Chapter: Writing Paragraphs
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Class Seven
â Most Important Exam Words
topic sentencesupporting sentencedeveloperterminatornatural beautybusy placedaily lifebirthday celebrationfavourite bookcountry lifecity lifeenvironmental pollutionglobal warmingtraffic jamperseverancedeterminationhard worksuccess and glorysuitable piece of landhealthy garden
đ Word Formation Rules
âē beauty (noun) â beautiful (adjective) â beautifully (adverb)
âē charm (noun/verb) â charming (adjective) â charmingly (adverb)
âē affection (noun) â affectionate (adjective) â affectionately (adverb)
âē occupy (verb) â occupation (noun) â occupational (adjective)
âē anxiety (noun) â anxious (adjective) â anxiously (adverb)
âē celebrate (verb) â celebration (noun) â celebratory (adjective)
âē prepare (verb) â preparation (noun) â prepared (adjective)
âē fertile (adjective) â fertility (noun) â fertilize (verb)
âē persevere (verb) â perseverance (noun) â persevering (adjective)
âē determine (verb) â determination (noun) â determined (adjective)
âē pollute (verb) â pollution (noun) â polluted (adjective)
âē prosper (verb) â prosperity (noun) â prosperous (adjective)
âē compete (verb) â competition (noun) â competitive (adjective)
âē obstruct (verb) â obstruction (noun) â obstructive (adjective)
âē conclude (verb) â conclusion (noun) â conclusive (adjective)
1. Paragraph Structure and Description (8 words)
paragraph[/ËpÃĻrÉÉĄrÃĻf/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: A paragraph usually develops one central idea.
Syn: passageAnt: sentence
đĄ Exam tip: āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ paragraph-āĻāĻ° topic sentence, developers āĻāĻŦāĻ terminator āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
magnificent[/mÃĻÉĄËnÉĒfÉĒsÉnt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻāĻŽāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°
Example: The Sundarbans is a magnificent place to visit.
Syn: splendidAnt: ordinary
đĄ Exam tip: Magnificent-āĻāĻ° noun form āĻšāĻ˛ā§ magnificence āĻāĻŦāĻ adverb form āĻšāĻ˛ā§ magnificentlyāĨ¤
variety[/vÉËraÉĒÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ°
Example: The forest contains a great variety of animals.
Syn: diversityAnt: uniformity
đĄ Exam tip: A variety of-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ plural noun āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
fierce[/fÉĒÉs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°
Example: The fierce tiger lives in the dense forest.
Syn: ferociousAnt: gentle
đĄ Exam tip: Fierce-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ gentle āĻŦāĻž mild āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
timid[/ËtÉĒmÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¨
Example: The timid deer ran away quickly.
Syn: shyAnt: bold
đĄ Exam tip: Timid-āĻāĻ° noun form timidity āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ adjective boldāĨ¤
charming[/ËtĘÉËmÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻŽ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻĻāĻžā§āĻ
Example: The village has a charming natural environment.
Syn: attractiveAnt: unpleasant
đĄ Exam tip: Description paragraph-āĻ charming, beautiful, attractive āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤
conclude[/kÉnËkluËd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The final sentence concludes the paragraph.
Syn: finishAnt: begin
đĄ Exam tip: Conclude-āĻāĻ° noun form conclusion; paragraph-āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻā§ concluding sentence āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
elaboration[/ÉĒËlÃĻbÉËreÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
Example: The developers provide elaboration of the topic sentence.
Syn: explanationAnt: abridgement
đĄ Exam tip: Elaboration paragraph-āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
2. Places, Travel and Nature (8 words)
bus stand[/ËbĘs stÃĻnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ
Alt: āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: The bus stand remains crowded during working hours.
Syn: bus station
đĄ Exam tip: A bus stand paragraph-āĻ passengers, conductors, hawkers āĻāĻŦāĻ rush āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
passenger[/ËpÃĻsÉĒndĘÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Passengers wait for buses at the stand.
Syn: travellerAnt: driver
đĄ Exam tip: Passenger-āĻāĻ° plural āĻšāĻ˛ā§ passengers; possessive form passenger'sāĨ¤
bustle[/ËbĘsÉl/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻšāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
Example: There was unusual bustle when the bus arrived.
Syn: commotionAnt: calm
đĄ Exam tip: Bustle āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ busy place āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
hawker[/ËhÉËkÉ(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻžāĻ˛āĻž
Alt: āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: Hawkers sell newspapers and fruits at the bus stand.
Syn: vendorAnt: customer
đĄ Exam tip: Hawker-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ vendor āĻāĻŦāĻ goods āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤
mangrove[/ËmÃĻÅÉĄrÉĘv/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: The Sundarbans is famous for its mangrove forests.
Syn: marsh tree
đĄ Exam tip: Sundarbans paragraph-āĻ mangrove forest, wildlife āĻāĻŦāĻ natural beauty āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
wildlife[/ËwaÉĒldlaÉĒf/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§āĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: The forest is rich in wildlife.
Syn: wild animalsAnt: domestic animals
đĄ Exam tip: Wildlife āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ uncountable noun; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ wildlifes āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
greenery[/ËÉĄriËnÉri/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ
Example: The greenery of the village attracts visitors.
Syn: vegetationAnt: barrenness
đĄ Exam tip: Greenery-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ lush, beautiful āĻāĻŦāĻ natural āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤
coast[/kÉĘst/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ
Example: The visitors enjoyed the stunning coast.
Syn: seashoreAnt: inland
đĄ Exam tip: Coastal adjective form āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ coastal area āĻŦāĻž coastal beauty āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
3. Daily Life and Family (8 words)
affectionate[/ÉËfekĘÉnÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻšāĻļā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: My mother is affectionate and caring.
Syn: lovingAnt: unloving
đĄ Exam tip: Affectionate-āĻāĻ° noun form affection; mother paragraph-āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
occupation[/ËÉkjÉËpeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: My mother's occupation is teaching.
Syn: professionAnt: unemployment
đĄ Exam tip: Occupation āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻ: He is a farmer āĻŦāĻž She is a teacherāĨ¤
anxiety[/ÃĻÅËzaÉĒÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻŖā§āĻ āĻž
Example: A mother's anxiety increases when her child becomes sick.
Syn: worryAnt: calmness
đĄ Exam tip: Anxiety-āĻāĻ° adjective form anxious; anxiety knows no bounds āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ phraseāĨ¤
advice[/ÉdËvaÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻž
Example: My mother always gives me good advice.
Syn: guidanceAnt: misguidance
đĄ Exam tip: Advice uncountable noun; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ an advice āĻ¨ā§, a piece of advice āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
obey[/ÉËbeÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻž
Example: We should obey our parents.
Syn: followAnt: disobey
đĄ Exam tip: Obey-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ object āĻŦāĻ¸ā§: obey the rules, obey parentsāĨ¤
celebrate[/ËselÉĒbreÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: I celebrated my birthday with my classmates.
Syn: observeAnt: mourn
đĄ Exam tip: Celebrate-āĻāĻ° noun form celebration āĻāĻŦāĻ celebratory adjectiveāĨ¤
guest[/ÉĄest/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĨāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Many guests attended my birthday party.
Syn: visitorAnt: host
đĄ Exam tip: Guest āĻ host-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§: guest āĻāĻ¸ā§, host āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžā§āĨ¤
delicious[/dÉĒËlÉĒĘÉs/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§
Example: My mother prepared delicious sweets.
Syn: tastyAnt: tasteless
đĄ Exam tip: Food paragraph-āĻ delicious, fresh, healthy āĻāĻŦāĻ nutritious āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§āĨ¤
4. Process and Instruction Words (8 words)
prepare[/prÉĒËpeÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: It takes five minutes to prepare a cup of tea.
Syn: makeAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Process paragraph-āĻ first, next, then, finally-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ prepare āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
boil[/bÉÉĒl/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĢā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒā§ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛āĻā§ āĻĢā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Boil the water before adding tea leaves.
Syn: heatAnt: freeze
đĄ Exam tip: Boil-āĻāĻ° past āĻ past participle āĻšāĻ˛ā§ boiledāĨ¤
strain[/streÉĒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Strain the tea before pouring it into the cup.
Syn: filterAnt: mix
đĄ Exam tip: Strainer āĻšāĻ˛ā§ strain-āĻāĻ° noun form āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ tea-making paragraph-āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
proportion[/prÉËpÉËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ
Example: People use milk and sugar in different proportions.
Syn: ratioAnt: imbalance
đĄ Exam tip: In different proportions phrase-āĻāĻŋ tea paragraph-āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
select[/sÉĒËlekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: First, select a suitable piece of land.
Syn: chooseAnt: reject
đĄ Exam tip: Select-āĻāĻ° noun form selection āĻāĻŦāĻ adjective form selectiveāĨ¤
fertile[/ËfÉËtaÉĒl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛
Example: Manure keeps the soil fertile.
Syn: productiveAnt: barren
đĄ Exam tip: Fertile soil āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ; fertility āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤
frequently[/ËfriËkwÉntli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ°
Example: Water the plants frequently.
Syn: oftenAnt: rarely
đĄ Exam tip: Frequently āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ adverb; āĻāĻāĻŋ verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
pesticide[/ËpestÉĒsaÉĒd/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻļāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ
Example: Farmers use pesticides to protect plants from insects.
Syn: insecticide
đĄ Exam tip: Pesticide-āĻāĻ° plural pesticides; harmful insects-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
5. Moral Qualities and Success (8 words)
perseverance[/ËpÉËsÉĒËvÉĒÉrÉns/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžā§
Alt: āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Perseverance is the root of success.
Syn: persistenceAnt: idleness
đĄ Exam tip: Perseverance paragraph-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
determination[/dÉĒËtÉËmÉĒËneÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: Strong determination helps a person overcome failure.
Syn: resolutionAnt: indecision
đĄ Exam tip: Determined āĻšāĻ˛ā§ determination-āĻāĻ° adjective formāĨ¤
patient[/ËpeÉĒĘÉnt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻļā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ
Example: Only a patient person can achieve a difficult goal.
Syn: tolerantAnt: impatient
đĄ Exam tip: Patient-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ noun meaning āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§; context āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
diligence[/ËdÉĒlÉĒdĘÉns/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž
Example: Diligence is necessary for success in life.
Syn: hard workAnt: laziness
đĄ Exam tip: Diligent āĻšāĻ˛ā§ adjective; diligent students work regularlyāĨ¤
prosper[/ËprÉspÉ(r)/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: A person can hardly prosper without hard work.
Syn: flourishAnt: decline
đĄ Exam tip: Prosper-āĻāĻ° noun form prosperity āĻāĻŦāĻ adjective prosperousāĨ¤
genius[/ËdĘiËniÉs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŽā§āĻ§āĻž
Example: Even a genius needs perseverance to succeed.
Syn: talentAnt: mediocrity
đĄ Exam tip: Genius-āĻāĻ° plural āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ geniuses; intelligence-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
failure[/ËfeÉĒljÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Repeated failure cannot defeat a persevering person.
Syn: defeatAnt: success
đĄ Exam tip: Failure āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ success āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§âāĻāĻ contrast āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ°āĨ¤
glory[/ËÉĄlÉËri/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŦ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Perseverance leads people to success and glory.
Syn: honourAnt: shame
đĄ Exam tip: Glory and success āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ word pairāĨ¤
6. Environment, Society and Comparison (8 words)
global warming[/ËÉĄlÉĘbÉl ËwÉËmÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ
Example: Global warming is a serious danger to living beings.
Syn: climate warmingAnt: global cooling
đĄ Exam tip: Global warming paragraph-āĻ greenhouse effect, pollution, carbon dioxide āĻ forests āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
pollution[/pÉËluËĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
Example: Environmental pollution causes many health problems.
Syn: contaminationAnt: purity
đĄ Exam tip: Pollute verb, polluted adjective āĻāĻŦāĻ pollution nounâāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ form āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
greenhouse effect[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs ÉĒËfekt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Example: The greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming.
Syn: heat-trapping effect
đĄ Exam tip: The greenhouse effect causes heat to remain trapped on EarthâāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
consequence[/ËkÉnsÉĒkwÉns/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛
Example: The consequences of global warming are alarming.
Syn: resultAnt: cause
đĄ Exam tip: As a consequence of āĻāĻŦāĻ the consequences ofâāĻĻā§āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° phrase āĻļāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
traffic jam[/ËtrÃĻfÉĒk dĘÃĻm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻ
Alt: āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻ
Example: Traffic jam is common during working hours.
Syn: traffic congestionAnt: free movement
đĄ Exam tip: Traffic jam-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ narrow roads, illegal shops āĻāĻŦāĻ violation of traffic rules āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
obstruct[/ÉbËstrĘkt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Garbage and debris obstruct the passage.
Syn: blockAnt: clear
đĄ Exam tip: Obstruction āĻšāĻ˛ā§ obstruct-āĻāĻ° noun formāĨ¤
hectic[/ËhektÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: City life is hectic and competitive.
Syn: busyAnt: peaceful
đĄ Exam tip: City life and country life paragraph-āĻ hectic-āĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ easy āĻŦāĻž peaceful āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
competitive[/kÉmËpetÉtÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: Life in a city is highly competitive.
Syn: rivalrousAnt: cooperative
đĄ Exam tip: Competitive-āĻāĻ° noun form competition āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ competitorāĨ¤
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ paragraph-āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ topic sentence, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ supporting sentences āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻˇā§ concluding sentence āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ paragraph-āĻāĻ° organization āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻšā§āĨ¤
âĸ First, next, then, after that, finally, therefore āĻāĻŦāĻ thus-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ linking words āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ paragraph-āĻ āĻāĻāĻ tense āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§; āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§ present tense āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžā§ past tense āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ My Birthday Party āĻŦāĻž Your First Day at School-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžā§ I, my, we āĻāĻŦāĻ past tense āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ Process paragraph-āĻ imperative verb āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§: select, prepare, boil, add, water āĻāĻŦāĻ applyāĨ¤
âĸ Country life and city life āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ on the one hand, on the other hand, whereas āĻāĻŦāĻ despite āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ Global warming paragraph-āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ because, due to, as a result āĻāĻŦāĻ consequently āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ Traffic jam paragraph-āĻ causes āĻ solutions āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ traffic rules āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ Paragraph-āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ concluding sentence āĻĻāĻžāĻ, āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ Therefore, it is very important āĻŦāĻž Thus, it is a memorable experienceāĨ¤
âĸ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨, capitalization, punctuation āĻāĻŦāĻ subject-verb agreement āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ synonym āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤