Chapter: Writing process
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition class 8
â Most Important Exam Words
processpurposereadercontentsituationbrainstormingspeed writingplanningdraftingrevisingappropriatewell-organizedparagraphtopic sentencesupporting ideasconclusionsummarizegather informationlogical sequenceexpress ideas
đ Word Formation Rules
âē prepare + -ation = preparation: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âē organize + -ation = organization: āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
âē introduce + -tion = introduction: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
âē conclude + -sion = conclusion: āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°
âē correct + -ion = correction: āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨
âē use + -ful = useful: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
âē use + -less = useless: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻšā§āĻ¨
âē purpose + -ful = purposeful: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
âē clear + -ly = clearly: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
âē summarize + -ation = summarization: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒāĻŖ
âē support + -ing = supporting: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ
âē organize + dis- = disorganize: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻž
1. The Writing Process (8 words)
process[/ËprÉĘses/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ§āĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The writing process has several important stages.
Syn: methodAnt: disorder
đĄ Exam tip: Process means a series of connected steps.
purpose[/ËpÉËrpÉs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžā§
Example: We should know the purpose of our writing.
Syn: aimAnt: aimlessness
đĄ Exam tip: Use purpose to answer the question: Why are you writing?
reader[/ËriËdÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§
Example: A good writer always considers the reader.
Syn: audienceAnt: writer
đĄ Exam tip: Reader means the person who will read the writing.
content[/ËkÉntent/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§
Alt: āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Example: The content of the paragraph should be relevant.
Syn: subject matterAnt: emptiness
đĄ Exam tip: Content means what you are writing about.
situation[/ËsÉĒtĘuËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
Example: The situation may affect the length of a message.
Syn: conditionAnt: certainty
đĄ Exam tip: Situation includes place, time and circumstances.
stage[/steÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§
Alt: āĻ§āĻžāĻĒ
Example: Preparing to write is the first stage of writing.
Syn: stepAnt: completion
đĄ Exam tip: Stage and step are often interchangeable in this chapter.
express[/ÉĒkËspres/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: Writing helps us express our ideas clearly.
Syn: stateAnt: conceal
đĄ Exam tip: Express is followed by an idea, feeling or opinion.
organize[/ËÉËrÉĄÉnaÉĒz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: We should organize our ideas before writing.
Syn: arrangeAnt: disorganize
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is organization.
2. Preparation and Gathering Ideas (8 words)
prepare[/prÉĒËpeÉr/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: We must prepare ourselves before writing.
Syn: arrangeAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Prepare is a verb; preparation is its noun form.
gather[/ËÉĄÃĻðÉr/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Students gather information before writing a composition.
Syn: collectAnt: scatter
đĄ Exam tip: Gather ideas means collect ideas.
idea[/aÉĒËdÉĒÉ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤
Example: She wrote down several ideas about bees.
Syn: thoughtAnt: ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form is ideas.
information[/ËÉĒnfÉrËmeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ
Example: The writer needs accurate information.
Syn: knowledgeAnt: misinformation
đĄ Exam tip: Information is uncountable; do not write informations.
brainstorming[/ËbreÉĒnËstÉËrmÉĒÅ/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻž
Example: Brainstorming helps students collect ideas quickly.
Syn: idea generationAnt: inactivity
đĄ Exam tip: In brainstorming, write every idea without judging it first.
visualize[/ËvÉĒĘuÉlaÉĒz/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻž
Example: Pictures help students visualize the topic.
Syn: imagineAnt: overlook
đĄ Exam tip: Visualize is formed from visual and means imagine mentally.
note[/nÉĘt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯
Example: He made notes before drafting the paragraph.
Syn: recordAnt: forgetfulness
đĄ Exam tip: Notes usually contain words or phrases, not complete sentences.
useful[/ËjuËsfÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ˛āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Do not decide too early whether an idea is useful.
Syn: helpfulAnt: useless
đĄ Exam tip: The opposite of useful is useless.
3. Speed Writing and WH Questions (8 words)
speed writing[/spiËd ËraÉĒtÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž
Example: Speed writing allows learners to write freely.
Syn: free writingAnt: slow writing
đĄ Exam tip: During speed writing, do not stop for correction.
continue[/kÉnËtÉĒnjuË/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Continue writing until the time is over.
Syn: proceedAnt: stop
đĄ Exam tip: Continue can be followed by a gerund: continue writing.
correction[/kÉËrekĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Do not worry about correction during speed writing.
Syn: amendmentAnt: error
đĄ Exam tip: Correction comes from the verb correct.
spelling[/ËspelÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: You can check spelling after completing the first draft.
Syn: orthographyAnt: misspelling
đĄ Exam tip: Spelling is uncountable when referring to the general skill.
question[/ËkwestĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž
Example: Ask questions to collect information about the topic.
Syn: queryAnt: answer
đĄ Exam tip: A question mark is used at the end of a direct question.
collect[/kÉËlekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Bees collect nectar from flowers.
Syn: gatherAnt: distribute
đĄ Exam tip: Collect is a regular verb: collect, collected, collected.
hive[/haÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž
Example: Bees live together in a hive.
Syn: bee houseAnt: emptiness
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form is hives.
tasty[/ËteÉĒsti/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§
Example: Honey is tasty and sweet.
Syn: deliciousAnt: tasteless
đĄ Exam tip: Tasty is an adjective used to describe food.
4. Planning and Drafting (8 words)
planning[/ËplÃĻnÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Planning helps us arrange our ideas in order.
Syn: preparationAnt: improvisation
đĄ Exam tip: Planning comes after brainstorming and speed writing.
length[/leÅθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Decide the length of the composition before writing.
Syn: extentAnt: shortness
đĄ Exam tip: Length answers how long the writing should be.
introduce[/ËÉĒntrÉËdjuËs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The first sentence should introduce the topic.
Syn: presentAnt: conclude
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is introduction.
sequence[/ËsiËkwÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ
Alt: āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
Example: The ideas should follow a logical sequence.
Syn: orderAnt: disorder
đĄ Exam tip: First, second and finally show sequence.
draft[/drÉËft/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž
Example: The student prepared a draft of the paragraph.
Syn: rough copyAnt: final copy
đĄ Exam tip: A draft may contain mistakes and can be revised.
drafting[/ËdrÉËftÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Drafting is the stage in which actual writing begins.
Syn: compositionAnt: deletion
đĄ Exam tip: Drafting follows planning in the writing process.
actual[/ËÃĻktĘuÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛
Example: Drafting is the actual beginning of writing.
Syn: realAnt: imaginary
đĄ Exam tip: Actual does not mean present or current.
allow[/ÉËlaĘ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Allow some space between the lines for revision.
Syn: permitAnt: forbid
đĄ Exam tip: Allow can be followed by an object and an infinitive.
5. Revising and Improving Writing (8 words)
revise[/rÉĒËvaÉĒz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: You should revise your draft before submitting it.
Syn: editAnt: preserve
đĄ Exam tip: Revise means improve a draft, not merely read it.
appropriate[/ÉËprÉĘpriÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ
Example: Use language that is appropriate for the reader.
Syn: suitableAnt: inappropriate
đĄ Exam tip: Appropriate is followed by for when indicating suitability.
clearly[/ËklÉĒÉrli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Example: State your purpose clearly in the introduction.
Syn: plainlyAnt: vaguely
đĄ Exam tip: Clearly is the adverb form of clear.
well-organized[/Ëwel ËÉËrÉĄÉnaÉĒzd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: A well-organized paragraph is easy to understand.
Syn: orderlyAnt: disorganized
đĄ Exam tip: Use a hyphen when well-organized comes before a noun.
contain[/kÉnËteÉĒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: The paragraph should contain all important ideas.
Syn: includeAnt: exclude
đĄ Exam tip: Contain means hold within; include means make part of something.
appropriate[/ÉËprÉĘpriÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ
Example: Check whether the examples are appropriate for the topic.
Syn: relevantAnt: unsuitable
đĄ Exam tip: Avoid repeating the same word unnecessarily in an exam answer.
purposeful[/ËpÉËrpÉsfÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Example: Every sentence in a composition should be purposeful.
Syn: meaningfulAnt: purposeless
đĄ Exam tip: Purposeful is formed from purpose plus the suffix -ful.
submit[/sÉbËmÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Revise your composition before you submit it.
Syn: presentAnt: withdraw
đĄ Exam tip: The past form is submitted; double the final consonant before -ed.
6. Paragraph Organization (8 words)
paragraph[/ËpÃĻrÉÉĄrÉËf/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic.
Syn: sectionAnt: sentence
đĄ Exam tip: A paragraph normally has an introduction, middle and conclusion.
introduction[/ËÉĒntrÉËdĘkĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨
Example: The introduction presents the main topic.
Syn: openingAnt: conclusion
đĄ Exam tip: The introduction usually contains the topic sentence.
middle[/ËmÉĒdÉl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻļ
Example: The middle of a paragraph contains supporting ideas.
Syn: centreAnt: edge
đĄ Exam tip: The middle explains or supports the topic sentence.
conclusion[/kÉnËkluËĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯
Example: The conclusion makes a final statement about the topic.
Syn: endingAnt: beginning
đĄ Exam tip: A conclusion should summarize ideas without unnecessary repetition.
topic[/ËtÉpÉĒk/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§
Alt: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§
Example: The topic of the paragraph is mobile phones.
Syn: subjectAnt: detail
đĄ Exam tip: The topic sentence introduces the topic.
sentence[/ËsentÉns/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: Each sentence should express a complete idea.
Syn: statementAnt: fragment
đĄ Exam tip: Begin a sentence with a capital letter and end it with proper punctuation.
supporting[/sÉËpÉËrtÉĒÅ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Supporting ideas give details about the topic.
Syn: helpingAnt: opposing
đĄ Exam tip: Supporting ideas are placed mainly in the middle section.
summarize[/ËsĘmÉraÉĒz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž
Example: The conclusion should summarize the main ideas.
Syn: recapitulateAnt: expand
đĄ Exam tip: The British spelling is summarise, while summarize is also accepted.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Writing process-āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨: preparing to write, brainstorming, speed writing, asking WH questions, planning, drafting and revising.
âĸ Purpose, readers, content āĻāĻŦāĻ situationâāĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§.
âĸ Brainstorming-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§; āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨, āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ punctuation āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§.
âĸ Speed writing-āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤.
âĸ WH questions āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ What, Where, Who, When, Why āĻāĻŦāĻ How āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§.
âĸ Planning-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¯, āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž, āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§.
âĸ Drafting āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž.
âĸ Revising-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž, āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§.
âĸ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ paragraph āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ topic sentence, supporting ideas āĻāĻŦāĻ conclusion āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤.
âĸ Topic sentence-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§.
âĸ Supporting ideas-āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§.
âĸ Conclusion-āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒā§ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšā§; āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§.
âĸ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§ linking words āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ firstly, secondly, moreover, therefore āĻāĻŦāĻ finally āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° organization āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻšā§.
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ capital letter āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻĨ punctuation āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨.
âĸ Final answer āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§ spelling, subject-verb agreement, tense, capitalization āĻāĻŦāĻ punctuation āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨.