Chapter: UNIT 1 Parts of Speech
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition class 8
â Most Important Exam Words
nounpronounadjectiveverbadverbprepositionconjunctioninterjectioncommon nounproper nounabstract nounconcrete nouncollective nouncountable noununcountable nounregular pluralirregular pluraltransitive verbintransitive verbauxiliary verbmodal auxiliaryadverb of manneradverb of placeadverb of timeadverb of frequency
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Most regular nouns form plurals by adding -s: house â houses, cat â cats.
âē Nouns ending in s, x, ch or sh form plurals by adding -es: bus â buses, box â boxes, wish â wishes.
âē A noun ending in a consonant followed by y changes y to i and adds -es: city â cities, baby â babies.
âē Many regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed: want â wanted, kill â killed.
âē If a verb ends in a vowel, only -d may be added: share â shared, scare â scared.
âē Adverbs of manner are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives: careful â carefully, slow â slowly.
âē Abstract nouns may be formed from adjectives: wise â wisdom, honest â honesty.
âē The suffix -ness can form abstract nouns: kind â kindness, happy â happiness.
1. Parts of Speech: Basic Terms (8 words)
noun[/naĘn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ; āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: Dhaka is a large city.
Syn: name-word
đĄ Exam tip: A noun names a person, animal, place, thing, material, quality or action.
pronoun[/ËprÉĘnaĘn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: Rina is kind. She helps everyone.
Syn: noun substitute
đĄ Exam tip: Pronouns prevent repetition of nouns; examples include he, she, it, they and her.
adjective[/ËÃĻdĘÉĒktÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŖ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: She is a brilliant student.
Syn: describing word
đĄ Exam tip: Ask âWhat kind?â, âHow many?â or âWhich?â to identify an adjective.
verb[/vÉËrb/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž; āĻāĻžāĻ, āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: The children play in the field.
Syn: action word
đĄ Exam tip: A verb may express an action or a state of being.
adverb[/ËÃĻdvÉËrb/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ; āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻŖāĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϧāϰāύ, āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: The teacher carefully checks the homework.
Syn: modifier
đĄ Exam tip: Adverbs often answer how, when, where, why or how often.
preposition[/ËprepÉËzÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ
āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ; āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: The book is on the table.
Syn: relational word
đĄ Exam tip: A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
conjunction[/kÉnËdĘĘÅkĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ; āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ, āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž clause āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: He came to the class and started teaching.
Syn: joining word
đĄ Exam tip: Common conjunctions are and, but, or, because and therefore.
interjection[/ËÉĒntÉËdĘekĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦā§āĻāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ; āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: Wow! That is really nice.
Syn: exclamation
đĄ Exam tip: Interjections often stand alone and are followed by an exclamation mark.
2. Nouns: Types and Functions (8 words)
common[/ËkÉmÉn/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ; āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A city is a common noun.
Syn: generalAnt: proper
đĄ Exam tip: Common nouns begin with a capital letter only when they start a sentence.
proper[/ËprÉpÉr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āύāĻžāĻŽāϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: Dhaka is a proper noun.
Syn: specificAnt: common
đĄ Exam tip: A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.
abstract[/ËÃĻbstrÃĻkt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ; āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž, āĻā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻāĻ
Example: Honesty is an abstract noun.
Syn: intangibleAnt: concrete
đĄ Exam tip: Qualities such as honesty, courage and wisdom are abstract nouns.
concrete[/ËkÉÅkriËt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ; āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ āϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Example: The table is a concrete noun.
Syn: tangibleAnt: abstract
đĄ Exam tip: A concrete noun can be seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled.
collective[/kÉËlektÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ; āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĻāϞ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ
Example: The committee made a decision.
Syn: groupAnt: individual
đĄ Exam tip: Army, family, team, committee and audience are collective nouns.
subject[/ËsĘbdĘÉĒkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ; āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āϤāĻž
Example: Maya kicked the ball.
Syn: doerAnt: object
đĄ Exam tip: The subject usually comes before the verb in an affirmative sentence.
object[/ËÉbdĘÉĒkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰā§āĻŽ; āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§
Alt: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ
Example: Maya kicked the ball.
Syn: receiverAnt: subject
đĄ Exam tip: Ask âwhat?â or âwhom?â after a transitive verb to find the object.
wisdom[/ËwÉĒzdÉm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻāĻž; āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āώāĻŖāϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŖ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāϤā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āώāĻŖāϤāĻž
Example: Wisdom is better than riches.
Syn: sagacityAnt: folly
đĄ Exam tip: Wisdom is an abstract noun formed from wise.
3. Countable, Uncountable and Plural Nouns (8 words)
countable[/ËkaĘntÉbÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϝ; āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻāϝāĻŧ āϰā§āĻĒāϝā§āĻā§āϤ
Example: We bought three oranges.
Syn: numberedAnt: uncountable
đĄ Exam tip: Singular countable nouns can take a, an, the, my or this.
uncountable[/ĘnËkaĘntÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŖāύā§āϝāĻŧ; āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ
Example: The furniture was new.
Syn: massAnt: countable
đĄ Exam tip: Use much, little and some with uncountable nouns, not many or a few.
plural[/ËplĘÉrÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ; āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ
Example: Books is the plural form of book.
Syn: multipleAnt: singular
đĄ Exam tip: Most regular nouns form plurals by adding -s or -es.
regular[/ËreÉĄjÉlÉr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰā§
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ
Example: The plural of cat is cats.
Syn: standardAnt: irregular
đĄ Exam tip: Nouns ending in s, x, ch or sh usually take -es in the plural.
irregular[/ÉĒËreÉĄjÉlÉr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§
Example: The plural of child is children.
Syn: exceptionalAnt: regular
đĄ Exam tip: Memorise irregular pairs such as man-men, tooth-teeth and mouse-mice.
advice[/ÉdËvaÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻļ; āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻļ
Example: My teacher gave me useful advice.
Syn: guidanceAnt: misguidance
đĄ Exam tip: Advice is uncountable; say a piece of advice, not an advice.
luggage[/ËlĘÉĄÉĒdĘ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻĒāϤā§āϰ; āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏāĻĒāϤā§āϰ
Alt: āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖāϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰā§
Example: Her luggage is very heavy.
Syn: baggage
đĄ Exam tip: Luggage is uncountable and takes a singular verb.
few[/fjuË/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϞā§āĻĒ āĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻŽ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽ
Example: Few friends visited me.
Syn: hardly anyAnt: many
đĄ Exam tip: Few means hardly any, while a few means some.
4. Adjectives: Description and Classification (8 words)
brilliant[/ËbrÉĒljÉnt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āϧāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāϞ
Alt: āĻ
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Example: Sumona is a brilliant student.
Syn: excellentAnt: dull
đĄ Exam tip: Brilliant describes a person or thing and is an adjective of quality.
beautiful[/ËbjuËtÉĒfÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ
Alt: āĻŽāύā§āϰāĻŽ
Example: It was a beautiful day.
Syn: lovelyAnt: ugly
đĄ Exam tip: The adverb form is beautifully.
universal[/ËjuËnÉĒËvÉËrsÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻāύā§āύ; āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§
Example: His literature has universal appeal.
Syn: worldwideAnt: limited
đĄ Exam tip: Universal is an adjective of quality in the phrase universal appeal.
quantity[/ËkwÉntÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ; āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻāĻž āĻāĻā§
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž
Example: A little quantity of sugar is enough.
Syn: amountAnt: quality
đĄ Exam tip: Adjectives of quantity answer âHow much?â
number[/ËnĘmbÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž; āĻāϤāĻāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϤāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Seven rooms are in the house.
Syn: figure
đĄ Exam tip: Cardinal numbers show quantity; ordinal numbers show position.
demonstrative[/dÉĒËmÉnstrÉtÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻāĻžāϰā§
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ
Example: These flowers are lovely.
Syn: indicative
đĄ Exam tip: This, that, these and those are demonstrative adjectives before nouns.
interrogative[/ËÉĒntÉËrÉÉĄÉtÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāϏāĻžāϏā§āĻāĻ
Example: Which book do you like?
Syn: questioningAnt: assertive
đĄ Exam tip: What, which and whose are interrogative adjectives when they modify nouns.
enough[/ÉĒËnĘf/]advmedium
Meaning: āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: We have enough time to finish the work.
Syn: sufficientlyAnt: insufficiently
đĄ Exam tip: Enough may function as an adjective before a noun or an adverb after an adjective.
5. Verbs and Verb Forms (8 words)
action[/ËÃĻkĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ; āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ
Alt: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Running is an action.
Syn: activityAnt: inaction
đĄ Exam tip: Action verbs show what a subject does, such as run, play and study.
auxiliary[/ÉËÉĄËzÉĒljÉri/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ; āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰā§
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: She is reading a book.
Syn: helpingAnt: main
đĄ Exam tip: Be, do and have are common auxiliary verbs.
modal[/ËmÉĘdÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ; āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨā§āϝ, āĻ
āύā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāϧāĻāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžāϰā§
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻžāϞ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: You must obey the rules.
Syn: åŠåŠāĻāĻžāϰā§
đĄ Exam tip: Modal auxiliaries do not change their forms and are followed by the base verb.
transitive[/ËtrÃĻnzÉtÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻ; āϝ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ object āĻĨāĻžāĻā§
Alt: āĻāϰā§āĻŽ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: He kicked the ball.
Syn: object-takingAnt: intransitive
đĄ Exam tip: A transitive verb transfers its action to an object.
intransitive[/ÉĒnËtrÃĻnzÉtÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻ; āϝ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠object āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻž
Alt: āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻšā§āύ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: The dogs bark loudly.
Syn: objectlessAnt: transitive
đĄ Exam tip: Intransitive verbs can form complete meanings without objects.
regular[/ËreÉĄjÉlÉr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž; āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§ āĻ
āϤā§āϤ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰā§
Alt: -d āĻŦāĻž -ed āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: They wanted a new house.
Syn: conventionalAnt: irregular
đĄ Exam tip: Most regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed.
irregular[/ÉĒËreÉĄjÉlÉr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž; āĻ
āϤā§āϤ āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: She went to school yesterday.
Syn: exceptionalAnt: regular
đĄ Exam tip: Go-went, run-ran and think-thought are irregular verb forms.
survival[/sÉrËvaÉĒvÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Example: Animals need food for survival.
Syn: continuanceAnt: death
đĄ Exam tip: Survival is a noun formed from the verb survive.
6. Adverbs, Prepositions and Connectors (8 words)
carefully[/ËkeÉfÉli/]adveasy
Meaning: āϏāϤāϰā§āĻāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§
Alt: āĻŽāύā§āϝā§āĻāϏāĻšāĻāĻžāϰā§
Example: The teacher carefully checks the homework.
Syn: cautiouslyAnt: carelessly
đĄ Exam tip: Carefully is an adverb of manner formed from careful.
slowly[/ËslÉĘli/]adveasy
Meaning: āϧā§āϰā§
Alt: āĻŽāύā§āĻĨāϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Example: The car moved slowly.
Syn: graduallyAnt: quickly
đĄ Exam tip: Many adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to adjectives.
usually[/ËjuËĘuÉli/]advmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Alt: āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻļ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ
Example: I usually go to school at nine o'clock.
Syn: normallyAnt: rarely
đĄ Exam tip: Usually is an adverb of frequency and generally comes before the main verb.
suddenly[/ËsĘdÉnli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻ āĻžā§
Alt: āĻāĻāϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
Example: The tiger suddenly appeared.
Syn: unexpectedlyAnt: gradually
đĄ Exam tip: Suddenly is commonly used to describe an unexpected action.
nearby[/ËnÉĒÉËbaÉĒ/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§
Example: Dilruba lives nearby.
Syn: closeAnt: faraway
đĄ Exam tip: Nearby is an adverb of place; it tells where an action happens.
afterwards[/ËÉËftÉwÉdz/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰā§
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞā§
Example: Afterwards, she talked with the journalists.
Syn: laterAnt: beforehand
đĄ Exam tip: Afterwards is an adverb of time and may appear at the beginning or end of a sentence.
through[/θruË/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāϧā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§; āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤā§
Alt: āĻā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻāϰā§
Example: The train passed through a tunnel.
Syn: viaAnt: around
đĄ Exam tip: Through expresses movement from one side of an enclosed space to the other.
towards[/tÉËwÉËrdz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§; āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§
Example: The boat moved towards the shore.
Syn: in the direction ofAnt: away from
đĄ Exam tip: Use towards to show direction, not necessarily arrival at the destination.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Classify a word according to its function in the sentence, not only according to its usual meaning.
âĸ A proper noun begins with a capital letter wherever it appears in a sentence.
âĸ Use a or an only with singular countable nouns; use an before a vowel sound.
âĸ Use many and a few with plural countable nouns, but much and a little with uncountable nouns.
âĸ Remember the meaning difference: a few means some, whereas few means hardly any; a little means some, whereas little means hardly any.
âĸ A transitive verb takes an object, while an intransitive verb does not.
âĸ Adverbs may modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or even a whole sentence.
âĸ Use at for precise time, in for months, years and long periods, and on for days and dates.
âĸ This and that are used with singular nouns; these and those are used with plural nouns.
âĸ Interjections express sudden emotion and are commonly followed by an exclamation mark.