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English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 3 Articles, Linking words and - Vocabulary

Class 6 to 8 ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

🎯 Class 6 to 8🌐 English📅 14 Aug 2026📖 Course 57 of 112
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Class 6 to 8English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 3 Articles, Linking words and - Vocabulary

Chapter: UNIT 3 Articles, Linking words and

📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition class 8
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
articledefiniteindefinitespecificsingularpluralcountableuncountableconsonantvowelconnectorcoordinating conjunctioncorrelative conjunctionsubordinating conjunctionadvantagedisadvantagealthoughbecausethereforehowevermoreoverotherwisesimilarlyconsequentlypossessiveapostropheownershipirregularcompoundpropertypossessive adjectivepossessive pronounbelongcontractiongender
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Singular noun + 's forms a possessive: boy → boy's, Jahid → Jahid's.
â–ē Regular plural noun ending in s + apostrophe forms a possessive: girls → girls', lions → lions'.
â–ē Irregular plural noun + 's forms a possessive: child → children's, woman → women's, man → men's.
â–ē Compound noun + 's is added at the end: daughter-in-law → daughter-in-law's.
â–ē Possessive adjectives are formed from personal pronouns: I → my, you → your, he → his, she → her, it → its, we → our, they → their.
â–ē Possessive pronouns are formed as independent ownership words: I → mine, you → yours, he → his, she → hers, we → ours, they → theirs.
â–ē The prefix dis- can form an opposite noun or adjective: advantage → disadvantage.
â–ē The suffix -ly often forms adverbs: similar → similarly, professional → professionally, consequent → consequently.
1. Articles and Nouns (8 words)
article[/ˈɑːrtÉĒkəl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ; noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ a, an āĻŦāĻž the
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻŦāĻž āϰāϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž
Example: An article is used before a noun.
Syn: determinerAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇: āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ articles āĻšāϞ⧋ a, an āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ theāĨ¤
definite[/ˈdefÉĒnÉĒt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ
Alt: āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ
Example: The is called the definite article.
Syn: specific, particularAnt: indefinite, uncertain
💡 Exam tip: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
indefinite[/ÉĒnˈdefÉĒnÉĒt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ
Alt: āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A and an are indefinite articles.
Syn: unspecified, uncertainAnt: definite, specific
💡 Exam tip: āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ a āĻŦāĻž an āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
specific[/spəˈsÉĒfÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The speaker is referring to a specific book.
Syn: particular, definiteAnt: general, indefinite
💡 Exam tip: āϕ⧋āύ noun āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻā§‡ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
singular[/ˈsÉĒÅ‹ÉĄjələr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A and an are used before singular nouns.
Syn: one, individualAnt: plural
💡 Exam tip: a/an āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ plural noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
plural[/ˈplʊərəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The can be used before plural nouns.
Syn: multiple, manyAnt: singular
💡 Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ plural noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ article āύāĻž-āĻ“ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
countable[/ˈkaʊntəbəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: Book is a countable noun.
Syn: numberable, measurableAnt: uncountable
💡 Exam tip: countable singular noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ a/an āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
uncountable[/ʌnˈkaʊntəbəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻž āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž
Example: Water is an uncountable noun.
Syn: non-count, massAnt: countable
💡 Exam tip: music, water, rice āĻ“ education-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ a/an āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
2. Uses of A, An and The (8 words)
consonant[/ˈkɒnsənənt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžā§āϜāύāĻ§ā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Alt: vowel āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Example: We use a before a consonant sound.
Syn: consonant soundAnt: vowel
💡 Exam tip: āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ āύāϝāĻŧ, pronunciation-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ sound āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇ a/an āĻŦāϏāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
vowel[/ˈvaʊəl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰāĻ§ā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Alt: a, e, i, o, u-āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Example: We use an before a vowel sound.
Syn: vowel soundAnt: consonant
💡 Exam tip: an hour, an honest man āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ a university āĻšāĻŦ⧇; āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ sound āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
mention[/ˈmenʃən/]verbeasy
Meaning: āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϞāĻž
Example: The writer mentioned a new technique.
Syn: refer to, stateAnt: omit, hide
💡 Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āϖ⧇ a/an āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āϖ⧇ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
refer[/rÉĒˈfɜːr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: The word the refers to a particular thing.
Syn: indicate, denoteAnt: ignore
💡 Exam tip: the āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ noun-āϕ⧇ refer āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
particular[/pəˈtÉĒkjələr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: She chose the particular dress near the window.
Syn: specific, specialAnt: general, ordinary
💡 Exam tip: particular āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤
professionally[/prəˈfeʃənəli/]advhard
Meaning: āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Alt: āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇
Example: She works professionally as a dancer.
Syn: occupationally, expertlyAnt: amateurishly
💡 Exam tip: āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ singular job-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ a/an āĻŦāϏ⧇: He is a doctorāĨ¤
general[/ˈdʒenərəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝ
Example: Books are useful in general.
Syn: common, universalAnt: specific, particular
💡 Exam tip: plural āĻŦāĻž uncountable noun āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ article āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
instrument[/ˈÉĒnstrəmənt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āϏāϰāĻžā§āϜāĻžāĻŽ
Example: He plays the guitar in a band.
Syn: tool, deviceAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦāϏ⧇: the guitar, the pianoāĨ¤
3. Linking Words and Connectors (8 words)
connector[/kəˈnektər/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ ideas āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: A connector joins two related ideas.
Syn: linking word, conjunctionAnt: separator
💡 Exam tip: Connector āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ ideas-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
coordinate[/kəʊˈɔːrdÉĒneÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: And coordinates two equal sentence elements.
Syn: combine, uniteAnt: separate
💡 Exam tip: FANBOYS— for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so—coordinating conjunctionsāĨ¤
subordinate[/səˈbɔːrdÉĒneÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ clause-āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Because subordinates one clause to another.
Syn: depend, make secondaryAnt: independent, coordinate
💡 Exam tip: Subordinating conjunction dependent clause āĻ“ independent clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
correlative[/kəˈrelətÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ
Alt: āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ
Example: Either and or are correlative conjunctions.
Syn: ᛏäē’related, pairedAnt: unrelated
💡 Exam tip: both...and, either...or āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ neither...nor āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
transition[/trÃĻnˈzÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—
Alt: āĻāĻ• idea āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ idea-āϤ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: However provides a transition between contrasting ideas.
Syn: shift, changeAnt: continuity
💡 Exam tip: Linking adverbs ideas-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ transition āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
advantage[/ədˈvɑːntÉĒdʒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž
Alt: āωāĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āχāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•
Example: Social networking sites have many advantages.
Syn: benefit, meritAnt: disadvantage, drawback
💡 Exam tip: advantage-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ disadvantageāĨ¤
disadvantage[/ˌdÉĒsədˈvɑːntÉĒdʒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž
Alt: āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•
Example: We should consider both advantages and disadvantages.
Syn: drawback, demeritAnt: advantage, benefit
💡 Exam tip: both advantages and disadvantages—āĻāχ āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
relationship[/rÉĒˈleÉĒʃənʃÉĒp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āχ idea āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ
Example: Connectors express relationships between ideas.
Syn: connection, associationAnt: disconnection
💡 Exam tip: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻĢāϞ, āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ“ āϝ⧋āĻ—â€”connector-āĻāϰ relationship āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
4. Common Connector Meanings (8 words)
although[/ɔːlËˆÃ°É™ĘŠ/]conjunctioneasy
Meaning: āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦāĻž concession āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: Although it rained, they played outside.
Syn: though, even thoughAnt: because
💡 Exam tip: Although āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ clause āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ comma āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
because[/bÉĒˈkɒz/]conjunctioneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž reason āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: They stayed home because it was raining.
Syn: as, sinceAnt: therefore
💡 Exam tip: because-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ therefore-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĢāϞ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤
therefore[/ˈðeəfɔːr/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāχ
Alt: āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: It was raining; therefore, they stayed home.
Syn: thus, soAnt: however
💡 Exam tip: Therefore āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧁āχ independent clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ punctuation āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤
however[/haʊˈevər/]advmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ idea āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The task was difficult; however, he completed it.
Syn: nevertheless, nonethelessAnt: similarly, likewise
💡 Exam tip: However contrast connector; āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ semicolon āĻŦāĻž full stop āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
moreover[/mɔːrˈəʊvər/]advmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻĻ⧁āĻĒāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁
Alt: āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The site is useful; moreover, it is easy to access.
Syn: furthermore, besidesAnt: instead
💡 Exam tip: Moreover, furthermore āĻ“ besides āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ information āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
otherwise[/ËˆĘŒÃ°É™waÉĒz/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āϤāĻž āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇
Example: Use the sites wisely; otherwise, they may cause problems.
Syn: or elseAnt: accordingly
💡 Exam tip: Otherwise āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
similarly[/ˈsÉĒmələrli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Alt: āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Example: The two students performed similarly.
Syn: likewise, in the same wayAnt: differently, conversely
💡 Exam tip: Similarly āĻ“ likewise āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ idea āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
consequently[/ˈkɒnsÉĒkwəntli/]advhard
Meaning: āĻĢāϞāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇
Example: He worked hard; consequently, he succeeded.
Syn: therefore, as a resultAnt: nevertheless
💡 Exam tip: Consequently cause-and-effect āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
5. Possessive Nouns (8 words)
possessive[/pəˈzesÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž-āϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Rahim's car is new.
Syn: belonging, ownership-relatedAnt: nonpossessive
💡 Exam tip: Possessive noun āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ apostrophe āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
apostrophe[/əˈpɒstrəfi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ…āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻĢāĻŋ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (')
Alt: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž possession āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ punctuation mark
Example: Add an apostrophe to form a possessive noun.
Syn: punctuation markAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: Singular noun-āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ 's āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ regular plural noun-āĻ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ apostrophe āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
ownership[/ˈəʊnəʃÉĒp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ
Example: The apostrophe shows ownership in Jahid's book.
Syn: possession, propertyAnt: dispossession
💡 Exam tip: Possessive form ownership āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•â€”āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
irregular[/ÉĒˈreÉĄjələr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Children is an irregular plural noun.
Syn: unusual, exceptionalAnt: regular, normal
💡 Exam tip: Irregular plural āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ children, men āĻ“ women-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ 's āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
compound[/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/]adjhard
Meaning: āϝ⧌āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ
Example: Daughter-in-law is a compound noun.
Syn: combined, complexAnt: simple, single
💡 Exam tip: Compound construction-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ apostrophe-s āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ: daughter-in-law'sāĨ¤
property[/ˈprɒpərti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: This is my brother's property.
Syn: possession, belongingsAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: Possessive noun-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ property āĻŦāĻž belonging āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
diary[/ˈdaÉĒəri/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŋāύāϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āϘāϟāύāĻž āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ–āĻžāϤāĻž
Example: I found my uncle's diary.
Syn: journal, notebookAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: Singular proper noun-āĻāϰ possessive: uncle's diary, Rahim's carāĨ¤
source[/sɔːrs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ
Alt: āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: The lions' usual source of water has dried up.
Syn: origin, springAnt: result, destination
💡 Exam tip: Plural noun ending in s-āĻāϰ possessive-āĻ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ apostrophe āĻŦāϏ⧇: lions'āĨ¤
6. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns (8 words)
adjective[/ˈÃĻdʒÉĒktÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ
Alt: noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ, āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ word
Example: My is a possessive adjective in My car is old.
Syn: describing wordAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: Possessive adjective-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ noun āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇: my book, their houseāĨ¤
pronoun[/ˈprəʊnaʊn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ word
Example: Mine is a possessive pronoun.
Syn: substitute nounAnt: noun
💡 Exam tip: Possessive pronoun noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇: This book is mineāĨ¤
possessive adjective[/pəˈzesÉĒv ˈÃĻdʒÉĒktÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: Their car is in the garage.
Syn: determinerAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: my, your, his, her, its, our āĻ“ their-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ noun āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
possessive pronoun[/pəˈzesÉĒv ˈprəʊnaƊn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: This pen is mine.
Syn: ownership pronounAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: mine, yours, his, hers, ours āĻ“ theirs-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ noun āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
belong[/bÉĒˈlɒŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: This bag belongs to me.
Syn: be owned by, be the property ofAnt: leave, dispossess
💡 Exam tip: Belong to-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ possessive pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ: It is mineāĨ¤
contraction[/kənˈtrÃĻkʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒ
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒ
Example: It's is a contraction of it is or it has.
Syn: short form, abbreviationAnt: full form
💡 Exam tip: It's = it is/it has, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ its = possessive formāĨ¤
relation[/rÉĒˈleÉĒʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ
Example: Possessive adjectives can show relations and family members.
Syn: connection, kinshipAnt: separation
💡 Exam tip: Possessive adjectives relation āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ: my sister, her mother, their friendsāĨ¤
gender[/ˈdʒendər/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϞāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—
Alt: āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ, āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ grammatical category
Example: His is used for a male person and hers for a female person.
Syn: sex, grammatical genderAnt: —
💡 Exam tip: his āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ, hers āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ its āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ a āĻŦāϏ⧇ consonant sound-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ an āĻŦāϏ⧇ vowel sound-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇; spelling āύāϝāĻŧ, sound āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ a āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ an āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â€ĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ singular noun āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āϖ⧇ a/an āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ noun āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϞ⧇ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ plural āĻŦāĻž uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ article āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇: Books are useful; Music is enjoyable.
â€ĸ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ plural āĻŦāĻž uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ the āĻŦāϏ⧇: the students, the food on the tableāĨ¤
â€ĸ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ the āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻž; āϤāĻŦ⧇ the USA āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ the UK āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĨ¤
â€ĸ Coordinating conjunctions āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ mnemonic āĻšāϞ⧋ FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, soāĨ¤
â€ĸ Correlative conjunction āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but alsoāĨ¤
â€ĸ Because āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, therefore āĻŦāĻž consequently āĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ however āĻŦāĻž although āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â€ĸ Possessive adjective-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ noun āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇: my book; possessive pronoun āĻāĻ•āĻžāχ noun phrase-āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāώāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: mineāĨ¤
â€ĸ Its āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ it's āĻšāϞ⧋ it is āĻŦāĻž it has-āĻāϰ contractionāĨ¤
â€ĸ Regular plural noun s-āĻ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ apostrophe āĻŦāϏ⧇; irregular plural noun āĻšāϞ⧇ 's āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

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