Chapter: Climate Change
đ Vocabulary
English for Today Class Seven
â Most Important Exam Words
climateweathertemperaturerainfallgreenhouse effectgreenhouse gascarbon dioxidemethanefossil fuelemissiondeforestationadaptationmitigationflooddroughtheat wavesea levelsaltwater intrusionagriculturevulnerable
đ Word Formation Rules
âē climate + change = climate change: āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ noun āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧠compound noun āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē greenhouse + gas = greenhouse gas: āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ noun āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē deforest + -ation = deforestation: verb āĻŦāĻž root-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ -ation āϝā§āĻā§ noun āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē emit + -sion = emission: verb āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠noun āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē adapt + -ation = adaptation: verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ -ation āϝā§āĻā§ noun āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē renew + -able = renewable: -able āϝā§āĻā§ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠adjective āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē sustain + -able = sustainable: -able āϝā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ adjective āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē agriculture + -al = agricultural: noun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ -al āϝā§āĻā§ adjective āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē coast + -al = coastal: āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ adjective āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē intense + -ity = intensity: adjective-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ -ity āϝā§āĻā§ quality āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠noun āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē protect + -ion = protection: verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ -ion āϝā§āĻā§ noun āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē pollute + -ion = pollution: verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ -ion āϝā§āĻā§ noun āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
1. Climate and Weather Basics (8 words)
climate[/ËklaÉĒmÉt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§; āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Climate describes the usual weather pattern of a place over many years.
Syn: weather pattern, atmospheric conditionAnt: į-term weather
đĄ Exam tip: Climate is long-term, but weather changes from day to day.
weather[/ËweðÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞā§āϝāĻŧ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The weather is cloudy and rainy today.
Syn: atmospheric condition, meteorological conditionAnt: climate
đĄ Exam tip: Do not use weather and climate as exact synonyms.
temperature[/ËtemprÉtĘÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāώā§āĻŖāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž
Example: The average temperature of the Earth is rising.
Syn: heat level, degree of heatAnt: coldness
đĄ Exam tip: Temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius.
rainfall[/ËreÉĒnfÉËl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϤ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Changes in rainfall can affect farming.
Syn: precipitation, rainAnt: drought
đĄ Exam tip: Rainfall is a common effect of changing climate patterns.
pattern[/ËpÃĻtÉrn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϧāϰāĻŖ; āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝā§āϰ āϧāϰāύ
Example: Climate change can disturb normal rainfall patterns.
Syn: form, arrangementAnt: randomness
đĄ Exam tip: The phrase weather pattern is important for definition questions.
seasonal[/ËsiËzÉnÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāϤā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Farmers depend on seasonal rainfall.
Syn: periodic, annualAnt: unseasonal
đĄ Exam tip: Seasonal is formed from season by adding -al.
long-term[/ËlÉËÅ ËtÉËrm/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞā§
Example: Climate change is a long-term change in weather patterns.
Syn: enduring, permanentAnt: short-term, temporary
đĄ Exam tip: Use long-term to explain the difference between climate and weather.
average[/ËÃĻvÉrÉĒdĘ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻŽāĻžāύ
Example: The average temperature has increased over time.
Syn: mean, normAnt: extreme
đĄ Exam tip: Average can be used as a noun, adjective, or verb.
2. Greenhouse Effect and Gases (8 words)
greenhouse[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāϰ
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒ āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: A greenhouse keeps plants warm in cold weather.
Syn: glasshouse, plant house
đĄ Exam tip: Greenhouse effect is a key compound term in this chapter.
greenhouse effect[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs ÉĒËfekt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: The greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm enough for life.
Syn: heat-trapping process
đĄ Exam tip: It is natural, but extra greenhouse gases make it stronger.
greenhouse gas[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs ÉĄÃĻs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻā§
Example: Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas.
Syn: heat-trapping gas
đĄ Exam tip: Remember carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor as examples.
carbon dioxide[/ËkÉËrbÉn daÉĒËÉksaÉĒd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻšā§āύ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϝāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Example: Burning coal releases carbon dioxide into the air.
Syn: CO2
đĄ Exam tip: Use releases or emits with carbon dioxide.
methane[/ËmiËθeÉĒn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āύ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Example: Methane is another gas that can trap heat.
Syn: CH4
đĄ Exam tip: Methane is an example of a greenhouse gas, not a fossil fuel.
radiation[/ËreÉĒdiËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāϰāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž
Example: Earth sends infrared radiation back toward space.
Syn: emission, energy wave
đĄ Exam tip: Infrared radiation is heat energy leaving the Earth.
absorb[/ÉbËzÉËrb/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻĒ, āĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϤāϰāϞ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Greenhouse gases absorb some outgoing heat.
Syn: take in, soak upAnt: emit, release
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is absorption.
trap[/trÃĻp/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Extra greenhouse gases trap more heat in the atmosphere.
Syn: hold, confineAnt: release, free
đĄ Exam tip: Trap is often followed by heat or energy in this topic.
3. Causes of Climate Change (8 words)
fossil fuel[/ËfÉsÉl ËfjuËÉl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž, āϤā§āϞ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels.
Syn: non-renewable fuelAnt: renewable energy
đĄ Exam tip: Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide when burned.
burn[/bÉËrn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§
Alt: āĻāĻā§āύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: People burn fossil fuels to produce electricity.
Syn: combust, igniteAnt: extinguish
đĄ Exam tip: Burn-burned-burned is the usual verb form in exams.
emission[/ÉĒËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Reducing carbon emissions can help protect the climate.
Syn: discharge, releaseAnt: absorption
đĄ Exam tip: Emission is the noun; emit is the verb.
emit[/iËmÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ, āĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Vehicles emit harmful gases into the air.
Syn: release, give offAnt: absorb, take in
đĄ Exam tip: The past form is emitted, with a double t.
deforestation[/diËËfÉrÉËsteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāύ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ
Alt: āĻŦāύ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Deforestation reduces the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide.
Syn: forest clearance, tree removalAnt: afforestation, reforestation
đĄ Exam tip: Deforestation is both a cause and an environmental problem.
industrial[/ÉĒnËdĘstriÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Industrial activities can increase greenhouse gas emissions.
Syn: manufacturing, commercialAnt: agricultural, domestic
đĄ Exam tip: Industrial comes from industry by adding -al.
activity[/ÃĻkËtÉĒvÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϞāĻžāĻĒ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϤā§āĻĒāϰāϤāĻž
Example: Human activities are changing the climate.
Syn: action, operationAnt: inactivity
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form is activities, changing y to ies.
clear[/klÉĒÉr/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āϏāϰāĻžāύā§
Example: People clear forests to make land for agriculture.
Syn: remove, emptyAnt: fill, plant
đĄ Exam tip: Clear can be a verb, adjective, or adverb depending on use.
4. Effects and Risks (8 words)
flood[/flĘd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāύā§āϝāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĄā§āĻŦā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Floods can damage homes, roads, and crops.
Syn: inundation, overflowAnt: drought
đĄ Exam tip: Flood can also be used as a verb: Heavy rain flooded the village.
drought[/draĘt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: A long drought can reduce food production.
Syn: dry spell, water shortageAnt: flood, rainfall
đĄ Exam tip: Drought is pronounced like out, not drowt.
heat wave[/ËhiËt weÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš
Alt: āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϰāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ
Example: Heat waves can be dangerous for older people and children.
Syn: hot spell, extreme heatAnt: cold spell
đĄ Exam tip: Write heat wave as two words in formal answers.
storm[/stÉËrm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āϰāϏāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: A strong storm damaged many houses near the coast.
Syn: tempest, galeAnt: calm
đĄ Exam tip: Storm is a general word; cyclone is a specific type of storm.
sea level[/ËsiË ËlevÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž
Example: Rising sea levels threaten low-lying coastal areas.
Syn: ocean level, mean sea level
đĄ Exam tip: Use rising sea levels as a plural phrase when discussing effects.
intrusion[/ÉĒnËtruËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āύā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻ
āύāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ
Example: Saltwater intrusion can make farmland unsuitable for crops.
Syn: infiltration, encroachmentAnt: withdrawal
đĄ Exam tip: Saltwater intrusion is especially important for coastal Bangladesh.
impact[/ËÉĒmpÃĻkt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĢāϞ
Example: Climate change has a serious impact on farming and health.
Syn: effect, influenceAnt: cause
đĄ Exam tip: Impact can be used as both a noun and a verb.
intensity[/ÉĒnËtensÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž
Example: Climate change may increase the intensity of some storms.
Syn: strength, severityAnt: weakness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective form is intense.
5. Adaptation and Solutions (8 words)
adaptation[/ËÃĻdÃĻpËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻāύ
Alt: āĻāϞāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Building stronger embankments is an adaptation measure.
Syn: adjustment, modificationAnt: resistance
đĄ Exam tip: Adaptation reduces harm but does not stop climate change.
adapt[/ÉËdÃĻpt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āύāϤā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Farmers must adapt to changing rainfall patterns.
Syn: adjust, accommodateAnt: resist
đĄ Exam tip: Adapt to is the correct phrase, not adapt with.
mitigation[/ËmÉĒtÉĒËÉĄeÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Using renewable energy is a climate-change mitigation measure.
Syn: reduction, reliefAnt: aggravation
đĄ Exam tip: Mitigation reduces the causes; adaptation manages the effects.
reduce[/rÉĒËdjuËs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāύā§
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāύāĻž
Example: We should reduce the use of fossil fuels.
Syn: decrease, lessenAnt: increase, raise
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is reduction.
renewable[/rÉĒËnjuËÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āύāĻŦā§āĻāϰāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Solar power is a renewable source of energy.
Syn: sustainable, replenishableAnt: non-renewable, exhaustible
đĄ Exam tip: Solar and wind power are common examples of renewable energy.
embankment[/ÉĒmËbÃĻÅkmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻāϧ
Alt: āĻŦāύā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϧ
Example: The embankment protects the village from floodwater.
Syn: dam, levee
đĄ Exam tip: Embankments are important adaptation structures in flood-prone areas.
protect[/prÉËtekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Trees protect the soil and absorb carbon dioxide.
Syn: defend, safeguardAnt: harm, endanger
đĄ Exam tip: Protect is followed by from when naming a danger.
sustainable[/sÉËsteÉĒnÉbÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāϏāĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Sustainable farming can protect both people and nature.
Syn: eco-friendly, viableAnt: unsustainable, harmful
đĄ Exam tip: Sustainable development meets present needs without harming the future.
6. Environment and Human Life (8 words)
atmosphere[/ËÃĻtmÉsfÉĒÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϏā§āϤāϰ
Example: The atmosphere contains gases that surround the Earth.
Syn: air layer, air envelope
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse atmosphere with weather; the atmosphere is the air surrounding Earth.
ecosystem[/ËiËkoĘËsÉĒstÉm/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Climate change can disturb a natural ecosystem.
Syn: ecological system, environment
đĄ Exam tip: An ecosystem includes both living and non-living elements.
agriculture[/ËÃĻÉĄrÉĒËkĘltĘÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āώāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻĒāĻžāϞāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Agriculture depends greatly on suitable rainfall and temperature.
Syn: farming, cultivation
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective form is agricultural.
coastal[/ËkoĘstÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϞā§āϝāĻŧ
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Coastal communities are at risk from rising sea levels.
Syn: seaside, shorelineAnt: inland
đĄ Exam tip: Coastal is formed from coast by adding -al.
health[/helθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Alt: āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻ āĻŽāύā§āϰ āϏā§āϏā§āĻĨ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Extreme heat can harm human health.
Syn: well-being, fitnessAnt: illness, disease
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective form is healthy; the adverb is healthily.
food production[/ËfuËd prÉËdĘkĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Drought and floods can reduce food production.
Syn: food cultivation, agricultural output
đĄ Exam tip: Use reduce or increase before food production.
vulnerable[/ËvĘlnÉrÉbÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: People living in low-lying areas are vulnerable to floods.
Syn: at risk, unprotectedAnt: safe, protected
đĄ Exam tip: Vulnerable is usually followed by to.
disaster[/dÉĒËzÃĻstÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϝāϝāĻŧ
Example: Communities need plans to prepare for climate-related disasters.
Syn: catastrophe, calamityAnt: blessing, success
đĄ Exam tip: Disaster preparedness can reduce loss of life and property.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Climate means the long-term weather pattern, whereas weather means the short-term atmospheric condition.
âĸ In a definition question, write that climate change is a long-term shift in average weather patterns.
âĸ Remember the main causes: burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
âĸ Remember the major effects: rising temperature, changing rainfall, floods, droughts, sea-level rise, and stronger heat waves.
âĸ Adaptation helps people adjust to climate effects, while mitigation reduces greenhouse-gas emissions.
âĸ Use carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor as examples of greenhouse gases.
âĸ Use the correct prepositions: vulnerable to floods, adapt to change, protect from danger, and depend on rainfall.
âĸ For synonym questions, emission means release, reduce means decrease, and impact means effect.
âĸ For antonym questions, fossil fuel contrasts with renewable energy, drought with flood, and protect with harm.
âĸ In paragraph writing, organize the answer as causes, effects, and solutions.
âĸ Use examples from Bangladesh such as coastal flooding, saltwater intrusion, embankments, rice farming, and cyclones.
âĸ Check spelling carefully: temperature, atmosphere, deforestation, greenhouse, radiation, and vulnerable.