English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 6 Infinitive, Gerund and Participle - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: UNIT 6 Infinitive, Gerund and Participle

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition class 8

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

infinitivegerundparticiplepresent participlepast participlebare infinitiveto-infinitivebase formfinite verbnon-finite verbpurposeintentionprepositionphrasal verbmodifysubjectobjectadjectivenounpractisechallengehobbyboringboredinterestinginterestedconfusingconfusedexcitingexcited

📃 Word Formation Rules

► To-infinitive is formed by adding to before the base form of a verb: to + go, to + read.

► A bare or zero infinitive is the base form without to: can speak, should give, let her stay.

► A negative infinitive is formed with not before the infinitive: not to go, not to be late.

► A gerund is formed by adding -ing to a verb and functions as a noun: read → reading, swim → swimming.

► A present participle is formed by adding -ing to a verb and functions mainly as an adjective: excite → exciting.

► A past participle is commonly formed with -ed, -d, -t, -en or -n: interest → interested, break → broken.

► The same -ing form can be a gerund or a present participle; identify its function in the sentence.

► After a preposition, use a gerund: good at painting, without opening, after driving.

► After phrasal verbs such as give up, put off and keep on, use a gerund: give up smoking.

► After can't help, can't stand, be worth and it is no use or no good, use a gerund.

1. Unit 6: Core Grammar Terms (8 words)

infinitive[/ɪnˈfɪnətɪv/]nounmedium

Meaning: ক্রিয়ার মূল রূপ; সাধারণত to + verb

Alt: অনন্ত ক্রিয়া

Example: To read is to learn.

Syn: verb formAnt: finite verb

💡 Exam tip: To-infinitive = to + base verb; bare infinitive = base verb without to.

gerund[/ˈdʒerənd/]nounmedium

Meaning: ক্রিয়ার -ing রূপ যা বিশেষ্য হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়

Alt: ক্রিয়াবাচক বিশেষ্য

Example: Swimming is good exercise.

Syn: verbal nounAnt: participle

💡 Exam tip: An -ing word doing the work of a noun is a gerund.

participle[/ˈpɑːrtɪsɪpəl/]nounmedium

Meaning: ক্রিয়া থেকে গঠিত বিশেষণধর্মী শব্দ

Alt: ক্রিয়ার বিশেষণীয় রূপ

Example: The broken chair is useless.

Syn: verbal adjectiveAnt: gerund

💡 Exam tip: A participle usually modifies a noun or forms part of a verb phrase.

base form[/beɪs fɔːrm/]nouneasy

Meaning: ক্রিয়ার মূল বা অভিধানগত রূপ

Alt: মূল ক্রিয়া

Example: Go is the base form of went.

Syn: root formAnt: inflected form

💡 Exam tip: The base form follows modal verbs and is used in the bare infinitive.

finite verb[/ˈfaɪnaɪt vɜːrb/]nounhard

Meaning: যে ক্রিয়া subject, tense বা number অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়

Alt: সসীম ক্রিয়া

Example: She walks to school every day.

Syn: main verbAnt: non-finite verb

💡 Exam tip: Infinitives, gerunds and participles are non-finite forms.

non-finite verb[/ˌnɒn ˈfaɪnaɪt vɜːrb/]nounhard

Meaning: যে ক্রিয়া tense বা subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয় না

Alt: অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া

Example: He likes to play football.

Syn: verbalAnt: finite verb

💡 Exam tip: Infinitive, gerund and participle are the three important non-finite forms in this unit.

function[/ˈfʌŋkʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বাক্যে কোনো শব্দের কাজ বা ভূমিকা

Alt: কার্য

Example: In 'Reading is useful', reading functions as a noun.

Syn: role, purposeAnt: inactivity

💡 Exam tip: Identify whether the target word functions as a noun, adjective or verb.

modify[/ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/]verbmedium

Meaning: কোনো noun-কে বর্ণনা বা সীমিত করা

Alt: পরিবর্তন বা বিশেষিত করা

Example: The word broken modifies the noun chair.

Syn: describe, qualifyAnt: ignore

💡 Exam tip: Participles often modify nouns like ordinary adjectives.

2. Gerund Vocabulary and Usage (8 words)

coughing[/ˈkɒfɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: কাশি দেওয়া

Alt: কাশির কাজ

Example: Coughing exhausts the patient.

Syn: coughingAnt: breathing normally

💡 Exam tip: In this sentence, coughing is the subject, so it is a gerund.

cooking[/ˈkʊkɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: রান্না করা

Alt: রান্নার কাজ

Example: Bina hates cooking.

Syn: preparing foodAnt: eating

💡 Exam tip: After a verb such as hate, an -ing form may work as a gerund object.

eating[/ˈiːtɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: খাওয়া

Alt: খাদ্য গ্রহণের কাজ

Example: Eating uncooked food is not good.

Syn: consumingAnt: fasting

💡 Exam tip: A gerund can be the subject of a sentence.

hunting[/ˈhʌntɪŋ/]nounmedium

Meaning: শিকার করা

Alt: শিকারের কাজ

Example: Hunting tigers is dangerous.

Syn: chasing, pursuingAnt: protecting

💡 Exam tip: Hunting is a gerund because it names an activity.

brushing[/ˈbrʌʃɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: ব্রাশ করা

Alt: পরিষ্কার করার কাজ

Example: Brushing your teeth is important.

Syn: cleaningAnt: neglecting

💡 Exam tip: The possessive your can come before a gerund.

painting[/ˈpeɪntɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: ছবি আঁকা বা রং করা

Alt: চিত্রাঙ্কন

Example: She is good at painting.

Syn: drawing, decoratingAnt: erasing

💡 Exam tip: Use a gerund after the preposition at.

smoking[/ˈsmoʊkɪŋ/]nounmedium

Meaning: ধূমপান করা

Alt: ধোঁয়া গ্রহণের কাজ

Example: He gave up smoking.

Syn: using tobaccoAnt: quitting

💡 Exam tip: A gerund follows the phrasal verb give up.

waiting[/ˈweɪtɪŋ/]nounhard

Meaning: অপেক্ষা করা

Alt: অপেক্ষার কাজ

Example: I am used to waiting for buses.

Syn: staying, expectingAnt: leaving

💡 Exam tip: In be used to, to is a preposition, so it is followed by a gerund.

3. Present Participles as Adjectives (8 words)

boring[/ˈbɔːrɪŋ/]adjeasy

Meaning: একঘেয়ে বা বিরক্তিকর

Alt: আকর্ষণহীন

Example: The movie was very boring.

Syn: dull, tediousAnt: interesting, exciting

💡 Exam tip: The -ing participle describes the thing that causes the feeling.

interesting[/ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/]adjeasy

Meaning: আকর্ষণীয়

Alt: মনোযোগ আকর্ষণকারী

Example: That book is interesting.

Syn: fascinating, engagingAnt: boring, dull

💡 Exam tip: Use interesting for a thing or event that creates interest.

confusing[/kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিভ্রান্তিকর

Alt: বোঝা কঠিন

Example: The instructions were confusing.

Syn: unclear, puzzlingAnt: clear, simple

💡 Exam tip: Confusing describes the instructions, not the person.

amazing[/əˈmeɪzɪŋ/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিস্ময়কর

Alt: অসাধারণ

Example: The photographer took amazing photos.

Syn: wonderful, astonishingAnt: ordinary, disappointing

💡 Exam tip: Use amazing for something that causes amazement.

annoying[/əˈnɔɪɪŋ/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিরক্তিকর

Alt: উত্যক্তকারী

Example: The loud noise is annoying.

Syn: irritating, troublesomeAnt: pleasant, soothing

💡 Exam tip: Annoying describes a person or thing that causes irritation.

exciting[/ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/]adjeasy

Meaning: উত্তেজনাপূর্ণ

Alt: রোমাঞ্চকর

Example: The wedding is an exciting event.

Syn: thrilling, stimulatingAnt: boring, dull

💡 Exam tip: Exciting causes excitement; it is not used for the person who feels excited.

worrying[/ˈwʌriɪŋ/]adjmedium

Meaning: উদ্বেগজনক

Alt: দুশ্চিন্তা সৃষ্টি করে এমন

Example: The worrying news made her sad.

Syn: alarming, troublingAnt: reassuring, comforting

💡 Exam tip: Worrying describes a situation or thing that causes worry.

fascinating[/ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/]adjmedium

Meaning: অত্যন্ত আকর্ষণীয়

Alt: মুগ্ধকর

Example: The story was fascinating.

Syn: captivating, absorbingAnt: uninteresting, dull

💡 Exam tip: Fascinating is a strong adjective for something that holds attention.

4. Past Participles as Adjectives (8 words)

bored[/bɔːrd/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিরক্ত

Alt: অনাগ্রহী

Example: The students felt bored during the long lecture.

Syn: uninterested, wearyAnt: interested, excited

💡 Exam tip: Use bored for a person who experiences boredom.

interested[/ˈɪntrəstɪd/]adjeasy

Meaning: আগ্রহী

Alt: মনোযোগী

Example: She is interested in music.

Syn: curious, eagerAnt: uninterested, indifferent

💡 Exam tip: Interested is followed by in; after in use a noun or gerund.

confused[/kənˈfjuːzd/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিভ্রান্ত

Alt: হতবুদ্ধি

Example: I feel confused by the difficult question.

Syn: puzzled, bewilderedAnt: clear, certain

💡 Exam tip: Confused describes the person who cannot understand something.

amazed[/əˈmeɪzd/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিস্মিত

Alt: অবাক

Example: We were amazed to see her performance.

Syn: astonished, surprisedAnt: unimpressed, expectant

💡 Exam tip: Use amazed for the person who feels great surprise.

annoyed[/əˈnɔɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিরক্ত বা রাগান্বিত

Alt: উত্যক্ত বোধ করে এমন

Example: Kamal was annoyed by the news.

Syn: irritated, angryAnt: pleased, calm

💡 Exam tip: Annoyed is commonly followed by by when the cause is mentioned.

excited[/ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/]adjeasy

Meaning: উত্তেজিত বা আনন্দিত

Alt: রোমাঞ্চিত

Example: The children are excited about the trip.

Syn: thrilled, enthusiasticAnt: calm, uninterested

💡 Exam tip: Use excited for someone who feels excitement.

worried[/ˈwʌrid/]adjeasy

Meaning: চিন্তিত

Alt: উদ্বিগ্ন

Example: Do you feel worried about exams?

Syn: anxious, concernedAnt: relaxed, reassured

💡 Exam tip: Worried describes a person; worrying describes a cause of worry.

shocked[/ʃɒkt/]adjmedium

Meaning: হতবাক বা মর্মাহত

Alt: তীব্রভাবে বিস্মিত

Example: We were shocked by the defeat.

Syn: stunned, astonishedAnt: unaffected, calm

💡 Exam tip: Shocked is a past participle used as an adjective for a person’s reaction.

5. Infinitive Forms and Purpose (8 words)

to present[/tə prɪˈzent/]verbeasy

Meaning: উপস্থাপন করা

Alt: প্রকাশ করা

Example: It is important to present the information clearly.

Syn: show, introduceAnt: hide, withhold

💡 Exam tip: To present is a to-infinitive: to + base verb.

to collect[/tə kəˈlekt/]verbeasy

Meaning: সংগ্রহ করা

Alt: একত্র করা

Example: The reporter went to collect news.

Syn: gather, assembleAnt: disperse, scatter

💡 Exam tip: A to-infinitive can express the purpose of an action.

to borrow[/tə ˈbɒroʊ/]verbeasy

Meaning: ধার নেওয়া

Alt: সাময়িকভাবে গ্রহণ করা

Example: She came to borrow my dictionary.

Syn: take on loan, use temporarilyAnt: lend, return

💡 Exam tip: To borrow explains why she came.

to achieve[/tə əˈtʃiːv/]verbmedium

Meaning: অর্জন করা

Alt: সফলভাবে লাভ করা

Example: I am working hard to achieve good grades.

Syn: accomplish, attainAnt: fail, lose

💡 Exam tip: Use to + base verb after a main verb to show purpose or intention.

to repair[/tə rɪˈpeər/]verbeasy

Meaning: মেরামত করা

Alt: সারাই করা

Example: They closed the library to repair the shelves.

Syn: fix, mendAnt: damage, break

💡 Exam tip: To repair expresses the purpose of closing the library.

to remember[/tə rɪˈmembər/]verbeasy

Meaning: মনে রাখা

Alt: স্মরণ করা

Example: Try to remember the grammar rules.

Syn: recall, retainAnt: forget

💡 Exam tip: The infinitive uses the base form remember, not remembers or remembered.

to decide[/tə dɪˈsaɪd/]verbmedium

Meaning: সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়া

Alt: মনস্থির করা

Example: He decided not to go to London.

Syn: determine, resolveAnt: hesitate, undecide

💡 Exam tip: The negative infinitive is formed with not before to-infinitive.

to finish[/tə ˈfɪnɪʃ/]verbeasy

Meaning: শেষ করা

Alt: সম্পন্ন করা

Example: She has gone to finish her homework.

Syn: complete, endAnt: begin, start

💡 Exam tip: To finish can express the purpose of going somewhere.

6. Bare Infinitive and Exam Actions (8 words)

can speak[/kæn spiːk/]verbeasy

Meaning: কথা বলতে পারে

Alt: সক্ষম হওয়া

Example: She can speak English well.

Syn: be able to speakAnt: cannot speak

💡 Exam tip: After a modal such as can, use the bare infinitive speak.

should give[/ʃʊd ɡɪv/]verbeasy

Meaning: দেওয়া উচিত

Alt: দেওয়ার পরামর্শ

Example: He should give her some money.

Syn: ought to give, must giveAnt: should withhold

💡 Exam tip: After should, never use to: should give, not should to give.

let[/let/]verbeasy

Meaning: অনুমতি দেওয়া

Alt: করতে দেওয়া

Example: Her parents let her stay out late.

Syn: allow, permitAnt: forbid, prevent

💡 Exam tip: Let + object + bare infinitive: let her stay.

make[/meɪk/]verbeasy

Meaning: বাধ্য করা বা করানো

Alt: ঘটানো বা তৈরি করা

Example: The rain made us stay at home.

Syn: force, causeAnt: prevent, stop

💡 Exam tip: Make + object + bare infinitive is a common examination structure.

go[/ɡoʊ/]verbeasy

Meaning: যাওয়া

Alt: চলে যাওয়া

Example: Let's go to the cinema tonight.

Syn: move, travelAnt: come, stay

💡 Exam tip: After let us or let's, use the bare infinitive go.

practise[/ˈpræktɪs/]verbmedium

Meaning: অনুশীলন করা

Alt: চর্চা করা

Example: Giving a complete account requires constant practise.

Syn: exercise, trainAnt: neglect, ignore

💡 Exam tip: Practise is a verb in British English; practice is usually the noun.

challenge[/ˈtʃælɪndʒ/]nouneasy

Meaning: কঠিন কাজ বা সমস্যা

Alt: প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা

Example: Getting up early is sometimes a challenge.

Syn: difficulty, testAnt: ease, advantage

💡 Exam tip: In the example, getting is a gerund and functions as the subject.

hobby[/ˈhɒbi/]nouneasy

Meaning: শখ

Alt: অবসর বিনোদনের কাজ

Example: Swimming is one of my favourite hobbies.

Syn: pastime, interestAnt: duty, work

💡 Exam tip: Swimming is a gerund after the linking verb is.

💡 Exam Tips

• First identify the function of the target word: noun means gerund, adjective means participle, and purpose or intention often indicates an infinitive.

• Use an -ing word as a gerund when it acts as the subject or object: Swimming is healthy; I like reading.

• Use a present participle for a thing or situation that causes a feeling: The lesson is boring.

• Use a past participle for a person or thing that experiences a feeling: The students are bored.

• Remember the contrast: interesting describes the cause of interest, while interested describes the person who feels interest.

• After a modal verb such as can, should, may or would, use the bare infinitive.

• After let and make, use object + bare infinitive: let him go; made us stay.

• Use to + base verb to express purpose: She went to buy vegetables.

• Do not use a finite verb after to: write to write, not to writes or to wrote.

• After a preposition, use an -ing form: before starting, without opening, interested in learning.

• In sentence transformation, replace to + verb with a gerund when the exercise asks for a noun form: To walk is good exercise → Walking is good exercise.

• Check spelling when adding -ing: write → writing, run → running, lie → lying.

English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 6 Infinitive, Gerund and Participle - Vocabulary

Chapter: UNIT 6 Infinitive, Gerund and Participle

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