English Grammar and Composition Class Seven - Introducing Articles - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Introducing Articles

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Class Seven

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

articledefiniteindefiniteconsonant soundvowel soundgeneralizedesignationexclamatory sentencelikenesscollective nounsuperlative degreeordinal numbermountain rangeholy booknewspaperoceangroup of islandsappointmentadvicediagnosis

📃 Word Formation Rules

► honest + ly = honestly; the h remains silent, so use an before honest.

► use + ful = useful; useful begins with the consonant sound /j/, so use a useful.

► industry + ous = industrious; industrious means hardworking.

► virtue + ous = virtuous; virtuous means morally good.

► nation + al = national; national means related to a nation.

► collect + ive = collective; collective refers to a group or whole.

► exclaim + atory = exclamatory; exclamatory expresses strong feeling.

► designate + ion = designation; designation means a title or position.

► super + lative = superlative; a superlative shows the highest degree.

► diagnose + is = diagnosis; diagnosis means identification of an illness.

1. Articles and Basic Grammar Terms (8 words)

article[/ˈɑːtɪkəl/]nouneasy

Meaning: পদাশ্রিত নির্দেশক শব্দ

Alt: a, an বা the

Example: An article is used before a noun.

Syn: determinerAnt: none

💡 Exam tip: Articles are placed before nouns or noun-equivalent words.

noun[/naʊn/]nouneasy

Meaning: বিশেষ্য

Alt: ব্যক্তি, স্থান, বস্তু বা ধারণার নাম

Example: Book is a common noun.

Syn: name-wordAnt: none

💡 Exam tip: Articles usually come before nouns.

definite[/ˈdefɪnət/]adjmedium

Meaning: নির্দিষ্ট

Alt: স্পষ্টভাবে চিহ্নিত

Example: The is called the definite article.

Syn: specificAnt: indefinite

💡 Exam tip: Use the for a definite or already identified noun.

indefinite[/ɪnˈdefɪnət/]adjmedium

Meaning: অনির্দিষ্ট

Alt: নির্দিষ্টভাবে চিহ্নিত নয়

Example: A and an are indefinite articles.

Syn: unspecifiedAnt: definite

💡 Exam tip: Use a or an when the person or thing is not specific.

consonant[/ˈkɒnsənənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ

Alt: ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি

Example: The word book begins with a consonant sound.

Syn: consonant soundAnt: vowel

💡 Exam tip: A is generally used before a consonant sound.

vowel[/ˈvaʊəl/]nouneasy

Meaning: স্বরবর্ণ

Alt: স্বরধ্বনি

Example: Apple begins with a vowel sound.

Syn: vowel soundAnt: consonant

💡 Exam tip: An is generally used before a vowel sound, not merely a vowel letter.

sound[/saʊnd/]nouneasy

Meaning: ধ্বনি

Alt: উচ্চারণের আওয়াজ

Example: Article selection depends on the initial sound.

Syn: noiseAnt: silence

💡 Exam tip: Choose a or an according to pronunciation.

equivalent[/ɪˈkwɪvələnt/]adjhard

Meaning: সমতুল্য

Alt: একই অর্থ বা কাজের

Example: A pronoun can sometimes be a noun equivalent.

Syn: equalAnt: different

💡 Exam tip: Articles may also precede noun-equivalent expressions.

2. Uses of A and An (8 words)

honest[/ˈɒnɪst/]adjmedium

Meaning: সৎ

Alt: সত্যবাদী

Example: He is an honest man.

Syn: truthfulAnt: dishonest

💡 Exam tip: The h is silent, so use an honest person.

heir[/eə(r)/]nounhard

Meaning: উত্তরাধিকারী

Alt: সম্পত্তির অধিকারপ্রাপ্ত ব্যক্তি

Example: He is an heir to a large estate.

Syn: successorAnt: predecessor

💡 Exam tip: The h is silent; therefore, use an heir.

hour[/ˈaʊə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: ঘণ্টা

Alt: ষাট মিনিট

Example: We waited for an hour.

Syn: sixty minutesAnt: moment

💡 Exam tip: Use an because the h in hour is silent.

M.A.[/ˌem ˈeɪ/]nounhard

Meaning: স্নাতকোত্তর ডিগ্রি

Alt: মাস্টার অব আর্টস

Example: She is an M.A. in English.

Syn: master's degreeAnt: none

💡 Exam tip: The letter M is pronounced /em/, beginning with a vowel sound.

university[/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়

Alt: উচ্চশিক্ষার প্রতিষ্ঠান

Example: He studies at a university.

Syn: institutionAnt: school

💡 Exam tip: Use a, not an, because university begins with /juː/.

European[/ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/]adjmedium

Meaning: ইউরোপীয়

Alt: ইউরোপ-সম্পর্কিত

Example: She met a European tourist.

Syn: of EuropeAnt: non-European

💡 Exam tip: European begins with a consonant sound /j/, so use a.

useful[/ˈjuːsfəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: উপকারী

Alt: কাজে লাগে এমন

Example: This is a useful report.

Syn: helpfulAnt: useless

💡 Exam tip: Use a useful because the first sound is /j/.

one-eyed[/ˌwʌn ˈaɪd/]adjhard

Meaning: একচোখা

Alt: একটি চোখবিশিষ্ট

Example: A one-eyed man helped the child.

Syn: monocularAnt: two-eyed

💡 Exam tip: One begins with /w/, so use a one-eyed man.

3. General and Special Uses of Indefinite Articles (8 words)

generalize[/ˈdʒenərəlaɪz/]verbhard

Meaning: সাধারণীকরণ করা

Alt: সবার ক্ষেত্রে প্রয়োগ করা

Example: A student should respect teachers generalizes the idea to all students.

Syn: universalizeAnt: particularize

💡 Exam tip: A or an before a singular noun can represent an entire class.

student[/ˈstjuːdənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: শিক্ষার্থী

Alt: ছাত্র বা ছাত্রী

Example: A student should be punctual.

Syn: learnerAnt: teacher

💡 Exam tip: A student may mean all students in a general statement.

idle[/ˈaɪdəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: অলস

Alt: কর্মহীন

Example: An idle brain is the devil's workshop.

Syn: lazyAnt: active

💡 Exam tip: Use an before idle because it begins with a vowel sound.

designation[/ˌdezɪɡˈneɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: পদবি

Alt: পদ বা পরিচয়

Example: His designation is a senior officer.

Syn: titleAnt: namelessness

💡 Exam tip: A designation may take a or an when referring to someone unknown.

unknown[/ʌnˈnəʊn/]adjmedium

Meaning: অপরিচিত

Alt: অজানা

Example: An unknown man came to see you.

Syn: unfamiliarAnt: known

💡 Exam tip: A or an before a person's name can mean someone named that person.

exclamatory[/ɪkˈsklæmətəri/]adjhard

Meaning: বিস্ময়সূচক

Alt: আবেগ প্রকাশকারী

Example: What an honest man he is is an exclamatory sentence.

Syn: emphaticAnt: neutral

💡 Exam tip: Use what a or what an before a singular countable noun in exclamations.

splendid[/ˈsplendɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: চমৎকার

Alt: দৃষ্টিনন্দন

Example: What a splendid picture you have drawn!

Syn: excellentAnt: poor

💡 Exam tip: Splendid begins with a consonant sound, so use what a splendid picture.

likeness[/ˈlaɪknəs/]nounhard

Meaning: সাদৃশ্য

Alt: মিল বা অনুরূপতা

Example: He is a Shelley of Bangladesh because of his likeness to Shelley.

Syn: similarityAnt: difference

💡 Exam tip: An indefinite article before a proper noun can show resemblance.

4. Common Phrases with A and An (8 words)

hurry[/ˈhʌri/]nouneasy

Meaning: তাড়াহুড়ো

Alt: দ্রুততা

Example: She left the house in a hurry.

Syn: hasteAnt: slowness

💡 Exam tip: Remember the fixed phrase in a hurry.

speed[/spiːd/]nouneasy

Meaning: গতি

Alt: দ্রুত চলার হার

Example: The car was moving at a great speed.

Syn: velocityAnt: slowness

💡 Exam tip: The fixed phrase is at a great speed.

early[/ˈɜːli/]adjeasy

Meaning: প্রারম্ভিক

Alt: সময়ের আগে

Example: We replied at an early date.

Syn: promptAnt: late

💡 Exam tip: Use an before early because it starts with a vowel sound.

temper[/ˈtempə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: মেজাজ

Alt: রাগের প্রবণতা

Example: He spoke in a temper.

Syn: moodAnt: calmness

💡 Exam tip: Remember the phrase in a temper.

appointment[/əˈpɔɪntmənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: সাক্ষাতের সময়

Alt: নিয়োগ

Example: I have taken an appointment with the doctor.

Syn: meetingAnt: cancellation

💡 Exam tip: Use an appointment because appointment begins with a vowel sound.

advice[/ədˈvaɪs/]nounhard

Meaning: পরামর্শ

Alt: উপদেশ

Example: The doctor gave me the best advice.

Syn: guidanceAnt: misguidance

💡 Exam tip: Advice is uncountable; say some advice or a piece of advice, not an advice.

diagnosis[/ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/]nounhard

Meaning: রোগ নির্ণয়

Alt: অসুস্থতার কারণ নির্ধারণ

Example: The doctor made a proper diagnosis.

Syn: identificationAnt: misdiagnosis

💡 Exam tip: Diagnosis begins with a consonant sound, so use a proper diagnosis.

congestion[/kənˈdʒestʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: জট

Alt: অতিরিক্ত ভিড় বা যানজট

Example: We left early to avoid traffic congestion.

Syn: jamAnt: freedom

💡 Exam tip: Traffic congestion is normally used without an article.

5. Uses of the with Common Nouns and Classes (8 words)

domestic[/dəˈmestɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: গৃহপালিত

Alt: দেশীয়

Example: The cow is a domestic animal.

Syn: tameAnt: wild

💡 Exam tip: The cow can represent the whole class of cows.

faithful[/ˈfeɪθfəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিশ্বস্ত

Alt: অনুগত

Example: The dog is a faithful animal.

Syn: loyalAnt: disloyal

💡 Exam tip: The plus a singular common noun may refer to an entire species.

class[/klɑːs/]nounmedium

Meaning: শ্রেণি

Alt: একই বৈশিষ্ট্যের গোষ্ঠী

Example: The elephant is the largest land animal.

Syn: categoryAnt: individual

💡 Exam tip: Use the before a singular noun when it represents a whole class.

nation[/ˈneɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: জাতি

Alt: দেশের জনগণ

Example: The Bengalis are a freedom-loving nation.

Syn: countryAnt: individual

💡 Exam tip: The is used before some national names referring to their people.

industrious[/ɪnˈdʌstriəs/]adjmedium

Meaning: পরিশ্রমী

Alt: কর্মঠ

Example: The industrious succeed in life.

Syn: hardworkingAnt: lazy

💡 Exam tip: The plus an adjective can mean all people having that quality.

virtuous[/ˈvɜːtʃuəs/]adjmedium

Meaning: গুণবান

Alt: নৈতিকভাবে ভালো

Example: The virtuous are always happy.

Syn: goodAnt: wicked

💡 Exam tip: The virtuous means virtuous people as a group.

superlative[/suːˈpɜːlətɪv/]adjhard

Meaning: সর্বোচ্চ মাত্রার

Alt: তুলনার সর্বোচ্চ স্তর

Example: Anupom is the best boy in the class.

Syn: highestAnt: lowest

💡 Exam tip: The is normally placed before superlative forms such as best and tallest.

ordinal[/ˈɔːdɪnəl/]adjhard

Meaning: ক্রমবাচক

Alt: ক্রম নির্দেশকারী

Example: The first day of the year is memorable.

Syn: rankingAnt: cardinal

💡 Exam tip: Use the before ordinal numbers such as first, second and third.

6. Collective Nouns, Proper Nouns and Geographical Names (8 words)

collective[/kəˈlektɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: সমষ্টিবাচক

Alt: একটি গোষ্ঠী বোঝায় এমন

Example: Team is a collective noun.

Syn: groupAnt: individual

💡 Exam tip: A definite collective group takes the before it.

mob[/mɒb/]nounmedium

Meaning: উত্তেজিত জনতা

Alt: অসংগঠিত ভিড়

Example: The mob was dispersed by the police.

Syn: crowdAnt: individual

💡 Exam tip: Use the when a definite mob is meant.

flock[/flɒk/]nouneasy

Meaning: পশুপাখির দল

Alt: বিশেষত ভেড়া বা পাখির সমষ্টি

Example: The flock is tended by a small boy.

Syn: herdAnt: single animal

💡 Exam tip: The flock refers to a particular group.

portion[/ˈpɔːʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: অংশ

Alt: পরিমাণের একটি ভাগ

Example: I ate the small portion of the cake.

Syn: partAnt: whole

💡 Exam tip: Use the when the particular portion is identified.

range[/reɪndʒ/]nounmedium

Meaning: শ্রেণিবদ্ধ পর্বতমালা

Alt: বিস্তৃত পরিসর

Example: The Himalayas are a famous mountain range.

Syn: chainAnt: valley

💡 Exam tip: Use the before names of mountain ranges.

ocean[/ˈəʊʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: মহাসাগর

Alt: বিশাল সমুদ্রভাগ

Example: The Indian Ocean lies south of Bangladesh.

Syn: seaAnt: land

💡 Exam tip: Names of oceans take the.

island[/ˈaɪlənd/]nouneasy

Meaning: দ্বীপ

Alt: চারদিকে জলবেষ্টিত ভূমি

Example: The Philippines is a group of islands.

Syn: isleAnt: mainland

💡 Exam tip: Use the before names of groups of islands.

newspaper[/ˈnjuːzˌpeɪpə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: সংবাদপত্র

Alt: দৈনিক বা সাময়িক পত্রিকা

Example: I read the Daily Star every morning.

Syn: dailyAnt: none

💡 Exam tip: The is used before the names of certain newspapers.

💡 Exam Tips

• Use a before a consonant sound: a boy, a pen, a university.

• Use an before a vowel sound: an apple, an umbrella, an honest man.

• Choose an article according to sound, not only according to the first letter.

• Use an before words with a silent h: an honest person, an heir, an hour.

• Use a before university, European, useful and unique because they begin with the /j/ sound.

• Use a one-eyed man because one begins with the /w/ sound.

• Use a or an before a singular countable noun in a general statement.

• A or an before an unknown person's name can mean someone named that person.

• Use what a or what an in exclamatory sentences with singular countable nouns.

• Use the before singular common nouns representing a whole class: The cow is a domestic animal.

• Use the before adjectives representing a class of people: the rich, the poor, the virtuous.

• Use the before unique existing nouns such as the sun, the earth and the moon.

• Use the before superlative adjectives and ordinal numbers: the best, the first.

• Use the before a definite collective noun: the team, the crowd, the flock.

• Use the before names of mountain ranges, holy books, newspapers, oceans and groups of islands.

• Do not use an article before uncountable nouns when they are used generally: advice, traffic and information.

• In gap-filling, read the complete sentence and identify whether the noun is general, specific or unique.

• Remember fixed phrases such as in a hurry, in a temper, at a great speed and at an early date.

English Grammar and Composition Class Seven - Introducing Articles - Vocabulary

Chapter: Introducing Articles

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