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English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 1 Parts of Speech - Vocabulary

Class 6 to 8 ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

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Class 6 to 8English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 1 Parts of Speech - Vocabulary

Chapter: UNIT 1 Parts of Speech

📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition class 8
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
nounpronounadjectiveverbadverbprepositionconjunctioninterjectioncommon nounproper nounabstract nounconcrete nouncollective nouncountable noununcountable nounregular pluralirregular pluraltransitive verbintransitive verbauxiliary verbmodal auxiliaryadverb of manneradverb of placeadverb of timeadverb of frequency
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Most regular nouns form plurals by adding -s: house → houses, cat → cats.
â–ē Nouns ending in s, x, ch or sh form plurals by adding -es: bus → buses, box → boxes, wish → wishes.
â–ē A noun ending in a consonant followed by y changes y to i and adds -es: city → cities, baby → babies.
â–ē Many regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed: want → wanted, kill → killed.
â–ē If a verb ends in a vowel, only -d may be added: share → shared, scare → scared.
â–ē Adverbs of manner are often formed by adding -ly to adjectives: careful → carefully, slow → slowly.
â–ē Abstract nouns may be formed from adjectives: wise → wisdom, honest → honesty.
â–ē The suffix -ness can form abstract nouns: kind → kindness, happy → happiness.
1. Parts of Speech: Basic Terms (8 words)
noun[/naƊn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ; āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: Dhaka is a large city.
Syn: name-word
💡 Exam tip: A noun names a person, animal, place, thing, material, quality or action.
pronoun[/ˈprəʊnaʊn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: Rina is kind. She helps everyone.
Syn: noun substitute
💡 Exam tip: Pronouns prevent repetition of nouns; examples include he, she, it, they and her.
adjective[/ˈÃĻdʒÉĒktÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: She is a brilliant student.
Syn: describing word
💡 Exam tip: Ask ‘What kind?’, ‘How many?’ or ‘Which?’ to identify an adjective.
verb[/vɜːrb/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž; āĻ•āĻžāϜ, āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: The children play in the field.
Syn: action word
💡 Exam tip: A verb may express an action or a state of being.
adverb[/ˈÃĻdvɜːrb/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ; āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻŖāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϧāϰāύ, āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: The teacher carefully checks the homework.
Syn: modifier
💡 Exam tip: Adverbs often answer how, when, where, why or how often.
preposition[/ˌprepəˈzÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ; āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āĻˇā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: The book is on the table.
Syn: relational word
💡 Exam tip: A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
conjunction[/kənˈdĘ’ĘŒÅ‹kʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ; āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ, āĻĒāĻĻāϗ⧁āĻšā§āĻ› āĻŦāĻž clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: He came to the class and started teaching.
Syn: joining word
💡 Exam tip: Common conjunctions are and, but, or, because and therefore.
interjection[/ˌÉĒntəˈdʒekʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ; āφāĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: Wow! That is really nice.
Syn: exclamation
💡 Exam tip: Interjections often stand alone and are followed by an exclamation mark.
2. Nouns: Types and Functions (8 words)
common[/ˈkɒmən/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ; āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A city is a common noun.
Syn: generalAnt: proper
💡 Exam tip: Common nouns begin with a capital letter only when they start a sentence.
proper[/ˈprɒpər/]adjeasy
Meaning: āύāĻžāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•; āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āύāĻžāĻŽāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: Dhaka is a proper noun.
Syn: specificAnt: common
💡 Exam tip: A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.
abstract[/ˈÃĻbstrÃĻkt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•; āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž, āϗ⧁āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Example: Honesty is an abstract noun.
Syn: intangibleAnt: concrete
💡 Exam tip: Qualities such as honesty, courage and wisdom are abstract nouns.
concrete[/ˈkɒŋkriːt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•; āĻĒāĻžāρāϚ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Example: The table is a concrete noun.
Syn: tangibleAnt: abstract
💡 Exam tip: A concrete noun can be seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled.
collective[/kəˈlektÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•; āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻāϞ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•
Example: The committee made a decision.
Syn: groupAnt: individual
💡 Exam tip: Army, family, team, committee and audience are collective nouns.
subject[/ˈsƌbdʒÉĒkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ; āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž
Example: Maya kicked the ball.
Syn: doerAnt: object
💡 Exam tip: The subject usually comes before the verb in an affirmative sentence.
object[/ˈɒbdʒÉĒkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ; āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇
Alt: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ•
Example: Maya kicked the ball.
Syn: receiverAnt: subject
💡 Exam tip: Ask ‘what?’ or ‘whom?’ after a transitive verb to find the object.
wisdom[/ˈwÉĒzdəm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻœā§āĻžāĻž; āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϤāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ
Alt: āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϤāĻž
Example: Wisdom is better than riches.
Syn: sagacityAnt: folly
💡 Exam tip: Wisdom is an abstract noun formed from wise.
3. Countable, Uncountable and Plural Nouns (8 words)
countable[/ˈkaʊntəbəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ; āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ āϰ⧂āĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ
Example: We bought three oranges.
Syn: numberedAnt: uncountable
💡 Exam tip: Singular countable nouns can take a, an, the, my or this.
uncountable[/ʌnˈkaʊntəbəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ—āĻŖāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ; āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ
Example: The furniture was new.
Syn: massAnt: countable
💡 Exam tip: Use much, little and some with uncountable nouns, not many or a few.
plural[/ˈplʊərəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ; āĻāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•
Example: Books is the plural form of book.
Syn: multipleAnt: singular
💡 Exam tip: Most regular nouns form plurals by adding -s or -es.
regular[/ˈreɡjələr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ; āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ
Example: The plural of cat is cats.
Syn: standardAnt: irregular
💡 Exam tip: Nouns ending in s, x, ch or sh usually take -es in the plural.
irregular[/ÉĒˈreÉĄjələr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ; āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€
Example: The plural of child is children.
Syn: exceptionalAnt: regular
💡 Exam tip: Memorise irregular pairs such as man-men, tooth-teeth and mouse-mice.
advice[/ədˈvaÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ; āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž
Alt: āωāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻļ
Example: My teacher gave me useful advice.
Syn: guidanceAnt: misguidance
💡 Exam tip: Advice is uncountable; say a piece of advice, not an advice.
luggage[/ˈlʌɡÉĒdʒ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ; āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ“ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ
Alt: āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖāϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰ⧀
Example: Her luggage is very heavy.
Syn: baggage
💡 Exam tip: Luggage is uncountable and takes a singular verb.
few[/fjuː/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ•āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύ⧇āχ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻŽ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
Alt: āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽ
Example: Few friends visited me.
Syn: hardly anyAnt: many
💡 Exam tip: Few means hardly any, while a few means some.
4. Adjectives: Description and Classification (8 words)
brilliant[/ˈbrÉĒljənt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§‡āϧāĻžāĻŦā§€ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ
Alt: āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Example: Sumona is a brilliant student.
Syn: excellentAnt: dull
💡 Exam tip: Brilliant describes a person or thing and is an adjective of quality.
beautiful[/ˈbjuːtÉĒfəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ
Alt: āĻŽāύ⧋āϰāĻŽ
Example: It was a beautiful day.
Syn: lovelyAnt: ugly
💡 Exam tip: The adverb form is beautifully.
universal[/ˌjuːnÉĒˈvɜːrsəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύ; āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€
Example: His literature has universal appeal.
Syn: worldwideAnt: limited
💡 Exam tip: Universal is an adjective of quality in the phrase universal appeal.
quantity[/ˈkwɒntəti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ; āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āφāϛ⧇
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž
Example: A little quantity of sugar is enough.
Syn: amountAnt: quality
💡 Exam tip: Adjectives of quantity answer ‘How much?’
number[/ˈnʌmbər/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž; āĻ•āϤāϜāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Seven rooms are in the house.
Syn: figure
💡 Exam tip: Cardinal numbers show quantity; ordinal numbers show position.
demonstrative[/dÉĒˈmɒnstrətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•; āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Alt: āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•
Example: These flowers are lovely.
Syn: indicative
💡 Exam tip: This, that, these and those are demonstrative adjectives before nouns.
interrogative[/ˌÉĒntəˈrɒɡətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•; āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ
Alt: āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϏāĻžāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Example: Which book do you like?
Syn: questioningAnt: assertive
💡 Exam tip: What, which and whose are interrogative adjectives when they modify nouns.
enough[/ÉĒˈnƌf/]advmedium
Meaning: āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: We have enough time to finish the work.
Syn: sufficientlyAnt: insufficiently
💡 Exam tip: Enough may function as an adjective before a noun or an adverb after an adjective.
5. Verbs and Verb Forms (8 words)
action[/ˈÃĻkʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāϜ; āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ
Alt: āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Running is an action.
Syn: activityAnt: inaction
💡 Exam tip: Action verbs show what a subject does, such as run, play and study.
auxiliary[/ɔːɡˈzÉĒljəri/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•; āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: She is reading a book.
Syn: helpingAnt: main
💡 Exam tip: Be, do and have are common auxiliary verbs.
modal[/ˈməʊdəl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•; āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ, āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāϧāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Alt: āĻŽā§‹āĻĄāĻžāϞ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: You must obey the rules.
Syn: 劊劊āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
💡 Exam tip: Modal auxiliaries do not change their forms and are followed by the base verb.
transitive[/ˈtrÃĻnzətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•; āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ object āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
Alt: āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: He kicked the ball.
Syn: object-takingAnt: intransitive
💡 Exam tip: A transitive verb transfers its action to an object.
intransitive[/ÉĒnˈtrÃĻnzətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•; āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ object āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻšā§€āύ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: The dogs bark loudly.
Syn: objectlessAnt: transitive
💡 Exam tip: Intransitive verbs can form complete meanings without objects.
regular[/ˈreɡjələr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž; āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Alt: -d āĻŦāĻž -ed āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: They wanted a new house.
Syn: conventionalAnt: irregular
💡 Exam tip: Most regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed.
irregular[/ÉĒˈreÉĄjələr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž; āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§€ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: She went to school yesterday.
Syn: exceptionalAnt: regular
💡 Exam tip: Go-went, run-ran and think-thought are irregular verb forms.
survival[/sərˈvaÉĒvəl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦ⧇āρāĻšā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āĻ“ āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž
Alt: āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Example: Animals need food for survival.
Syn: continuanceAnt: death
💡 Exam tip: Survival is a noun formed from the verb survive.
6. Adverbs, Prepositions and Connectors (8 words)
carefully[/ˈkeəfəli/]adveasy
Meaning: āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇
Alt: āĻŽāύ⧋āϝ⧋āĻ—āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇
Example: The teacher carefully checks the homework.
Syn: cautiouslyAnt: carelessly
💡 Exam tip: Carefully is an adverb of manner formed from careful.
slowly[/ˈsləʊli/]adveasy
Meaning: āϧ⧀āϰ⧇
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Example: The car moved slowly.
Syn: graduallyAnt: quickly
💡 Exam tip: Many adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly to adjectives.
usually[/ˈjuːʒuəli/]advmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ
Alt: āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ
Example: I usually go to school at nine o'clock.
Syn: normallyAnt: rarely
💡 Exam tip: Usually is an adverb of frequency and generally comes before the main verb.
suddenly[/ˈsʌdənli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻ āĻžā§Ž
Alt: āφāĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Example: The tiger suddenly appeared.
Syn: unexpectedlyAnt: gradually
💡 Exam tip: Suddenly is commonly used to describe an unexpected action.
nearby[/ˌnÉĒəˈbaÉĒ/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇
Example: Dilruba lives nearby.
Syn: closeAnt: faraway
💡 Exam tip: Nearby is an adverb of place; it tells where an action happens.
afterwards[/ˈɑːftəwədz/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰ⧇
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇
Example: Afterwards, she talked with the journalists.
Syn: laterAnt: beforehand
💡 Exam tip: Afterwards is an adverb of time and may appear at the beginning or end of a sentence.
through[/θruː/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇; āĻāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇
Alt: āϭ⧇āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The train passed through a tunnel.
Syn: viaAnt: around
💡 Exam tip: Through expresses movement from one side of an enclosed space to the other.
towards[/təˈwɔːrdz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇; āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŽā§āϖ⧇
Alt: āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŽā§āϖ⧇
Example: The boat moved towards the shore.
Syn: in the direction ofAnt: away from
💡 Exam tip: Use towards to show direction, not necessarily arrival at the destination.
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ Classify a word according to its function in the sentence, not only according to its usual meaning.
â€ĸ A proper noun begins with a capital letter wherever it appears in a sentence.
â€ĸ Use a or an only with singular countable nouns; use an before a vowel sound.
â€ĸ Use many and a few with plural countable nouns, but much and a little with uncountable nouns.
â€ĸ Remember the meaning difference: a few means some, whereas few means hardly any; a little means some, whereas little means hardly any.
â€ĸ A transitive verb takes an object, while an intransitive verb does not.
â€ĸ Adverbs may modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or even a whole sentence.
â€ĸ Use at for precise time, in for months, years and long periods, and on for days and dates.
â€ĸ This and that are used with singular nouns; these and those are used with plural nouns.
â€ĸ Interjections express sudden emotion and are commonly followed by an exclamation mark.

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