Chapter: LETTER WRITING
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition class 8
â Most Important Exam Words
headingsalutationbodycomplimentary closingsignatureformal letterpersonal letterrequestpermissiongrant leaveleave of absenceadmissionadvertisementcoordinatorenrolregardingsincerelywitnessstreet accidentawarenesswater pollutionorganize a rallyprovide internet facilityopen a bank accountmonthly stipend
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Add -tion to pollute to form pollution: pollute â pollution.
âē Add -ness to aware to form awareness: aware â awareness.
âē Add -ment to arrange to form arrangement: arrange â arrangement.
âē Add -al to nature to form natural: nature â natural.
âē Add -ful to care to form careful: care â careful.
âē Add -less to care to form careless: care â careless.
âē Add -er to coordinate to form coordinator: coordinate â coordinator.
âē Add -ion to permit to form permission: permit â permission.
âē Add -ive to protect to form protective: protect â protective.
âē Add -ly to sincere to form sincerely: sincere â sincerely.
âē Use the negative prefix un-: aware â unaware.
âē Use the negative prefix im-: polite â impolite.
1. Purposes of Personal Letters (8 words)
thank[/θÃĻÅk/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: I wrote a letter to thank my friend for his help.
Syn: appreciateAnt: blame
đĄ Exam tip: Use thank someone for something.
apologize[/ÉËpÉlÉdĘaÉĒz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: I apologize for missing your birthday.
Syn: regretAnt: offend
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is apology.
invite[/ÉĒnËvaÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: I invite you to attend my sister's wedding.
Syn: requestAnt: exclude
đĄ Exam tip: Use invite someone to an event.
arrangement[/ÉËreÉĒndĘmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§ā§āĻāĻ¨
Example: We made an arrangement to meet at the station.
Syn: planAnt: disorder
đĄ Exam tip: The verb form is arrange.
request[/rÉĒËkwest/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: I request you to send me the notes.
Syn: askAnt: refuse
đĄ Exam tip: In formal letters, use I request you to...
reply[/rÉĒËplaÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Please reply to my letter soon.
Syn: answerAnt: ignore
đĄ Exam tip: The noun and verb forms are both reply.
relative[/ËrelÉtÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽā§ā§
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯
Example: I often write letters to my relatives.
Syn: relationAnt: stranger
đĄ Exam tip: Relative means a member of one's family.
information[/ËÉĒnfÉËmeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨
Example: I need information about the admission process.
Syn: knowledgeAnt: ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: Information is uncountable; do not write informations.
2. Parts of a Personal Letter (8 words)
heading[/ËhedÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž-āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻļ
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ
Example: Write the heading at the top of the letter.
Syn: titleAnt: conclusion
đĄ Exam tip: A personal-letter heading usually includes the writer's address and date.
greeting[/ËÉĄriËtÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž
Example: Dear friend is a common greeting in a personal letter.
Syn: salutationAnt: farewell
đĄ Exam tip: Greeting and salutation are often used synonymously.
salutation[/ËsÃĻljuËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻŖ
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨
Example: Dear Sir is a formal salutation.
Syn: greetingAnt: closing
đĄ Exam tip: Use Dear Sir or Dear Madam in a formal letter.
body[/ËbÉdi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻāĻļ
Example: The body of the letter explains the accident.
Syn: contentAnt: heading
đĄ Exam tip: Divide the body into clear paragraphs.
complimentary[/ËkÉmplÉĒËmentÉri/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ
Example: Yours ever is a complimentary closing.
Syn: courteousAnt: rude
đĄ Exam tip: Complimentary closing begins with a capital letter.
closing[/ËklÉĘzÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŋāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ
āĻāĻļ
Example: Sincerely yours is a suitable closing for a formal letter.
Syn: endingAnt: opening
đĄ Exam tip: The closing should match the level of formality.
signature[/ËsÉĒÉĄnÉtĘÉ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ°
Alt: āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Example: Put your signature below the closing.
Syn: autographAnt: anonymity
đĄ Exam tip: Write the name and necessary details below the closing.
address[/ÉËdres/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻžā§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Example: Write the receiver's address below the date.
Syn: locationAnt: misplacement
đĄ Exam tip: In formal letters, write the receiver's designation and full address.
3. Formal Letter Vocabulary (8 words)
formal[/ËfÉËmÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŽāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻ°
Example: A letter to the headmaster should use formal language.
Syn: officialAnt: informal
đĄ Exam tip: Formal letters require polite and respectful expressions.
official[/ÉËfÉĒĘÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇ-āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: He sent an official letter to the bank manager.
Syn: formalAnt: unofficial
đĄ Exam tip: Official letters generally follow a fixed format.
coordinator[/kÉĘËÉËdÉĒneÉĒtÉ/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: I wrote to the coordinator of the computer course.
Syn: organizerAnt: participant
đĄ Exam tip: Spell coordinator carefully; it has two o's after co.
admission[/ÉdËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The institute has opened admission for a basic course.
Syn: enrolmentAnt: rejection
đĄ Exam tip: Use admission to a school or course.
advertisement[/ÉdËvÉËtÉĒsmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž
Example: I saw an advertisement in a local daily.
Syn: noticeAnt: concealment
đĄ Exam tip: The short form is ad; advertisement is common in letter topics.
enrol[/ÉĒnËrÉĘl/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: I want to enrol in the basic computer course.
Syn: registerAnt: withdraw
đĄ Exam tip: Use enrol in a course, not enrol to a course.
regarding[/rÉĒËÉĄÉËdÉĒÅ/]prepmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§
Example: I am writing regarding the scholarship account.
Syn: concerningAnt: excluding
đĄ Exam tip: Regarding is useful for introducing the subject of a formal letter.
sincerely[/sÉĒnËsÉĒÉli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Example: Sincerely yours is a common formal closing.
Syn: honestlyAnt: insincerely
đĄ Exam tip: Use Sincerely yours as a formal complimentary closing.
4. Requests and Applications (8 words)
grant[/ÉĄrÉËnt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: I request you to grant me leave for two days.
Syn: allowAnt: deny
đĄ Exam tip: The phrase grant me leave is common in applications.
permission[/pÉËmÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻ¨
Example: We need permission to stage a short drama.
Syn: consentAnt: prohibition
đĄ Exam tip: Use permission to do something.
absence[/ËÃĻbsÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: I need leave of absence for two days.
Syn: nonattendanceAnt: presence
đĄ Exam tip: The fixed phrase is leave of absence.
stipend[/ËstaÉĒpend/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ¤āĻž
Example: I need a bank account to receive my monthly stipend.
Syn: allowanceAnt: payment
đĄ Exam tip: A stipend is usually paid regularly for study or training.
account[/ÉËkaĘnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: I want to open a savings account.
Syn: recordAnt: debt
đĄ Exam tip: Use open an account, not make an account, for banking.
organize[/ËÉËÉĄÉnaÉĒz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Please organize a rally on water pollution.
Syn: arrangeAnt: disorganize
đĄ Exam tip: The British spelling is organise; both forms are accepted according to usage.
provide[/prÉËvaÉĒd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: We request you to provide internet facilities in the library.
Syn: supplyAnt: withhold
đĄ Exam tip: Use provide someone with something or provide something for someone.
permission[/pÉËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The students asked for permission to perform on Victory Day.
Syn: authorizationAnt: refusal
đĄ Exam tip: Avoid repeating the same word; authorization can be used as a synonym.
5. Accident and Safety Vocabulary (8 words)
witness[/ËwÉĒtnÉs/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: I witnessed a terrible street accident.
Syn: observeAnt: miss
đĄ Exam tip: Witness can be both a noun and a verb.
accident[/ËÃĻksÉĒdÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž
Example: The accident took place near our school.
Syn: crashAnt: safety
đĄ Exam tip: Use take place to describe where or when an accident occurred.
terrible[/ËterÉbÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻžāĻŦāĻš
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°
Example: It was a terrible accident.
Syn: horribleAnt: pleasant
đĄ Exam tip: Use terrible to express the seriousness of an accident.
speed[/spiËd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻā§
Example: The truck was running at a high speed.
Syn: velocityAnt: slowness
đĄ Exam tip: The phrase at high speed is frequently used in compositions.
cross[/krÉs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Always look both ways before you cross the road.
Syn: traverseAnt: remain
đĄ Exam tip: Use cross the road, not cross over the road, in simple sentences.
awareness[/ÉËweÉnÉs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Road safety awareness can prevent accidents.
Syn: consciousnessAnt: unawareness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective form is aware.
careful[/ËkeÉfÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: You must be careful while crossing the road.
Syn: cautiousAnt: careless
đĄ Exam tip: Use careful while doing something.
fearful[/ËfÉĒÉfÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: I still remember the fearful shouts of the victim.
Syn: frighteningAnt: fearless
đĄ Exam tip: Fearful can describe a frightening event or sound.
6. Environment and Public Awareness (8 words)
pollute[/pÉËluËt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: People should not pollute the river.
Syn: contaminateAnt: purify
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is pollution.
pollution[/pÉËluËĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Water pollution causes many diseases.
Syn: contaminationAnt: purity
đĄ Exam tip: Water pollution is an important formal-letter topic.
waste[/weÉĒst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻ
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Example: Some people throw waste into the river.
Syn: rubbishAnt: resource
đĄ Exam tip: Waste can be a noun, verb, or adjective.
chemical[/ËkemÉĒkÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Alt: āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Example: Chemical waste can pollute river water.
Syn: compoundAnt: natural substance
đĄ Exam tip: Use chemical waste as a compound noun.
fertilizer[/ËfÉËtÉlaÉĒzÉ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Example: Excess fertilizer may pollute the water.
Syn: plant foodAnt: waste
đĄ Exam tip: The British spelling is fertiliser.
disease[/dÉĒËziËz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ°ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Polluted water can cause many diseases.
Syn: illnessAnt: health
đĄ Exam tip: Use cause disease or cause diseases according to meaning.
rally[/ËrÃĻli/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ˛
Alt: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž
Example: The students organized a rally against water pollution.
Syn: processionAnt: separation
đĄ Exam tip: A rally is organized to express support or create awareness.
protect[/prÉËtekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: We must protect our rivers from pollution.
Syn: defendAnt: harm
đĄ Exam tip: Use protect something from something.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Personal letters usually contain heading, greeting, body, complimentary closing, and signature.
âĸ Formal letters usually contain date, receiver's address, salutation, introduction, body, closing, and signature.
âĸ Use Dear friend or My dear friend in a personal letter.
âĸ Use Dear Sir or Dear Madam in a formal letter.
âĸ Begin a formal request with I am writing to... or I would like to...
âĸ Use polite expressions such as I request you to..., I therefore request you to..., and I shall be grateful if you...
âĸ Write the main subject clearly in the introduction and explain supporting details in the body.
âĸ Use Yours ever or Your loving friend for a personal letter.
âĸ Use Yours faithfully, Yours obediently, or Sincerely yours for a formal letter.
âĸ Use grant me leave, request permission, provide information, and open an account as useful fixed expressions.
âĸ Remember that information, advice, and furniture are uncountable nouns.
âĸ Keep the tone friendly in personal letters and respectful in formal letters.
âĸ Maintain correct paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation, date, address, and signature.
âĸ For an accident letter, mention the time, place, cause, result, and safety advice.
âĸ For a pollution letter, mention causes, effects, and practical solutions.