Chapter: DEVELOPING COMPOSITION
📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition class 8
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
compositionintroductionbodyconclusionthesissupporting ideanarrativedescriptivepersuasiveinformativeexpositoryargumentexplanationbenefitharmfulessentialinfluenceopinionreasonevidencememorizationcreative writingcommunicationknowledgeeducationenvironmentecological balancetree plantationorganize ideasrelevant examplesignificantprofessioncontribute to societymemorable experienceschool excursionjourney by train
📃 Word Formation Rules
► A noun can be formed from a verb by adding -tion or -sion: compose → composition, introduce → introduction, conclude → conclusion, persuade → persuasion.
► A noun can be formed from an adjective by adding -ness: memorable → memorableness, happy → happiness, useful → usefulness.
► A noun can be formed from an adjective by adding -ity: creative → creativity, active → activity, significant → significance.
► A noun can be formed from a verb by adding -ment: develop → development, arrange → arrangement, achieve → achievement.
► An adjective can be formed from a noun by adding -al: environment → environmental, profession → professional, nation → national.
► An adjective can be formed from a noun by adding -ic: ecology → ecological, history → historic, science → scientific.
► An adverb is often formed by adding -ly to an adjective: accurate → accurately, fluent → fluently, clear → clearly.
► An opposite word can be formed with prefixes such as un-, in-, im-, ir- or dis-: relevant → irrelevant, accurate → inaccurate, possible → impossible, organized → disorganized.
► An opposite word can be formed with prefixes such as de- or de- related forms: forestation → deforestation, motivate → demotivate.
► A person who performs an action can be formed with -er, -or or -ist: write → writer, educate → educator, science → scientist.
1. Composition Structure and Organization (9 words)
composition[/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: রচনা
Alt: লিখিত বক্তব্য বা প্রবন্ধ
Example: A composition contains several paragraphs about one main idea.
Syn: essayAnt: fragment
💡 Exam tip: Remember that a composition normally has an introduction, body and conclusion.
introduction[/ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: ভূমিকা
Alt: প্রারম্ভিক অংশ
Example: The introduction states the main idea of the composition.
Syn: openingAnt: conclusion
💡 Exam tip: The introduction should clearly tell the reader what the composition is about.
body[/ˈbɒdi/]nouneasy
Meaning: মূল অংশ
Alt: রচনার বিস্তারিত আলোচনা
Example: The body of the composition consists of several supporting paragraphs.
Syn: main partAnt: introduction
💡 Exam tip: Write one supporting idea in each paragraph of the body.
conclusion[/kənˈkluːʒən/]nouneasy
Meaning: উপসংহার
Alt: সমাপ্তি অংশ
Example: The conclusion sums up the main ideas of the composition.
Syn: endingAnt: beginning
💡 Exam tip: Do not introduce a completely new idea in the conclusion.
topic[/ˈtɒpɪk/]nouneasy
Meaning: বিষয়
Alt: আলোচনার প্রধান বিষয়
Example: The topic of the composition is tree plantation.
Syn: subjectAnt: irrelevance
💡 Exam tip: Identify the topic before planning your composition.
thesis[/ˈθiːsɪs/]nounmedium
Meaning: মূল বক্তব্য
Alt: রচনার কেন্দ্রীয় ধারণা
Example: The thesis presents the main idea of the composition.
Syn: central ideaAnt: minor detail
💡 Exam tip: A clear thesis helps you select relevant supporting ideas.
paragraph[/ˈpærəɡrɑːf/]nouneasy
Meaning: অনুচ্ছেদ
Alt: একটি কেন্দ্রীয় ভাবের লিখিত অংশ
Example: Each paragraph should focus on one main idea.
Syn: sectionAnt: sentence
💡 Exam tip: Begin a new paragraph when the supporting idea changes.
supporting[/səˈpɔːtɪŋ/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: সহায়ক
Alt: মূল বক্তব্যকে সমর্থন করে এমন
Example: The writer gives supporting details about the benefits of trees.
Syn: reinforcingAnt: opposing
💡 Exam tip: Supporting ideas must be related to the thesis statement.
coherence[/kəʊˈhɪərəns/]nounhard
Meaning: সুসংগতি
Alt: ভাবের যৌক্তিক সংযোগ
Example: Coherence makes a composition easy to understand.
Syn: logical connectionAnt: incoherence
💡 Exam tip: Arrange ideas logically so that one sentence leads naturally to the next.
2. Kinds of Composition (9 words)
narrative[/ˈnærətɪv/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: কাহিনিমূলক
Alt: ঘটনার ধারাবাহিক বিবরণমূলক
Example: A narrative composition tells a story or a sequence of events.
Syn: storytellingAnt: non-narrative
💡 Exam tip: Use time expressions such as first, then, later and finally in a narrative.
descriptive[/dɪˈskrɪptɪv/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: বর্ণনামূলক
Alt: কোনো ব্যক্তি, স্থান বা বস্তুর বিস্তারিত বিবরণমূলক
Example: A descriptive composition appeals to the five senses.
Syn: illustrativeAnt: indefinite
💡 Exam tip: Use details related to sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste.
persuasive[/pəˈsweɪsɪv/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: প্ররোচনামূলক
Alt: যুক্তি দিয়ে মত পরিবর্তনের চেষ্টা করে এমন
Example: A persuasive composition contains arguments and clear reasons.
Syn: convincingAnt: unconvincing
💡 Exam tip: Support your opinion with reasons, examples and explanations.
informative[/ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: তথ্যবহুল
Alt: তথ্য প্রদান করে এমন
Example: An informative composition explains facts about the Internet.
Syn: educationalAnt: uninformative
💡 Exam tip: Present accurate facts in a clear and organized manner.
expository[/ɪkˈspɒzətəri/]adjectivehard
Meaning: ব্যাখ্যামূলক
Alt: কোনো বিষয় বা প্রক্রিয়া ব্যাখ্যা করে এমন
Example: An expository essay explains how a process works.
Syn: explanatoryAnt: confusing
💡 Exam tip: Use definitions, facts and logical explanations in expository writing.
event[/ɪˈvent/]nouneasy
Meaning: ঘটনা
Alt: ঘটে যাওয়া কোনো বিষয়
Example: The narrative describes the events of a journey by train.
Syn: occurrenceAnt: inaction
💡 Exam tip: Mention who, what, when, where and how in an event-based composition.
argument[/ˈɑːɡjumənt/]nouneasy
Meaning: যুক্তি
Alt: কোনো মতের পক্ষে কারণ
Example: The student presented a strong argument for tree plantation.
Syn: reasonAnt: refutation
💡 Exam tip: An argument should be supported by relevant examples.
explanation[/ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: ব্যাখ্যা
Alt: কোনো বিষয় বোঝানোর বিবরণ
Example: The writer gives an explanation of the importance of newspapers.
Syn: clarificationAnt: confusion
💡 Exam tip: Explain ideas rather than merely listing them.
appeal[/əˈpiːl/]verbmedium
Meaning: আকর্ষণ করা
Alt: অনুভূতিতে প্রভাব ফেলা
Example: The colours of spring appeal to our sight and mind.
Syn: attractAnt: repel
💡 Exam tip: In descriptive writing, explain how a subject appeals to the senses.
3. Narrative and Descriptive Vocabulary (9 words)
journey[/ˈdʒɜːni/]nouneasy
Meaning: ভ্রমণ
Alt: এক স্থান থেকে অন্য স্থানে যাত্রা
Example: My journey by train was full of excitement.
Syn: tripAnt: stay
💡 Exam tip: For a journey composition, describe the preparation, route, experience and ending.
exciting[/ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: উত্তেজনাপূর্ণ
Alt: আনন্দ ও রোমাঞ্চ সৃষ্টি করে এমন
Example: The train journey was exciting and memorable.
Syn: thrillingAnt: boring
💡 Exam tip: Use exciting to describe an event that creates strong interest or pleasure.
crowded[/ˈkraʊdɪd/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: জনাকীর্ণ
Alt: অনেক লোকপূর্ণ
Example: The railway station was crowded with passengers.
Syn: packedAnt: empty
💡 Exam tip: Crowded is commonly used to describe markets, stations and city streets.
fragrance[/ˈfreɪɡrəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: সুগন্ধ
Alt: মনোরম গন্ধ
Example: The fragrance of flowers spread through the air.
Syn: scentAnt: stench
💡 Exam tip: Use fragrance in descriptive writing about flowers, gardens or spring.
breeze[/briːz/]nouneasy
Meaning: মৃদু বাতাস
Alt: হালকা বাতাসের প্রবাহ
Example: A gentle breeze was blowing from the south.
Syn: windAnt: stillness
💡 Exam tip: Gentle breeze is a useful phrase for describing pleasant weather.
lively[/ˈlaɪvli/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: প্রাণবন্ত
Alt: উদ্যম ও আনন্দে পূর্ণ
Example: Spring gives nature a lively appearance.
Syn: vibrantAnt: dull
💡 Exam tip: Lively can describe people, places, colours, music and nature.
scenery[/ˈsiːnəri/]nounmedium
Meaning: প্রাকৃতিক দৃশ্য
Alt: কোনো স্থানের দৃশ্যাবলি
Example: We enjoyed the beautiful scenery from the train window.
Syn: landscapeAnt: ugliness
💡 Exam tip: Mention rivers, fields, trees, villages and houses when describing scenery.
memorable[/ˈmemərəbəl/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: স্মরণীয়
Alt: সহজে ভোলা যায় না এমন
Example: The school excursion was a memorable experience.
Syn: unforgettableAnt: forgettable
💡 Exam tip: Use memorable in the conclusion of a personal experience composition.
advent[/ˈædvent/]nounhard
Meaning: আগমন
Alt: কোনো কিছুর সূচনা বা আবির্ভাব
Example: With the advent of spring, nature becomes fresh.
Syn: arrivalAnt: departure
💡 Exam tip: The phrase with the advent of means with the arrival of.
4. Opinion, Reason and Explanation (9 words)
prefer[/prɪˈfɜː/]verbeasy
Meaning: অধিক পছন্দ করা
Alt: অন্য কিছুর চেয়ে বেশি পছন্দ করা
Example: Some people prefer to live in a village.
Syn: favorAnt: dislike
💡 Exam tip: Use prefer A to B, not prefer A than B.
benefit[/ˈbenɪfɪt/]nouneasy
Meaning: উপকার
Alt: সুবিধা বা লাভ
Example: Reading newspapers has many benefits for students.
Syn: advantageAnt: disadvantage
💡 Exam tip: Benefits should be explained with specific examples in persuasive writing.
harmful[/ˈhɑːmfəl/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: ক্ষতিকর
Alt: ক্ষতি করে এমন
Example: Watching television for too long can be harmful to students.
Syn: damagingAnt: beneficial
💡 Exam tip: Contrast harmful effects with useful effects when writing an opinion essay.
essential[/ɪˈsenʃəl/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: অপরিহার্য
Alt: অবশ্য প্রয়োজনীয়
Example: Trees are essential for maintaining ecological balance.
Syn: necessaryAnt: unnecessary
💡 Exam tip: Essential for is followed by a noun or gerund.
influence[/ˈɪnfluəns/]verbmedium
Meaning: প্রভাবিত করা
Alt: কারও চিন্তা বা কাজে প্রভাব ফেলা
Example: A science fair can influence students to study science.
Syn: affectAnt: ignore
💡 Exam tip: Influence can be used as both a noun and a verb.
opinion[/əˈpɪnjən/]nouneasy
Meaning: মতামত
Alt: কোনো বিষয়ে ব্যক্তিগত ধারণা
Example: In my opinion, self-writing is better than memorization.
Syn: viewAnt: fact
💡 Exam tip: Useful expressions include in my opinion, I think and I believe.
reason[/ˈriːzən/]nouneasy
Meaning: কারণ
Alt: কোনো কাজ বা মতের ভিত্তি
Example: There are several reasons for planting more trees.
Syn: causeAnt: result
💡 Exam tip: Use firstly, secondly and finally to present several reasons clearly.
persuade[/pəˈsweɪd/]verbmedium
Meaning: রাজি করানো
Alt: যুক্তি দিয়ে কাউকে কোনো মত গ্রহণ করানো
Example: The writer tries to persuade readers to protect birds.
Syn: convinceAnt: dissuade
💡 Exam tip: Persuade someone to do something is the correct structure.
evidence[/ˈevɪdəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: প্রমাণ
Alt: কোনো বক্তব্যের সত্যতা দেখানোর তথ্য
Example: The writer uses examples as evidence for his opinion.
Syn: proofAnt: disproof
💡 Exam tip: Examples and facts make an argument more convincing.
5. Education, Society and Environment (9 words)
memorization[/ˌmeməraɪˈzeɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: মুখস্থকরণ
Alt: মনে রাখার জন্য মুখস্থ করার কাজ
Example: Memorization alone cannot develop creative writing skills.
Syn: rote learningAnt: understanding
💡 Exam tip: Compare memorization with self-writing in an argumentative composition.
creative[/kriˈeɪtɪv/]adjectiveeasy
Meaning: সৃজনশীল
Alt: নতুন ধারণা সৃষ্টি করতে সক্ষম
Example: Composition writing is a part of creative writing.
Syn: imaginativeAnt: unoriginal
💡 Exam tip: Use creative to explain the value of writing independently.
communication[/kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: যোগাযোগ
Alt: তথ্য বা ভাবের আদান-প্রদান
Example: The Internet has made communication faster and easier.
Syn: contactAnt: separation
💡 Exam tip: Communication is a key word in compositions about the Internet and technology.
knowledge[/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: জ্ঞান
Alt: কোনো বিষয় সম্পর্কে তথ্য ও ধারণা
Example: Reading storybooks widens our knowledge.
Syn: learningAnt: ignorance
💡 Exam tip: The phrase enrich our knowledge is useful in compositions about reading.
education[/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: শিক্ষা
Alt: জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতা অর্জনের প্রক্রিয়া
Example: Online classes can contribute to education.
Syn: instructionAnt: ignorance
💡 Exam tip: Discuss accessibility, flexibility and limitations when writing about online education.
environment[/ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/]nouneasy
Meaning: পরিবেশ
Alt: জীবজগতের চারপাশের প্রাকৃতিক অবস্থা
Example: Tree plantation helps protect the environment.
Syn: surroundingsAnt: destruction
💡 Exam tip: Environment is often connected with trees, pollution, forests and ecological balance.
ecological[/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/]adjectivehard
Meaning: পরিবেশগত
Alt: জীব ও পরিবেশের সম্পর্কসংক্রান্ত
Example: Trees are important for maintaining ecological balance.
Syn: environmentalAnt: unnatural
💡 Exam tip: The common phrase is ecological balance.
plantation[/plænˈteɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: বৃক্ষরোপণ
Alt: গাছ লাগানোর কাজ বা স্থান
Example: Tree plantation is necessary to save the environment.
Syn: afforestationAnt: deforestation
💡 Exam tip: Use plant trees, tree plantation and protect forests accurately.
society[/səˈsaɪəti/]nouneasy
Meaning: সমাজ
Alt: একসঙ্গে বসবাসকারী মানুষের সম্প্রদায়
Example: A good career should benefit both the individual and society.
Syn: communityAnt: isolation
💡 Exam tip: Mention social values when explaining the importance of a profession or activity.
6. Exam and Advanced Vocabulary (9 words)
organize[/ˈɔːɡənaɪz/]verbeasy
Meaning: সুশৃঙ্খলভাবে সাজানো
Alt: পরিকল্পনা করে পরিচালনা করা
Example: Students should organize their ideas before writing.
Syn: arrangeAnt: disorganize
💡 Exam tip: Use organize ideas to describe the writing process.
analyse[/ˈænəlaɪz/]verbmedium
Meaning: বিশ্লেষণ করা
Alt: কোনো বিষয় বিস্তারিতভাবে পরীক্ষা করা
Example: The body analyses the main idea of the composition.
Syn: examineAnt: ignore
💡 Exam tip: Analyse is the British spelling commonly used in Bangladesh.
process[/ˈprəʊses/]nouneasy
Meaning: প্রক্রিয়া
Alt: কাজ সম্পন্ন করার ধারাবাহিক পদ্ধতি
Example: Writing is a gradual process.
Syn: procedureAnt: result
💡 Exam tip: Use process when explaining planning, drafting, revising and completing writing.
accurately[/ˈækjərətli/]adverbmedium
Meaning: নির্ভুলভাবে
Alt: সঠিকভাবে
Example: Students should express their ideas accurately.
Syn: correctlyAnt: incorrectly
💡 Exam tip: Accuracy includes correct grammar, spelling, punctuation and facts.
fluently[/ˈfluːəntli/]adverbmedium
Meaning: সাবলীলভাবে
Alt: স্বাভাবিক ও বাধাহীনভাবে
Example: Regular practice helps students write more fluently.
Syn: smoothlyAnt: hesitantly
💡 Exam tip: Fluency means expressing ideas smoothly, not simply writing long sentences.
relevant[/ˈreləvənt/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: প্রাসঙ্গিক
Alt: বিষয়ের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত
Example: Only relevant examples should be included in a composition.
Syn: relatedAnt: irrelevant
💡 Exam tip: Avoid unrelated ideas because they weaken unity and coherence.
significant[/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: গুরুত্বপূর্ণ
Alt: তাৎপর্যপূর্ণ
Example: Student life has a significant influence on future success.
Syn: importantAnt: insignificant
💡 Exam tip: Significant is a useful alternative to important in formal writing.
profession[/prəˈfeʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: পেশা
Alt: জীবিকা হিসেবে গ্রহণ করা কাজ
Example: Teaching is a noble profession.
Syn: occupationAnt: unemployment
💡 Exam tip: Use profession in compositions about career plans and social service.
contribute[/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/]verbmedium
Meaning: অবদান রাখা
Alt: কোনো কাজে সাহায্য বা অংশ দেওয়া
Example: A good citizen should contribute to the development of society.
Syn: helpAnt: hinder
💡 Exam tip: Contribute to is followed by a noun or gerund.
💡 Exam Tips
• A composition should have a clear introduction, a well-organized body and a suitable conclusion.
• Write a strong thesis statement in the introduction to present the main idea clearly.
• Keep one supporting idea in each body paragraph and explain it with examples.
• Use linking words such as firstly, moreover, however, therefore, besides, finally and in conclusion.
• For a narrative composition, arrange events in chronological order and mention time, place, people and actions.
• For a descriptive composition, include details related to sight, sound, smell, taste and touch.
• For a persuasive composition, state your opinion and support it with logical reasons and examples.
• For an informative or expository composition, explain facts or processes objectively and clearly.
• Avoid memorizing a complete composition; learn the structure and develop ideas according to the topic.
• Maintain unity: every sentence and paragraph should be related to the main topic.
• Use formal vocabulary in examination writing and avoid unnecessary repetition.
• Check subject-verb agreement, tense, articles, prepositions, spelling, capitalization and punctuation before submitting.
• Write a conclusion that summarizes the ideas already discussed and does not add a new major point.
• For compositions, follow the word limit given in the question; for class 8, a composition may require about 300 words according to the textbook guidelines.
• Use specific examples from student life, society, education, environment and Bangladesh when appropriate.