English Grammar and Composition class 8 - Possessives - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Possessives

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition class 8

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

possessiveownershipapostrophesingularpluralregularirregularcompoundconstructionpossessive adjectivepossessive pronounmodifybelongcontractionindicatewhosemineyourshersourstheirschildren'swomen'smen'sgirls'students'it'stheirthey'rethere

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Singular common noun + apostrophe + s: boy becomes boy's.

► Singular proper noun + apostrophe + s: Rahim becomes Rahim's.

► Regular plural noun ending in s + apostrophe: girls becomes girls'.

► Irregular plural noun not ending in s + apostrophe + s: children becomes children's.

► Nouns ending in y form regular plurals by changing y to i and adding es: baby becomes babies; the possessive form is babies'.

► Compound possessives take apostrophe + s at the end of the complete compound: daughter-in-law becomes daughter-in-law's.

► Possessive adjectives are formed according to the personal pronoun: I-my, you-your, he-his, she-her, it-its, we-our, they-their.

► Possessive pronouns replace noun phrases: my book becomes mine, your pen becomes yours, her bag becomes hers.

► Do not add an apostrophe to possessive pronouns: yours, hers, ours, and theirs are correct.

► Use of plus a possessive pronoun for an alternative construction: a friend of mine means one of my friends.

1. Possessive Nouns (8 words)

possessive[/pəˈzesɪv/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: অধিকার বা মালিকানা প্রকাশকারী

Alt: সম্পত্তি-সংক্রান্ত

Example: Rahim's is a possessive form.

Syn: proprietaryAnt: non-possessive

💡 Exam tip: Possessive nouns show ownership, relationship, or connection.

ownership[/ˈəʊnəʃɪp/]nounmedium

Meaning: মালিকানা

Alt: অধিকার

Example: The apostrophe can show ownership.

Syn: possessionAnt: loss

💡 Exam tip: Use a possessive form when one person or thing belongs to another.

apostrophe[/əˈpɒstrəfi/]nounmedium

Meaning: অপস্ট্রফি চিহ্ন

Alt: উর্ধ্বকমা চিহ্ন (')

Example: Put an apostrophe before s in singular possessives.

Syn: punctuation mark

💡 Exam tip: An apostrophe is essential in forms such as boy's and girls'.

singular[/ˈsɪŋɡjʊlə(r)/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: একবচন

Alt: একটি বোঝায় এমন

Example: Add apostrophe and s to most singular nouns.

Syn: oneAnt: plural

💡 Exam tip: Singular noun: the boy's bag, the teacher's pen.

plural[/ˈplʊərəl/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: বহুবচন

Alt: একাধিক বোঝায় এমন

Example: The girls' books are on the desk.

Syn: multipleAnt: singular

💡 Exam tip: Regular plural ending in s takes only an apostrophe: students'.

relation[/rɪˈleɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: সম্পর্ক

Alt: আত্মীয়

Example: Possessives can express a family relation.

Syn: relationshipAnt: separation

💡 Exam tip: Examples include my mother's sister and Rahim's brother.

property[/ˈprɒpəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: সম্পত্তি

Alt: বৈশিষ্ট্য

Example: This house is my uncle's property.

Syn: possessionAnt: deprivation

💡 Exam tip: Property is commonly used with possessive nouns.

belong[/bɪˈlɒŋ/]verbeasy

Meaning: অধিকারভুক্ত হওয়া

Alt: কারও জিনিস হওয়া

Example: This book belongs to Rina.

Syn: be owned byAnt: be separate from

💡 Exam tip: Belong is followed by to, not by an apostrophe: belongs to Karim.

2. Rules for Plural Possessives (8 words)

regular[/ˈreɡjʊlə(r)/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: নিয়মিত

Alt: সাধারণ নিয়ম অনুসারী

Example: Books is a regular plural form.

Syn: usualAnt: irregular

💡 Exam tip: Regular plurals usually form their possessive by adding only an apostrophe.

irregular[/ɪˈreɡjʊlə(r)/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: অনিয়মিত

Alt: সাধারণ নিয়মের ব্যতিক্রম

Example: Children is an irregular plural noun.

Syn: exceptionalAnt: regular

💡 Exam tip: Irregular plurals not ending in s take apostrophe plus s: children's.

children[/ˈtʃɪldrən/]nouneasy

Meaning: শিশুরা

Alt: বাচ্চারা

Example: The children's park is clean.

Syn: kidsAnt: adults

💡 Exam tip: The possessive form is children's, not childrens'.

women[/ˈwɪmɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: নারীরা

Alt: মহিলারা

Example: The women's clothing shop is crowded.

Syn: ladiesAnt: men

💡 Exam tip: Women is irregular; its possessive form is women's.

men[/men/]nouneasy

Meaning: পুরুষেরা

Alt: মানুষেরা

Example: The men's shoes are expensive.

Syn: gentlemenAnt: women

💡 Exam tip: Men's contains apostrophe plus s because men does not end in s.

babies[/ˈbeɪbiz/]nounmedium

Meaning: শিশুরা

Alt: দুধের বাচ্চারা

Example: The babies' clothes are soft.

Syn: infantsAnt: adults

💡 Exam tip: In babies, y changes to i before es; possessive: babies'.

lions[/ˈlaɪənz/]nouneasy

Meaning: সিংহেরা

Alt: সিংহজাতীয় প্রাণী

Example: The lions' source of water has dried up.

Syn: big cats

💡 Exam tip: A plural noun ending in s takes an apostrophe after s.

geese[/ɡiːs/]nounmedium

Meaning: রাজহাঁসেরা

Alt: হাঁসজাতীয় পাখিরা

Example: The geese's food was scattered.

Syn: waterfowl

💡 Exam tip: Geese is an irregular plural; the possessive form is geese's.

3. Compound and Special Possessives (8 words)

compound[/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: যৌগিক

Alt: দুই বা ততোধিক অংশের সমন্বিত

Example: Daughter-in-law is a compound noun.

Syn: combinedAnt: simple

💡 Exam tip: Add apostrophe s to the end of the whole compound: daughter-in-law's.

daughter-in-law[/ˈdɔːtə ɪn lɔː/]nounmedium

Meaning: পুত্রবধূ

Alt: ছেলের স্ত্রী

Example: My daughter-in-law's car is new.

Syn: son's wife

💡 Exam tip: The possessive apostrophe s comes at the end of the compound expression.

friend[/frend/]nouneasy

Meaning: বন্ধু

Alt: সুহৃদ

Example: Karim is a friend of mine.

Syn: companionAnt: enemy

💡 Exam tip: After of, use mine, yours, or another possessive pronoun.

clumsy[/ˈklʌmzi/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: বেমানান

Alt: অসুবিধাজনক

Example: The phrase may sound clumsy in formal writing.

Syn: awkwardAnt: smooth

💡 Exam tip: Use an of-phrase to avoid a long or awkward possessive construction.

construction[/kənˈstrʌkʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: গঠন

Alt: বাক্যরীতি

Example: This possessive construction is grammatically correct.

Syn: formationAnt: destruction

💡 Exam tip: Compound constructions may be rewritten with of: the car of a friend of mine.

today[/təˈdeɪ/]adverbeasy

Meaning: আজ

Alt: আজকের সময়

Example: Have you read today's newspaper?

Syn: this dayAnt: yesterday

💡 Exam tip: Time expressions such as today's and yesterday's can take apostrophe s.

boss[/bɒs/]nounmedium

Meaning: কর্তা

Alt: নিয়োগকর্তা

Example: My boss's office is next to mine.

Syn: employerAnt: employee

💡 Exam tip: A singular noun ending in s commonly takes 's: boss's.

half-brother[/ˈhɑːf ˌbrʌðə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: সৎভাই

Alt: একজন অভিন্ন পিতা বা মাতার ভাই

Example: Your uncle is your father's half-brother.

Syn: stepbrother

💡 Exam tip: Use the possessive noun father's before a family relationship.

4. Possessive Adjectives (8 words)

my[/maɪ/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: আমার

Alt: আমার অধিকারভুক্ত

Example: My car is very old.

Syn: belonging to me

💡 Exam tip: My must be followed by a noun: my book.

your[/jɔː(r)/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: তোমার বা আপনাদের

Alt: তোমাদের অধিকারভুক্ত

Example: How old is your sister?

Syn: belonging to you

💡 Exam tip: Your is used for both singular and plural second person.

his[/hɪz/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: তার (পুরুষের)

Alt: তাঁর অধিকারভুক্ত

Example: He broke his arm.

Syn: belonging to him

💡 Exam tip: His is used before a noun and can also work as a possessive pronoun.

her[/hɜː(r)/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: তার (নারীর)

Alt: তাঁর অধিকারভুক্ত

Example: Her mother is a doctor.

Syn: belonging to her

💡 Exam tip: Her before a noun is a possessive adjective; her alone may be an object pronoun.

its[/ɪts/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: এটির বা তার (জড়বস্তুর)

Alt: কোনো প্রাণী বা বস্তুর অধিকারভুক্ত

Example: The lion is chasing its prey.

Syn: belonging to it

💡 Exam tip: Its shows possession and never takes an apostrophe.

our[/ˈaʊə(r)/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: আমাদের

Alt: আমাদের অধিকারভুক্ত

Example: That is our house.

Syn: belonging to us

💡 Exam tip: Our is followed by a noun: our school.

their[/ðeə(r)/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: তাদের

Alt: তাদের অধিকারভুক্ত

Example: Their car is in the garage.

Syn: belonging to them

💡 Exam tip: Their is possessive; do not confuse it with they're or there.

modify[/ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/]verbhard

Meaning: বিশেষিত করা

Alt: পরিবর্তন বা ব্যাখ্যা করা

Example: Possessive adjectives modify the nouns that follow them.

Syn: qualifyAnt: leave unchanged

💡 Exam tip: A possessive adjective always describes or determines a noun.

5. Possessive Pronouns (8 words)

mine[/maɪn/]pronouneasy

Meaning: আমারটি

Alt: আমার জিনিস

Example: This book is mine.

Syn: belonging to me

💡 Exam tip: Mine replaces my plus a noun; never write mine book.

yours[/jɔːz/]pronouneasy

Meaning: তোমারটি বা আপনাদেরটি

Alt: তোমাদের জিনিস

Example: Is this pen yours?

Syn: belonging to you

💡 Exam tip: Yours stands alone without a following noun.

his[/hɪz/]pronouneasy

Meaning: তারটি (পুরুষের)

Alt: তার জিনিস

Example: That coat is his.

Syn: belonging to him

💡 Exam tip: His has the same form as adjective and pronoun.

hers[/hɜːz/]pronounmedium

Meaning: তারটি (নারীর)

Alt: তার জিনিস

Example: The red bag is hers.

Syn: belonging to her

💡 Exam tip: Hers replaces her plus a noun; do not write her's.

ours[/ˈaʊəz/]pronouneasy

Meaning: আমাদেরটি

Alt: আমাদের জিনিস

Example: The house next to the shop is ours.

Syn: belonging to us

💡 Exam tip: Ours is used without an apostrophe.

theirs[/ðeəz/]pronounmedium

Meaning: তাদেরটি

Alt: তাদের জিনিস

Example: The blue bicycles are theirs.

Syn: belonging to them

💡 Exam tip: Theirs never has an apostrophe; avoid their's.

instead[/ɪnˈsted/]adverbmedium

Meaning: পরিবর্তে

Alt: এর বদলে

Example: Use mine instead of my book in the second sentence.

Syn: alternativelyAnt: additionally

💡 Exam tip: A possessive pronoun is used instead of a complete noun phrase.

whose[/huːz/]pronounmedium

Meaning: কার

Alt: যার

Example: Whose coat is this?

Syn: of whom

💡 Exam tip: Whose asks about possession; do not confuse it with who's.

6. Common Confusions and Usage (8 words)

contraction[/kənˈtrækʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ

Alt: দুটি শব্দের সংক্ষিপ্ত মিলিত রূপ

Example: It's is a contraction of it is or it has.

Syn: short formAnt: full form

💡 Exam tip: Contractions use apostrophes, but possessive pronouns generally do not.

it's[/ɪts/]contractioneasy

Meaning: এটি হলো

Alt: এটি হয়েছে

Example: It's not my book.

Syn: it is, it has

💡 Exam tip: It's means it is or it has, never possession.

they're[/ðeə(r)/]contractioneasy

Meaning: তারা হলো

Alt: তারা আছে

Example: They're my friends.

Syn: they are

💡 Exam tip: They're means they are; their shows possession.

there[/ðeə(r)/]adverbeasy

Meaning: সেখানে

Alt: ওখানে

Example: Please put the chair there.

Syn: in that placeAnt: here

💡 Exam tip: There indicates place, while their indicates possession.

confuse[/kənˈfjuːz/]verbeasy

Meaning: গুলিয়ে ফেলা

Alt: ভুল করে এক মনে করা

Example: Do not confuse its with it's.

Syn: mix upAnt: distinguish

💡 Exam tip: Compare the meanings carefully before choosing a similar-looking word.

pronoun[/ˈprəʊnaʊn/]nouneasy

Meaning: সর্বনাম

Alt: বিশেষ্যের পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত শব্দ

Example: Mine is a possessive pronoun.

Syn: substitute word

💡 Exam tip: Possessive pronouns stand independently and replace noun phrases.

adjective[/ˈædʒɪktɪv/]nouneasy

Meaning: বিশেষণ

Alt: বিশেষ্যকে বর্ণনা বা নির্দিষ্টকারী শব্দ

Example: Their is a possessive adjective in their car.

Syn: describing word

💡 Exam tip: Possessive adjectives come before nouns: her book, our school.

indicate[/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: নির্দেশ করা

Alt: প্রকাশ করা

Example: The apostrophe indicates possession.

Syn: showAnt: conceal

💡 Exam tip: In grammar answers, explain what form or punctuation indicates.

💡 Exam Tips

• Use apostrophe plus s for most singular possessive nouns.

• For regular plural nouns ending in s, place the apostrophe after the final s.

• For irregular plural nouns such as children, men, women, and geese, add apostrophe plus s.

• A possessive adjective must be followed by a noun: my book, their house.

• A possessive pronoun stands alone: The book is mine.

• Never write her's, our's, your's, or their's; the correct forms are hers, ours, yours, and theirs.

• Remember the difference: its shows possession, while it's means it is or it has.

• Remember the difference: their shows possession, they're means they are, and there indicates a place.

• Use whose to ask about possession and who's as the contraction of who is or who has.

• In gap-filling questions, first identify whether the noun is singular, regular plural, irregular plural, or part of a compound.

• Use of-phrases when a compound possessive sounds awkward: the car of a friend of mine.

• Check whether the answer needs a possessive adjective before a noun or a possessive pronoun without a noun.

English Grammar and Composition class 8 - Possessives - Vocabulary

Chapter: Possessives

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