mind lending-āĻ lending āĻšāϞ⧠gerundāĨ¤
close[/klÉĘz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻāϰāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻžāύā§
Example: Would you mind closing the window?
Syn: shutAnt: open
đĄ Exam tip: Would you mind + verb-ing āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ polite request-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĨ¤
remember[/rÉĒËmembÉr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āϏā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: I do not remember entering his room.
Syn: recallAnt: forget
đĄ Exam tip: Remember-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠entering āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠entering gerundāĨ¤
enter[/ËentÉr/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āĻĸā§āĻāĻž
Example: He entered the room quietly.
Syn: go inAnt: leave
đĄ Exam tip: Entering his room-āĻ entering noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠remember-āĻāϰ objectāĨ¤
4. Present Participle (8 words)
participle[/ËpÉËrtÉĒsÉĒpÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖā§āϝāĻŧ āϰā§āĻĒ
Alt: verb-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āϰā§āĻĒ āϝāĻž adjective-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§
Example: A singing bird sat on the tree.
Syn: verbal adjectiveAnt: gerund
đĄ Exam tip: Present participle noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āĻā§ modify āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
verbal adjective[/ËvÉËrbÉl ËÃĻdĘÉĒktÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: verb āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ adjective
Example: The crying baby needs milk.
Syn: participleAnt: verbal noun
đĄ Exam tip: Participle-āĻāϰ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āύāĻžāĻŽ verbal adjectiveāĨ¤
singing[/ËsÉĒÅÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: I have a singing parrot.
Syn: melodiousAnt: silent
đĄ Exam tip: Singing parrot-āĻ singing parrot-āĻā§ describe āĻāϰā§āĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻ participleāĨ¤
smiling[/ËsmaÉĒlÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāϏā§āϝā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāϞ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāϏāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The smiling boy is my brother.
Syn: cheerfulAnt: frowning
đĄ Exam tip: Smiling boy-āĻ smiling adjective-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤
crying[/ËkraÉĒÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻā§āϰāύā§āĻĻāύāϰāϤ
Example: She helped the crying girl.
Syn: weepingAnt: laughing
đĄ Exam tip: Crying girl-āĻ crying noun girl-āĻā§ modify āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
melting[/ËmeltÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒā§ āϤāϰāϞ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: He ate a melting ice cream.
Syn: softeningAnt: freezing
đĄ Exam tip: Melting ice cream-āĻ melting āĻšāϞ⧠present participleāĨ¤
laughing[/ËlÃĻfÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāϏāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāϏā§āϝāϰāϤ
Example: The laughing students were noisy.
Syn: gigglingAnt: weeping
đĄ Exam tip: Laughing students-āĻ laughing adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤāĨ¤
holding[/ËhÉĘldÉĒÅ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϧāϰ⧠āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāϤ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The holding child dropped the toy.
Syn: carryingAnt: releasing
đĄ Exam tip: Holding āĻā§āύ⧠noun-āĻā§ modify āĻāϰāϞ⧠participle āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
5. Participles in Descriptions (8 words)
roaring[/ËrÉËrÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāϰā§āĻāύāϰāϤ
Alt: āĻā§āϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāϰāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: We saw roaring lions at the zoo.
Syn: growlingAnt: silent
đĄ Exam tip: Roaring lions-āĻ roaring adjective āĻāĻŦāĻ lions-āĻā§ modify āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
chirping[/ËtĘÉËrpÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāϰāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: The chirping birds woke me up.
Syn: twitteringAnt: quiet
đĄ Exam tip: Chirping birds āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ participial phraseāĨ¤
sleeping[/ËsliËpÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŽāύā§āϤ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The sleeping child looks peaceful.
Syn: restingAnt: awake
đĄ Exam tip: Sleeping child-āĻ sleeping āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
walking[/ËwÉËkÉĒÅ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ
Example: The walking elephant was huge.
Syn: strollingAnt: sitting
đĄ Exam tip: Walking elephant-āĻ walking participle; āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Walking is healthy-āϤ⧠gerundāĨ¤
jumping[/ËdĘĘmpÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϞāĻžāĻĢāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻ āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āϞāĻžāĻĢ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The jumping monkeys amused us.
Syn: leapingAnt: standing
đĄ Exam tip: Jumping monkeys-āĻ jumping adjective-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻā§āĨ¤
cooking[/ËkĘkÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: The cooking mother called Tuli.
Syn: preparingAnt: uncooked
đĄ Exam tip: Cooking mother-āĻ cooking participle āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤāĨ¤
frying[/ËfraÉĒÉĒÅ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϤā§āϞ⧠āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The frying fish smelled delicious.
Syn: sizzlingAnt: boiling
đĄ Exam tip: Frying fish-āĻ frying āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
shining[/ËĘaÉĒnÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāϞāĻā§āĻŦāϞā§
Alt: āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The shining stars looked beautiful.
Syn: glowingAnt: dull
đĄ Exam tip: Shining stars-āĻ shining adjective; noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠participle āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
6. Comparison and Exam Usage (8 words)
function[/ËfĘÅkĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Example: A gerund functions as a noun.
Syn: roleAnt: disuse
đĄ Exam tip: Gerund noun-āĻāϰ function āĻāĻŦāĻ participle adjective-āĻāϰ function āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
modify[/ËmÉdÉĒfaÉĒ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠noun-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: The participle modifies a noun.
Syn: describeAnt: confuse
đĄ Exam tip: Participle-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun modify āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
subject[/ËsĘbdĘÉĒkt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϰā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ sentence
Example: Reading is the subject of the sentence.
Syn: topicAnt: object
đĄ Exam tip: Sentence-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠-ing form subject āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž gerundāĨ¤
object[/ËÉbdĘÉĒkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰā§āĻŽ
Alt: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§
Example: Watching is the object of enjoy.
Syn: targetAnt: subject
đĄ Exam tip: Verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠-ing form object āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻŋ gerundāĨ¤
adjective[/ËÃĻdĘÉĒktÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ word
Example: Smiling is an adjective in smiling boy.
Syn: describing wordAnt: noun
đĄ Exam tip: Participle adjective-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
nominal[/ËnÉmÉĒnÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝāϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The -ing form has a nominal function here.
Syn: noun-likeAnt: verbal
đĄ Exam tip: Gerund-āĻāϰ nominal function āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
action[/ËÃĻkĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāύāĻž
Example: Walking describes an action.
Syn: activityAnt: inaction
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž situation āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ gerund āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
situation[/ËsÉĒtĘuËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύ
Example: Working too hard can change a situation.
Syn: conditionAnt: certainty
đĄ Exam tip: Action āĻŦāĻž situation subject āĻšāϞ⧠-ing form āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ -ing word-āĻāĻŋ sentence-āĻ noun āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ adjective-āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻā§ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ -ing form subject āĻŦāĻž object āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ gerund āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
âĸ -ing form noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āĻā§ describe āĻāϰāϞ⧠present participle āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
âĸ Gerund-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝā§āĻŽāύ swimming = āϏāĻžāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĨ¤
âĸ Participle-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰ⧠āϝ⧠noun āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰā§; participle āϏā§āĻ noun-āĻā§ modify āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ Would you mind-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠infinitive āύāϝāĻŧ, verb-ing āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ Enjoy, mind, think of āĻāĻŦāĻ stop-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠gerund āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ Walking is good exercise-āĻ walking gerund, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠a walking boy-āĻ walking participleāĨ¤
âĸ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ subject, object, adjective āĻ modify āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ function āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
âĸ Gerund āĻ participle-āĻāϰ form āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāϞā§āĻ function āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžâāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖā§ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤