Chapter: Climate Change
đ Vocabulary
English for Today Class Seven
â Most Important Exam Words
climate changeweathertemperaturegreenhouse effectgreenhouse gascarbon dioxidemethanefossil fueldeforestationemissionabsorbreleaseglobal warmingrainfallflooddroughtstormheat wavesea levelsaltwater intrusionadaptationembankmentrenewable energysustainableextreme event
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Noun to adjective: climate + -ic = climatic; agriculture + -al = agricultural; season + -al = seasonal.
âē Verb to noun: adapt + -ation = adaptation; emit + -ion = emission; protect + -ion = protection.
âē Verb to noun: pollute + -ion = pollution; reduce + -tion = reduction; prevent + -ion = prevention.
âē Adjective to noun: sustainable + -ity = sustainability; extreme + -ity = extremity.
âē Noun to adjective with -able: renew + -able = renewable; sustain + -able = sustainable.
âē Negative prefix: renewable becomes non-renewable; avoidable becomes unavoidable.
âē Compound noun: green + house = greenhouse; rain + fall = rainfall; heat + wave = heat wave.
âē Compound noun: sea + level = sea level; saltwater + intrusion = saltwater intrusion.
âē Prefix de- can show removal or reversal: forest + de- + -ation = deforestation.
âē Common suffix -er forms a person or thing that does an action: farm + er = farmer; burn + er = burner.
1. Climate Change (8 words)
climate[/ËklaÉĒmÉt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§; āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
Example: The climate of coastal Bangladesh is changing.
Syn: weather patternAnt: weather
đĄ Exam tip: Climate means a long-term pattern, whereas weather means a short-term condition.
weather[/ËweðÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞā§āϝāĻŧ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĄāĻŧ-āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The weather changes from day to day.
Syn: atmospheric conditionAnt: climate
đĄ Exam tip: Use weather for a day or a short period and climate for many years.
temperature[/ËtemprÉtĘÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāώā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āϤāϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž
Example: The average temperature of the Earth is rising.
Syn: heat levelAnt: coldness
đĄ Exam tip: The common phrase is rising temperature, not increasing temperature in every context.
pattern[/ËpÃĻtÉrn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϧāϰāĻŖ; āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ
Example: Climate change is altering rainfall patterns.
Syn: form, trendAnt: disorder
đĄ Exam tip: Weather pattern means the usual way weather behaves over time.
average[/ËÃĻvÉrÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻŽāĻžāύ
Example: The average rainfall has changed in many areas.
Syn: mean, normalAnt: extreme
đĄ Exam tip: Average can be a noun, adjective, or verb depending on the sentence.
long-term[/ËlÉËÅ ËtÉËrm/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ
Example: Climate change is a long-term environmental problem.
Syn: lasting, extendedAnt: short-term, temporary
đĄ Exam tip: Long-term is usually hyphenated before a noun.
shift[/ĘÉĒft/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ; āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž
Example: A shift in seasons can affect farmers.
Syn: change, alterationAnt: stability
đĄ Exam tip: A shift in something means a change in its position, pattern, or condition.
seasonal[/ËsiËzÉnÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Farmers depend on seasonal rainfall.
Syn: periodic, annualAnt: unseasonal
đĄ Exam tip: Seasonal is formed from season with the suffix -al.
2. Greenhouse Effect and Atmosphere (8 words)
greenhouse[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āĻāĻžāώā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāϰ
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: A greenhouse protects plants from cold weather.
Syn: glasshouseAnt: open field
đĄ Exam tip: Greenhouse effect is a fixed term related to heat trapped in the atmosphere.
effect[/ÉĒËfekt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ; āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āϏā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ
Example: The greenhouse effect keeps the Earth warm.
Syn: impact, resultAnt: cause
đĄ Exam tip: Effect is usually a noun; affect is usually a verb.
atmosphere[/ËÃĻtmÉsfÉĒÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
Example: Carbon dioxide mixes through the atmosphere.
Syn: air, surroundingsAnt: vacuum
đĄ Exam tip: In climate lessons, atmosphere means the layer of gases around Earth.
radiation[/ËreÉĒdiËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāϰāĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Example: Earth sends infrared radiation back toward space.
Syn: emission, energyAnt: absorption
đĄ Exam tip: Infrared radiation is heat energy that Earth gives off.
absorb[/ÉbËzÉËrb/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒ, āĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϤāϰāϞ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Greenhouse gases absorb some outgoing heat.
Syn: take in, soak upAnt: release, emit
đĄ Exam tip: Absorb means take in; do not confuse it with observe.
trap[/trÃĻp/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻĻā§ āĻĢā§āϞāĻž
Example: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the lower atmosphere.
Syn: hold, retainAnt: release, free
đĄ Exam tip: Trap is often followed by an object such as heat, gas, or water.
heat[/hiËt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĒ
Alt: āĻāώā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž
Example: Extra heat can make heat waves more severe.
Syn: warmth, hotnessAnt: cold, coolness
đĄ Exam tip: Heat can be both a noun and a verb: The sun heats the land.
infrared[/ËÉĒnfrÉËred/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāϞā§āĻšāĻŋāϤ; āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāϞā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āϤāϰāĻā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϝā§āϰ
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰāĻŖ
Example: The Earth gives off infrared radiation.
Syn: heat-relatedAnt: ultraviolet
đĄ Exam tip: Infrared radiation is associated with heat, while ultraviolet radiation is another type of radiation.
3. Greenhouse Gases and Fossil Fuels (8 words)
greenhouse gas[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs ÉĄÃĻs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ; āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϝāĻž āĻāώā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§
Example: Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas.
Syn: heat-trapping gasAnt: cooling agent
đĄ Exam tip: Common greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor.
carbon dioxide[/ËkÉËrbÉn daÉĒËÉksaÉĒd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Example: Burning coal releases carbon dioxide.
Syn: CO2Ant: oxygen
đĄ Exam tip: Carbon dioxide is uncountable; say much carbon dioxide, not many carbon dioxides.
methane[/ËmiËθeÉĒn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āύ
Alt: āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Example: Methane is another greenhouse gas.
Syn: CH4Ant: oxygen
đĄ Exam tip: Methane is a gas, so use it with a singular verb.
fossil fuel[/ËfÉsÉl ËfjuËÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž, āϤā§āϞ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Coal is a fossil fuel.
Syn: non-renewable fuelAnt: renewable energy
đĄ Exam tip: The three main fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas.
coal[/koĘl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: A power plant burns coal to produce electricity.
Syn: mineral fuelAnt: clean energy
đĄ Exam tip: Coal is an uncountable noun in its fuel-related meaning.
burn[/bÉËrn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύā§
Alt: āĻāĻā§āύ⧠āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: People burn fossil fuels for transport and industry.
Syn: combust, igniteAnt: extinguish
đĄ Exam tip: The past forms are burned or burnt; burned is common in American English.
release[/rÉĒËliËs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž; āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Vehicles release carbon dioxide into the air.
Syn: emit, let outAnt: trap, retain
đĄ Exam tip: Release is often used with gases, heat, energy, or pollution.
emission[/ÉĒËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻāϏāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āώāĻ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Example: Reducing carbon emissions can slow global warming.
Syn: discharge, releaseAnt: absorption
đĄ Exam tip: Emission is the noun form of emit.
4. Deforestation and Human Activities (8 words)
deforestation[/diËËfÉrÉËsteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāύ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ
Alt: āĻŦāύ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Deforestation reduces the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide.
Syn: forest clearingAnt: afforestation, reforestation
đĄ Exam tip: Deforestation means removal of forests, not simply damage to a few trees.
forest[/ËfÉrÉĒst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāύ
Alt: āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĸāĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Forests help remove carbon dioxide from the air.
Syn: woodland, jungleAnt: desert
đĄ Exam tip: Forest is countable: a forest, many forests.
absorb[/ÉbËzÉËrb/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Trees absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
Syn: take in, removeAnt: emit, release
đĄ Exam tip: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
agriculture[/ËÃĻÉĄrÉĒkĘltĘÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āώāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻ āĻĒāĻļā§ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Climate change creates risks for agriculture.
Syn: farming, cultivationAnt: urbanization
đĄ Exam tip: Agriculture is generally uncountable; use agricultural as its adjective.
activity[/ÃĻkËtÉĒvÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϞāĻžāĻĒ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ
Example: Human activities increase greenhouse gas emissions.
Syn: action, workAnt: inactivity
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form activities changes y to ies.
industry[/ËÉĒndÉstri/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύā§āϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϤ
Example: Industry uses energy and may produce emissions.
Syn: manufacturing, businessAnt: idleness
đĄ Exam tip: Industrial is the adjective form of industry.
transport[/ËtrÃĻnspÉËrt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Transport is a major source of carbon emissions.
Syn: transportation, carriageAnt: stoppage
đĄ Exam tip: Transport can be a noun or a verb: Buses transport people.
contribute[/kÉnËtrÉĒbjuËt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž; āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Diesel buses contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
Syn: add to, help causeAnt: prevent, reduce
đĄ Exam tip: Use contribute to, not contribute in, before a noun.
5. Effects of Climate Change (8 words)
flood[/flĘd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāύā§āϝāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĄā§āĻŦā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Floods can destroy homes and rice crops.
Syn: inundation, overflowAnt: drought
đĄ Exam tip: Flood can also be a verb: Heavy rain flooded the village.
drought[/draĘt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: A long drought can reduce food production.
Syn: dry spell, aridityAnt: flood, rainfall
đĄ Exam tip: Drought is pronounced like doubt, without the b sound.
rainfall[/ËreÉĒnfÉËl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϤ
Alt: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Changes in rainfall affect farmers.
Syn: precipitation, rainAnt: dryness
đĄ Exam tip: Rainfall is usually uncountable: heavy rainfall, not heavy rainfalls.
storm[/stÉËrm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āϰāϏāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Stronger storms may threaten coastal communities.
Syn: tempest, galeAnt: calm
đĄ Exam tip: A storm may include wind, rain, thunder, or lightning.
heat wave[/ËhiËt weÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš
Alt: āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻŽ
Example: Heat waves can be dangerous for human health.
Syn: hot spellAnt: cold wave
đĄ Exam tip: Heat wave is written as two words.
sea level[/ËsiË ËlevÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: Rising sea level threatens low-lying coastal land.
Syn: ocean levelAnt: highland level
đĄ Exam tip: The common phrase is rise in sea level.
saltwater intrusion[/ËsÉËltwÉËtÉr ÉĒnËtruËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āϞāĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻž āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āώāĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āϞāĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĸā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Example: Saltwater intrusion can damage rice fields.
Syn: saline invasionAnt: freshwater protection
đĄ Exam tip: Intrusion means an unwanted entry into a place.
risk[/rÉĒsk/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž
Example: Climate change increases the risk of crop failure.
Syn: danger, hazardAnt: safety, security
đĄ Exam tip: Risk of is followed by a noun or gerund: risk of flooding.
6. Solutions, Adaptation and Protection (8 words)
adaptation[/ËÃĻdÃĻpËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻāύ; āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāϞāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Building stronger embankments is an adaptation measure.
Syn: adjustment, accommodationAnt: resistance, inflexibility
đĄ Exam tip: Adaptation helps people cope with effects; it does not stop climate change.
adapt[/ÉËdÃĻpt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Farmers must adapt to changing weather conditions.
Syn: adjust, accommodateAnt: resist, reject
đĄ Exam tip: Adapt to is the correct phrase.
embankment[/ÉĒmËbÃĻÅkmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻāϧ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϰ
Example: The new embankment protects the village from floods.
Syn: levee, dikeAnt: channel
đĄ Exam tip: An embankment is built to control or stop water.
reduce[/rÉĒËdjuËs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāύā§
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: We should reduce the use of fossil fuels.
Syn: decrease, lessenAnt: increase, raise
đĄ Exam tip: Reduce is followed by an object: reduce emissions.
prevent[/prÉĒËvent/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Planting trees can help prevent soil erosion.
Syn: stop, avoidAnt: allow, encourage
đĄ Exam tip: Prevent is followed by from plus a gerund: prevent flooding from damaging homes.
protect[/prÉËtekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Mangrove forests protect coastal communities.
Syn: guard, defendAnt: harm, endanger
đĄ Exam tip: Protect someone or something from danger is the common structure.
renewable[/rÉĒËnjuËÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Solar power is a renewable source of energy.
Syn: sustainable, replenishableAnt: non-renewable, exhaustible
đĄ Exam tip: Renewable energy includes solar, wind, and hydropower.
sustainable[/sÉËsteÉĒnÉbÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāϏāĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Sustainable farming can protect soil and water.
Syn: eco-friendly, durableAnt: unsustainable, wasteful
đĄ Exam tip: Sustainable development meets present needs without harming future generations.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Remember the difference: weather is short-term, but climate is the long-term average pattern.
âĸ In a definition question, write that climate change affects temperature, rainfall, storms, droughts, sea level, and seasons.
âĸ Mention human causes such as burning fossil fuels, using vehicles, industrial activity, and deforestation.
âĸ Use cause-and-effect connectors correctly: because, therefore, so, as a result, and consequently.
âĸ Learn the sequence of the greenhouse effect: sunlight warms Earth, heat goes upward, greenhouse gases trap some heat, and extra gases cause more warming.
âĸ Do not write that climate change means only hotter weather; it also changes rainfall, storms, droughts, sea level, and seasonal patterns.
âĸ A cold day does not disprove climate change because weather and climate describe different time periods.
âĸ For short-answer questions, explain that adaptation reduces damage but does not stop climate change.
âĸ Use article rules carefully: a flood, an adaptation measure, a greenhouse gas, and the atmosphere.
âĸ Use the correct prepositions: contribute to emissions, adapt to change, protect from floods, and risk of drought.
âĸ For a paragraph, organize the answer into definition, causes, effects, and solutions.
âĸ In an exam, give Bangladesh-related examples such as coastal flooding, saltwater intrusion, damaged rice crops, and stronger embankments.