Chapter: Climate Change
đ Vocabulary
English for Today Class Seven
â Most Important Exam Words
climateweathertemperaturerainfallextreme weathergreenhouse gasgreenhouse effectfossil fueldeforestationcarbon dioxideemissionatmosphereradiationabsorbtrapfloodingdroughtheat wavesea levelmeltriskimpactcoastalsaltwater intrusionlivelihoodadaptationembankmentprotectreducepreventrenewablesustainable
đ Word Formation Rules
âē climate + change = climate change: āĻāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ + āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ = āĻāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
âē greenhouse + gas = greenhouse gas: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ + āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ = āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
âē deforest + -ation = deforestation: āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž + -ation = āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžā§
âē adapt + -ation = adaptation: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž + -ation = āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¨
âē emit + -sion = emission: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž + -sion = āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ
âē protect + -ion = protection: āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž + -ion = āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
âē produce + -tion = production: āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž + -tion = āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨
âē renew + -able = renewable: āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž + -able = āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯
âē sustain + -able = sustainable: āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž + -able = āĻā§āĻāĻ¸āĻ
âē healthy = health + -y: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ + -y = āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ
âē coast + -al = coastal: āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛ + -al = āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ā§
âē reduce â reduction: āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ â āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸
1. Climate and Weather Basics (8 words)
climate[/ËklaÉĒmÉt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ˛ā§ā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The climate of coastal Bangladesh is changing.
Syn: weather patternAnt: short-term weather
đĄ Exam tip: Climate refers to long-term patterns, while weather refers to daily conditions.
weather[/ËweðÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨-āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž, āĻŦā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The weather may change from day to day.
Syn: atmospheric conditionAnt: climate
đĄ Exam tip: Remember: weather is short-term; climate is long-term.
temperature[/ËtemprÉtĘÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž
Example: The average temperature of the planet is rising.
Syn: heat levelAnt: coolness
đĄ Exam tip: Use rising temperature for increasing heat and falling temperature for decreasing heat.
rainfall[/ËreÉĒnfÉËl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Climate change can alter rainfall patterns.
Syn: precipitationAnt: drought
đĄ Exam tip: Rainfall is usually an uncountable noun.
season[/ËsiËzÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¤ā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨
Example: Climate change may shift the seasons.
Syn: periodAnt: å
¨åš´
đĄ Exam tip: The common plural form is seasons.
pattern[/ËpÃĻtÉrn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯
Example: Scientists study long-term weather patterns.
Syn: form, trendAnt: disorder
đĄ Exam tip: Weather pattern means the usual way weather behaves.
average[/ËÃĻvÉrÉĒdĘ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§
Alt: āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻĢāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛
Example: The Earth's average temperature is increasing.
Syn: meanAnt: extreme
đĄ Exam tip: Average can be used as both a noun and an adjective.
extreme[/ÉĒkËstriËm/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°āĻŽ
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°
Example: Extreme weather can damage homes and crops.
Syn: severe, intenseAnt: mild, moderate
đĄ Exam tip: Extreme weather includes severe heat, storms, floods, and droughts.
2. Causes of Climate Change (8 words)
greenhouse gas[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs ÉĄÃĻs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
Alt: āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§
Example: Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas.
Syn: heat-trapping gasAnt: cooling substance
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form is greenhouse gases.
fossil fuel[/ËfÉsÉl ËfjuËÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ˛āĻž, āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ
Example: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.
Syn: coal, oil, natural gasAnt: renewable energy
đĄ Exam tip: Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.
deforestation[/diËËfÉrÉĒËsteÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻž
Example: Deforestation reduces the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide.
Syn: forest clearanceAnt: afforestation, reforestation
đĄ Exam tip: Deforestation is formed from de- meaning removal and forest.
emission[/ÉĒËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸, āĻ§ā§āĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž
Example: Vehicle emissions pollute the air.
Syn: release, dischargeAnt: absorption
đĄ Exam tip: Use emissions when referring to gases released by vehicles or factories.
carbon dioxide[/ËkÉËrbÉn daÉĒËÉksaÉĒd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻĄ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšā§
Example: Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
Syn: CO2Ant: oxygen
đĄ Exam tip: Carbon dioxide is generally treated as an uncountable noun.
activity[/ÃĻkËtÉĒvÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
Example: Human activities increase greenhouse gas levels.
Syn: action, workAnt: inactivity
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form activities changes y to ies.
burn[/bÉËrn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§ā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: People burn coal to produce electricity.
Syn: ignite, consumeAnt: extinguish
đĄ Exam tip: Verb forms: burn, burned or burnt, burned or burnt.
release[/rÉĒËliËs/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Factories release harmful gases into the air.
Syn: emit, let outAnt: contain, hold
đĄ Exam tip: Release can be used as both a verb and a noun.
3. Greenhouse Effect and Earth System (8 words)
greenhouse effect[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs ÉĒËfekt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Example: The greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm enough for life.
Syn: heat-trapping processAnt: heat loss
đĄ Exam tip: The natural greenhouse effect is useful, but an enhanced effect causes warming.
atmosphere[/ËÃĻtmÉsfÉĒÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ˛
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°
Example: The atmosphere contains several greenhouse gases.
Syn: air layerAnt: outer space
đĄ Exam tip: Atmosphere means the layer of gases around Earth.
radiation[/ËreÉĒdiËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻŖ
Alt: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻž
Example: Earth sends infrared radiation back toward space.
Syn: energy wavesAnt: absorption
đĄ Exam tip: Infrared radiation is associated with heat.
absorb[/ÉbËzÉËrb/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ, āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Syn: take in, soak upAnt: release, emit
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is absorption.
trap[/trÃĻp/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere.
Syn: hold, retainAnt: release, free
đĄ Exam tip: Verb forms: trap, trapped, trapped.
heat[/hiËt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ
Alt: āĻāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Extra heat makes the planet warmer.
Syn: warmthAnt: cold
đĄ Exam tip: Heat can be a noun or a verb.
sunlight[/ËsĘnlaÉĒt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Sunlight warms the land and oceans.
Syn: sunshineAnt: darkness
đĄ Exam tip: Sunlight is generally an uncountable noun.
energy[/ËenÉrdĘi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯
Example: The Earth system receives energy from the Sun.
Syn: powerAnt: weakness
đĄ Exam tip: Energy is usually an uncountable noun in scientific contexts.
4. Effects of Climate Change (8 words)
flooding[/ËflĘdÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻŦāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻž āĻĄā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Flooding can destroy homes and rice crops.
Syn: inundationAnt: dryness
đĄ Exam tip: Flood is the verb and noun; flooding often describes the process or event.
drought[/draĘt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Long droughts can reduce food production.
Syn: dry spellAnt: flood, rainfall
đĄ Exam tip: Drought is pronounced like 'drout', not 'drou-ght'.
heat wave[/ËhiËt weÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§
Example: A severe heat wave can harm human health.
Syn: hot spellAnt: cold spell
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form is heat waves.
sea level[/ËsiË ËlevÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Melting ice can cause sea level to rise.
Syn: ocean levelAnt: land elevation
đĄ Exam tip: Use rise in sea level, not rise of sea level, in many exam sentences.
melt[/melt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: A warmer climate can melt ice.
Syn: thaw, liquefyAnt: freeze, solidify
đĄ Exam tip: Verb forms: melt, melted, melted.
storm[/stÉËrm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸, āĻŦā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻš āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Stronger storms may threaten coastal communities.
Syn: tempest, galeAnt: calm
đĄ Exam tip: Storm can also be used as a verb meaning to move angrily or forcefully.
risk[/rÉĒsk/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Example: Climate change increases the risk of crop failure.
Syn: danger, hazardAnt: safety, security
đĄ Exam tip: Common expressions are at risk and risk of damage.
impact[/ËÉĒmpÃĻkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛
Example: Climate change has a serious impact on farming.
Syn: effect, influenceAnt: cause
đĄ Exam tip: Impact is usually followed by on: impact on health.
5. Human Life and Bangladesh Context (8 words)
farmer[/ËfÉËrmÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻˇāĻ
Alt: āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĢāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨
Example: A farmer may lose a rice crop because of flooding.
Syn: cultivator, agriculturistAnt: consumer
đĄ Exam tip: The related verb is farm and the related noun is farming.
crop[/krÉp/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĢāĻ¸āĻ˛
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻļāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯
Example: Heavy rain can damage the rice crop.
Syn: harvest, produceAnt: fallow land
đĄ Exam tip: Crop may mean a particular cultivated plant or the total harvest.
coastal[/ËkoĘstÉl/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ
Example: Coastal areas are vulnerable to rising sea levels.
Syn: seaside, shorelineAnt: inland
đĄ Exam tip: Coastal is formed from coast plus the suffix -al.
saltwater intrusion[/ËsÉËltwÉËtÉr ÉĒnËtruËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĸā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻž
Example: Saltwater intrusion can make farmland unsuitable for rice cultivation.
Syn: saltwater invasionAnt: freshwater protection
đĄ Exam tip: This term is especially important for coastal Bangladesh.
health[/helθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Extreme heat can threaten public health.
Syn: well-being, fitnessAnt: illness, disease
đĄ Exam tip: Health is a noun; healthy is the adjective form.
home[/hoĘm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžā§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Floods can destroy the homes of many families.
Syn: house, dwellingAnt: homelessness
đĄ Exam tip: Home refers to a place of living and may have an emotional meaning.
livelihood[/ËlaÉĒvlihĘd/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¸
Example: Climate change threatens the livelihoods of farmers.
Syn: income, means of livingAnt: unemployment
đĄ Exam tip: Livelihood is often used in the plural form when discussing communities.
food production[/fuËd prÉËdĘkĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻļāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Example: Drought and floods can reduce food production.
Syn: food cultivationAnt: food shortage
đĄ Exam tip: Production is an uncountable noun in this expression.
6. Solutions and Adaptation (8 words)
adaptation[/ËÃĻdÃĻpËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Example: Building stronger embankments is an adaptation measure.
Syn: adjustment, accommodationAnt: resistance
đĄ Exam tip: Adaptation reduces damage but does not stop climate change.
adapt[/ÉËdÃĻpt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Communities must adapt to changing climate conditions.
Syn: adjust, accommodateAnt: ignore, resist
đĄ Exam tip: Use adapt to, not adapt with, when referring to a condition.
embankment[/ÉĒmËbÃĻÅkmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ§
Alt: āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§
Example: Strong embankments can protect villages from floods.
Syn: levee, dykeAnt: water channel
đĄ Exam tip: Embankment is a common adaptation measure in flood-prone areas.
protect[/prÉËtekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Trees protect soil from erosion.
Syn: defend, safeguardAnt: harm, endanger
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is protection and the adjective form is protective.
reduce[/rÉĒËdjuËs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻž
Example: Using clean energy can reduce emissions.
Syn: decrease, lessenAnt: increase, raise
đĄ Exam tip: Reduce is followed by an object: reduce pollution or reduce damage.
prevent[/prÉĒËvent/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Early action can prevent serious climate damage.
Syn: stop, éģæĸAnt: allow, cause
đĄ Exam tip: Prevent is followed by a noun or gerund: prevent flooding or prevent damage.
renewable[/rÉĒËnjuËÉbÉl/]adjectivemedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Solar power is a renewable source of energy.
Syn: sustainable, reusableAnt: non-renewable, exhaustible
đĄ Exam tip: Renewable energy includes solar, wind, and hydropower.
sustainable[/sÉËsteÉĒnÉbÉl/]adjectivehard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻ¸āĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Sustainable farming can help protect the environment.
Syn: environment-friendly, lastingAnt: unsustainable, harmful
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is sustainability.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Weather means short-term atmospheric conditions, whereas climate means the long-term average pattern.
âĸ Do not write that climate change means only hotter weather; it also changes rainfall, droughts, storms, sea levels, and seasons.
âĸ Remember the main causes: burning fossil fuels, industrial activities, transport, and deforestation.
âĸ Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere; this strengthens the greenhouse effect and raises average global temperature.
âĸ Use the correct collocations: rise in temperature, rise in sea level, change in rainfall patterns, risk of flooding, and impact on health.
âĸ Adaptation helps people adjust to climate effects, while mitigation means reducing the causes of climate change.
âĸ For synonym questions, climate is related to weather pattern, drought to dry spell, impact to effect, and protect to safeguard.
âĸ For antonym questions, remember increase versus reduce, protect versus endanger, renewable versus non-renewable, and extreme versus mild.
âĸ In gap-filling exercises, check whether the required word is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.
âĸ Use long-term data to explain climate change; one cold day or one storm cannot describe the climate.
âĸ In paragraph writing, mention effects on food, water, health, homes, farming, and livelihoods.
âĸ In Bangladesh-related answers, include coastal flooding, saltwater intrusion, stronger embankments, and damage to rice crops.