Chapter: UNIT 3 Articles, Linking words and
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition class 8
â Most Important Exam Words
articledefiniteindefinitespecificsingularpluralcountableuncountableconsonantvowelconnectorcoordinating conjunctioncorrelative conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionadvantagedisadvantagealthoughbecausethereforehowevermoreoverotherwisesimilarlyconsequentlypossessiveapostropheownershipirregularcompoundpropertypossessive adjectivepossessive pronounbelongcontractiongender
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Singular noun + 's forms a possessive: boy â boy's, Jahid â Jahid's.
âē Regular plural noun ending in s + apostrophe forms a possessive: girls â girls', lions â lions'.
âē Irregular plural noun + 's forms a possessive: child â children's, woman â women's, man â men's.
âē Compound noun + 's is added at the end: daughter-in-law â daughter-in-law's.
âē Possessive adjectives are formed from personal pronouns: I â my, you â your, he â his, she â her, it â its, we â our, they â their.
âē Possessive pronouns are formed as independent ownership words: I â mine, you â yours, he â his, she â hers, we â ours, they â theirs.
âē The prefix dis- can form an opposite noun or adjective: advantage â disadvantage.
âē The suffix -ly often forms adverbs: similar â similarly, professional â professionally, consequent â consequently.
1. Articles and Nouns (8 words)
article[/ËÉËrtÉĒkÉl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ; noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ a, an āĻŦāĻž the
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϞā§āĻāĻž
Example: An article is used before a noun.
Syn: determinerAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻŦā§: āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ articles āĻšāϞ⧠a, an āĻāĻŦāĻ theāĨ¤
definite[/ËdefÉĒnÉĒt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āϏā§āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: The is called the definite article.
Syn: specific, particularAnt: indefinite, uncertain
đĄ Exam tip: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
indefinite[/ÉĒnËdefÉĒnÉĒt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āϏā§āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A and an are indefinite articles.
Syn: unspecified, uncertainAnt: definite, specific
đĄ Exam tip: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a āĻŦāĻž an āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
specific[/spÉËsÉĒfÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The speaker is referring to a specific book.
Syn: particular, definiteAnt: general, indefinite
đĄ Exam tip: āĻā§āύ noun āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻā§ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāĻžāĻāĨ¤
singular[/ËsÉĒÅÉĄjÉlÉr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A and an are used before singular nouns.
Syn: one, individualAnt: plural
đĄ Exam tip: a/an āĻāĻāύ⧠plural noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
plural[/ËplĘÉrÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The can be used before plural nouns.
Syn: multiple, manyAnt: singular
đĄ Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ plural noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ article āύāĻž-āĻ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
countable[/ËkaĘntÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: Book is a countable noun.
Syn: numberable, measurableAnt: uncountable
đĄ Exam tip: countable singular noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a/an āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
uncountable[/ĘnËkaĘntÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž
Example: Water is an uncountable noun.
Syn: non-count, massAnt: countable
đĄ Exam tip: music, water, rice āĻ education-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ a/an āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
2. Uses of A, An and The (8 words)
consonant[/ËkÉnsÉnÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āĻāύāϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Alt: vowel āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Example: We use a before a consonant sound.
Syn: consonant soundAnt: vowel
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ āύāϝāĻŧ, pronunciation-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ sound āĻĻā§āĻā§ a/an āĻŦāϏāĻžāĻāĨ¤
vowel[/ËvaĘÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦāϰāϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Alt: a, e, i, o, u-āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Example: We use an before a vowel sound.
Syn: vowel soundAnt: consonant
đĄ Exam tip: an hour, an honest man āĻšāϞā§āĻ a university āĻšāĻŦā§; āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ sound āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
mention[/ËmenĘÉn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āϞā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϞāĻž
Example: The writer mentioned a new technique.
Syn: refer to, stateAnt: omit, hide
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻā§ a/an āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻā§ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
refer[/rÉĒËfÉËr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: The word the refers to a particular thing.
Syn: indicate, denoteAnt: ignore
đĄ Exam tip: the āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ noun-āĻā§ refer āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
particular[/pÉËtÉĒkjÉlÉr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: She chose the particular dress near the window.
Syn: specific, specialAnt: general, ordinary
đĄ Exam tip: particular āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤
professionally[/prÉËfeĘÉnÉli/]advhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§
Example: She works professionally as a dancer.
Syn: occupationally, expertlyAnt: amateurishly
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠singular job-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a/an āĻŦāϏā§: He is a doctorāĨ¤
general[/ËdĘenÉrÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Example: Books are useful in general.
Syn: common, universalAnt: specific, particular
đĄ Exam tip: plural āĻŦāĻž uncountable noun āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠article āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
instrument[/ËÉĒnstrÉmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āϏāϰāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŽ
Example: He plays the guitar in a band.
Syn: tool, deviceAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦāϏā§: the guitar, the pianoāĨ¤
3. Linking Words and Connectors (8 words)
connector[/kÉËnektÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ ideas āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§
Example: A connector joins two related ideas.
Syn: linking word, conjunctionAnt: separator
đĄ Exam tip: Connector āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ ideas-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
coordinate[/kÉĘËÉËrdÉĒneÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Example: And coordinates two equal sentence elements.
Syn: combine, uniteAnt: separate
đĄ Exam tip: FANBOYSâ for, and, nor, but, or, yet, soâcoordinating conjunctionsāĨ¤
subordinate[/sÉËbÉËrdÉĒneÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ
āϧā§āύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāĻļā§āϞ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ clause-āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāĻļā§āϞ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Because subordinates one clause to another.
Syn: depend, make secondaryAnt: independent, coordinate
đĄ Exam tip: Subordinating conjunction dependent clause āĻ independent clause āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
correlative[/kÉËrelÉtÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ
Alt: āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ
Example: Either and or are correlative conjunctions.
Syn: į¸äērelated, pairedAnt: unrelated
đĄ Exam tip: both...and, either...or āĻāĻŦāĻ neither...nor āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
transition[/trÃĻnËzÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻ idea āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ idea-āϤ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: However provides a transition between contrasting ideas.
Syn: shift, changeAnt: continuity
đĄ Exam tip: Linking adverbs ideas-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠transition āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
advantage[/ÉdËvÉËntÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ
Example: Social networking sites have many advantages.
Syn: benefit, meritAnt: disadvantage, drawback
đĄ Exam tip: advantage-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ disadvantageāĨ¤
disadvantage[/ËdÉĒsÉdËvÉËntÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻž āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ
Example: We should consider both advantages and disadvantages.
Syn: drawback, demeritAnt: advantage, benefit
đĄ Exam tip: both advantages and disadvantagesâāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
relationship[/rÉĒËleÉĒĘÉnĘÉĒp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ idea āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āϝā§āĻāϏā§āϤā§āϰ
Example: Connectors express relationships between ideas.
Syn: connection, associationAnt: disconnection
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻĢāϞ, āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻ āϝā§āĻâconnector-āĻāϰ relationship āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
4. Common Connector Meanings (8 words)
although[/ÉËlËðÉĘ/]conjunctioneasy
Meaning: āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻŦāĻž concession āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§
Example: Although it rained, they played outside.
Syn: though, even thoughAnt: because
đĄ Exam tip: Although āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ clause āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠comma āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
because[/bÉĒËkÉz/]conjunctioneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž reason āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§
Example: They stayed home because it was raining.
Syn: as, sinceAnt: therefore
đĄ Exam tip: because-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ therefore-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĢāϞ āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
therefore[/ËðeÉfÉËr/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§
Example: It was raining; therefore, they stayed home.
Syn: thus, soAnt: however
đĄ Exam tip: Therefore āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ independent clause āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠punctuation āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
however[/haĘËevÉr/]advmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠idea āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§
Example: The task was difficult; however, he completed it.
Syn: nevertheless, nonethelessAnt: similarly, likewise
đĄ Exam tip: However contrast connector; āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ semicolon āĻŦāĻž full stop āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
moreover[/mÉËrËÉĘvÉr/]advmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻĻā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāύā§āϤā§
Alt: āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰā§
Example: The site is useful; moreover, it is easy to access.
Syn: furthermore, besidesAnt: instead
đĄ Exam tip: Moreover, furthermore āĻ besides āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ information āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
otherwise[/ËĘðÉwaÉĒz/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āϤāĻž āύāĻž āĻšāϞā§
Example: Use the sites wisely; otherwise, they may cause problems.
Syn: or elseAnt: accordingly
đĄ Exam tip: Otherwise āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϏāϤāϰā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
similarly[/ËsÉĒmÉlÉrli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϰā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Example: The two students performed similarly.
Syn: likewise, in the same wayAnt: differently, conversely
đĄ Exam tip: Similarly āĻ likewise āĻāĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ idea āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
consequently[/ËkÉnsÉĒkwÉntli/]advhard
Meaning: āĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§
Example: He worked hard; consequently, he succeeded.
Syn: therefore, as a resultAnt: nevertheless
đĄ Exam tip: Consequently cause-and-effect āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
5. Possessive Nouns (8 words)
possessive[/pÉËzesÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž-āϏā§āĻāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Rahim's car is new.
Syn: belonging, ownership-relatedAnt: nonpossessive
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive noun āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ apostrophe āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
apostrophe[/ÉËpÉstrÉfi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻĒāϏā§āĻā§āϰāĻĢāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (')
Alt: āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž possession āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ punctuation mark
Example: Add an apostrophe to form a possessive noun.
Syn: punctuation markAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: Singular noun-āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ 's āĻāĻŦāĻ regular plural noun-āĻ āĻļā§āϧ⧠apostrophe āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
ownership[/ËÉĘnÉĘÉĒp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ
Example: The apostrophe shows ownership in Jahid's book.
Syn: possession, propertyAnt: dispossession
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive form ownership āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻâāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
irregular[/ÉĒËreÉĄjÉlÉr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Children is an irregular plural noun.
Syn: unusual, exceptionalAnt: regular, normal
đĄ Exam tip: Irregular plural āϝā§āĻŽāύ children, men āĻ women-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠'s āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
compound[/ËkÉmpaĘnd/]adjhard
Meaning: āϝā§āĻāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ
Example: Daughter-in-law is a compound noun.
Syn: combined, complexAnt: simple, single
đĄ Exam tip: Compound construction-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠apostrophe-s āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ: daughter-in-law'sāĨ¤
property[/ËprÉpÉrti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻžāϧā§āύ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: This is my brother's property.
Syn: possession, belongingsAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive noun-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠property āĻŦāĻž belonging āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
diary[/ËdaÉĒÉri/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŋāύāϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāύāĻž āϞā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϤāĻž
Example: I found my uncle's diary.
Syn: journal, notebookAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: Singular proper noun-āĻāϰ possessive: uncle's diary, Rahim's carāĨ¤
source[/sÉËrs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϏ
Alt: āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: The lions' usual source of water has dried up.
Syn: origin, springAnt: result, destination
đĄ Exam tip: Plural noun ending in s-āĻāϰ possessive-āĻ āĻļā§āϧ⧠apostrophe āĻŦāϏā§: lions'āĨ¤
6. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns (8 words)
adjective[/ËÃĻdĘÉĒktÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻŖ, āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžāϰ⧠word
Example: My is a possessive adjective in My car is old.
Syn: describing wordAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive adjective-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠noun āĻĨāĻžāĻā§: my book, their houseāĨ¤
pronoun[/ËprÉĘnaĘn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ word
Example: Mine is a possessive pronoun.
Syn: substitute nounAnt: noun
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive pronoun noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏā§: This book is mineāĨ¤
possessive adjective[/pÉËzesÉĒv ËÃĻdĘÉĒktÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: Their car is in the garage.
Syn: determinerAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: my, your, his, her, its, our āĻ their-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠noun āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
possessive pronoun[/pÉËzesÉĒv ËprÉĘnaĘn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: This pen is mine.
Syn: ownership pronounAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: mine, yours, his, hers, ours āĻ theirs-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ noun āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
belong[/bÉĒËlÉÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: This bag belongs to me.
Syn: be owned by, be the property ofAnt: leave, dispossess
đĄ Exam tip: Belong to-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠possessive pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ: It is mineāĨ¤
contraction[/kÉnËtrÃĻkĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϰā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤā§āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϤ āϰā§āĻĒ
Example: It's is a contraction of it is or it has.
Syn: short form, abbreviationAnt: full form
đĄ Exam tip: It's = it is/it has, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠its = possessive formāĨ¤
relation[/rÉĒËleÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϤā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āϝā§āĻāϏā§āϤā§āϰ
Example: Possessive adjectives can show relations and family members.
Syn: connection, kinshipAnt: separation
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive adjectives relation āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ: my sister, her mother, their friendsāĨ¤
gender[/ËdĘendÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ, āύāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰāĻĒā§āĻā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ grammatical category
Example: His is used for a male person and hers for a female person.
Syn: sex, grammatical genderAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: his āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ, hers āύāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ its āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ a āĻŦāϏ⧠consonant sound-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ an āĻŦāϏ⧠vowel sound-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§; spelling āύāϝāĻŧ, sound āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ a āĻāĻŦāĻ an āĻā§āĻŦāϞ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠singular noun āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻā§ a/an āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻ noun āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ plural āĻŦāĻž uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ article āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§: Books are useful; Music is enjoyable.
âĸ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ plural āĻŦāĻž uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦāϏā§: the students, the food on the tableāĨ¤
âĸ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻļ āύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻž; āϤāĻŦā§ the USA āĻāĻŦāĻ the UK āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĨ¤
âĸ Coordinating conjunctions āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ mnemonic āĻšāϞ⧠FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, soāĨ¤
âĸ Correlative conjunction āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but alsoāĨ¤
âĸ Because āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, therefore āĻŦāĻž consequently āĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ however āĻŦāĻž although āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ Possessive adjective-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠noun āĻĨāĻžāĻā§: my book; possessive pronoun āĻāĻāĻžāĻ noun phrase-āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāϞāĻžāĻāĻŋāώāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: mineāĨ¤
âĸ Its āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠it's āĻšāϞ⧠it is āĻŦāĻž it has-āĻāϰ contractionāĨ¤
âĸ Regular plural noun s-āĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻļā§āϧ⧠apostrophe āĻŦāϏā§; irregular plural noun āĻšāϞ⧠'s āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤