English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 7 Sentences - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: UNIT 7 Sentences

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition class 8

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

sentencesubjectpredicateaffirmativenegativeinterrogativeauxiliaryalternativeresponseassertiveimperativecommandrequestadvicemarinatedrainexclamatoryemotionawfulwonderfulintroductoryexistencesingularpluralquantityaccidentinfinitive

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the prefix im- to mortal to form immortal, meaning অমর.

► Add the prefix dis- to trust to form distrust, meaning অবিশ্বাস করা.

► Add the prefix un- to known to form unknown, meaning অজানা.

► The suffix -tion can form nouns: punctuate → punctuation and transform → transformation.

► The suffix -ful forms adjectives meaning ‘পূর্ণ’: wonder → wonderful and beauty → beautiful.

► The suffix -less forms adjectives meaning ‘বিহীন’: hope → hopeless and care → careless.

► Use What a/an + adjective + singular countable noun + subject + verb to form exclamatory sentences.

► Use How + adjective/adverb + subject + verb to form exclamatory sentences.

► Use Don’t + base verb to form a negative imperative sentence.

► Use There is with singular noun phrases and There are with plural noun phrases.

1. Sentence Basics and Structure (8 words)

sentence[/ˈsentəns/]nouneasy

Meaning: বাক্য

Alt: সম্পূর্ণ ভাব প্রকাশকারী শব্দসমষ্টি

Example: A sentence expresses a complete thought.

Syn: statementAnt: fragment

💡 Exam tip: A sentence usually begins with a capital letter and ends with ., ? or !.

subject[/ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/]nouneasy

Meaning: কর্তা

Alt: যে ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু কাজটি করে

Example: The boy plays football.

Syn: doerAnt: object

💡 Exam tip: Ask ‘Who?’ or ‘What?’ before the verb to find the subject.

predicate[/ˈpredɪkət/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিধেয়

Alt: বাক্যে subject সম্পর্কে যা বলা হয়

Example: In ‘The boy plays football’, ‘plays football’ is the predicate.

Syn: verb phraseAnt: subject

💡 Exam tip: The predicate generally contains the verb and follows the subject.

complete[/kəmˈpliːt/]adjeasy

Meaning: সম্পূর্ণ

Alt: পরিপূর্ণ বা শেষ হওয়া

Example: A complete sentence has a clear meaning.

Syn: wholeAnt: incomplete

💡 Exam tip: A sentence must express a complete thought.

order[/ˈɔːrdər/]nouneasy

Meaning: ক্রম

Alt: সঠিক বিন্যাস বা সাজানো পদ্ধতি

Example: Put the words in the proper order.

Syn: sequenceAnt: disorder

💡 Exam tip: Rearrangement questions test the correct order of subject, verb and object.

express[/ɪkˈspres/]verbeasy

Meaning: প্রকাশ করা

Alt: ভাব বা অনুভূতি জানানো

Example: Words express our thoughts and feelings.

Syn: communicateAnt: conceal

💡 Exam tip: Remember: a sentence expresses a complete thought.

capitalise[/ˈkæpɪtəlaɪz/]verbmedium

Meaning: বড় হাতের অক্ষরে লেখা

Alt: শব্দের প্রথম অক্ষর capital করা

Example: Capitalise the first word of every sentence.

Syn: uppercaseAnt: lowercase

💡 Exam tip: The first word of a sentence and proper nouns begin with capital letters.

punctuation[/ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: যতিচিহ্ন

Alt: লিখিত ভাষায় ব্যবহৃত চিহ্নসমূহ

Example: Correct punctuation makes writing clear.

Syn: markingAnt: ไม่มี

💡 Exam tip: Use a full stop for statements, a question mark for questions and an exclamation mark for strong feelings.

2. Affirmative and Negative Sentences (8 words)

affirmative[/əˈfɜːrmətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: সম্মতিসূচক বা হ্যাঁ-বোধক

Alt: ইতিবাচক বাক্যসংক্রান্ত

Example: ‘She sings well’ is an affirmative sentence.

Syn: positiveAnt: negative

💡 Exam tip: An affirmative sentence states something positively.

negative[/ˈneɡətɪv/]adjeasy

Meaning: নেতিবাচক বা না-বোধক

Alt: অস্বীকৃতি প্রকাশকারী

Example: ‘She does not sing well’ is a negative sentence.

Syn: denyingAnt: affirmative

💡 Exam tip: Use not, no, never, nobody, nothing or neither to form negative meaning.

mortal[/ˈmɔːrtəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: মরণশীল

Alt: যার মৃত্যু অবশ্যম্ভাবী

Example: Man is mortal.

Syn: humanAnt: immortal

💡 Exam tip: The negative equivalent of ‘Man is mortal’ is ‘Man is not immortal’.

immortal[/ɪˈmɔːrtəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: অমর

Alt: যার মৃত্যু নেই

Example: Great deeds can make a person immortal.

Syn: everlastingAnt: mortal

💡 Exam tip: The prefix im- makes mortal negative: mortal → immortal.

distrust[/dɪsˈtrʌst/]verbmedium

Meaning: অবিশ্বাস করা

Alt: বিশ্বাস না করা

Example: People distrust a liar.

Syn: doubtAnt: trust

💡 Exam tip: ‘Everybody distrusts a liar’ means ‘Nobody trusts a liar’.

never[/ˈnevər/]adveasy

Meaning: কখনো না

Alt: কোনো সময়েই নয়

Example: I will never forget my parents.

Syn: not everAnt: always

💡 Exam tip: In transformation, never often changes to ever in an interrogative sentence.

nobody[/ˈnoʊbɑːdi/]pronouneasy

Meaning: কেউ নয়

Alt: কোনো ব্যক্তি নয়

Example: Nobody likes a dishonest person.

Syn: no oneAnt: everybody

💡 Exam tip: Nobody has a negative meaning, so the interrogative form usually becomes affirmative.

nothing[/ˈnʌθɪŋ/]pronouneasy

Meaning: কিছুই নয়

Alt: কোনো কিছু নয়

Example: There is nothing to fear.

Syn: not anythingAnt: everything

💡 Exam tip: Nothing commonly changes to anything when an assertive sentence becomes interrogative.

3. Interrogative Sentences and Questions (8 words)

interrogative[/ˌɪntəˈrɒɡətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: প্রশ্নবোধক

Alt: প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসাসংক্রান্ত

Example: An interrogative sentence asks a question.

Syn: questioningAnt: declarative

💡 Exam tip: An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.

auxiliary[/ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/]nounmedium

Meaning: সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া

Alt: মূল verb-কে সহায়তা করে এমন verb

Example: Do is an auxiliary verb in ‘Do you play cricket?’

Syn: helping verbAnt: main verb

💡 Exam tip: Yes/no questions usually begin with an auxiliary verb.

alternative[/ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিকল্প

Alt: দুই বা ততোধিক পছন্দের মধ্যে একটি

Example: Do you want tea or coffee? is an alternative question.

Syn: choiceAnt: certainty

💡 Exam tip: Alternative questions generally use or between the choices.

response[/rɪˈspɒns/]nouneasy

Meaning: উত্তর বা প্রতিক্রিয়া

Alt: প্রশ্নের জবাব

Example: Her response to the question was correct.

Syn: answerAnt: question

💡 Exam tip: A yes/no interrogative can be answered with yes or no.

open-ended[/ˌoʊpən ˈendɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: উন্মুক্ত উত্তরপ্রত্যাশী

Alt: যার উত্তরের নির্দিষ্ট সীমা নেই

Example: ‘Where do you live?’ is an open-ended question.

Syn: unrestrictedAnt: closed

💡 Exam tip: WH-questions usually require information, not merely yes or no.

tag[/tæɡ/]nounmedium

Meaning: লেজুড়ি প্রশ্ন

Alt: বক্তব্যের শেষে যুক্ত ছোট প্রশ্ন

Example: You are ready, aren’t you? contains a tag question.

Syn: question tagAnt: main statement

💡 Exam tip: A positive statement usually takes a negative tag, and a negative statement takes a positive tag.

transform[/trænsˈfɔːrm/]verbeasy

Meaning: রূপান্তর করা

Alt: এক রূপ থেকে অন্য রূপে পরিবর্তন করা

Example: Transform the assertive sentence into an interrogative one.

Syn: changeAnt: preserve

💡 Exam tip: Do not change the original meaning during transformation.

assertive[/əˈsɜːrtɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিবৃতিমূলক বা হ্যাঁ-বোধক

Alt: কোনো তথ্য বা মত প্রকাশকারী

Example: ‘He is honest’ is an assertive sentence.

Syn: declarativeAnt: interrogative

💡 Exam tip: When changing an assertive sentence to interrogative, preserve its meaning.

4. Imperative Sentences and Instructions (8 words)

imperative[/ɪmˈperətɪv/]adjeasy

Meaning: আদেশসূচক

Alt: আদেশ, অনুরোধ বা উপদেশসংক্রান্ত

Example: ‘Open the book’ is an imperative sentence.

Syn: commandingAnt: optional

💡 Exam tip: Imperative sentences generally begin with the base form of a verb.

command[/kəˈmænd/]nouneasy

Meaning: আদেশ

Alt: কোনো কাজ করার নির্দেশ

Example: The officer gave a command to the soldiers.

Syn: orderAnt: request

💡 Exam tip: Imperative sentences may express commands as well as requests.

request[/rɪˈkwest/]nouneasy

Meaning: অনুরোধ

Alt: ভদ্রভাবে কিছু চাওয়া

Example: Please give me some time to decide.

Syn: appealAnt: refusal

💡 Exam tip: Please often makes an imperative sentence polite.

suggestion[/səˈdʒestʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরামর্শ

Alt: কোনো কাজের উপায় সম্পর্কে মত

Example: His suggestion was helpful.

Syn: adviceAnt: discouragement

💡 Exam tip: Imperatives can be used to give suggestions.

advice[/ədˈvaɪs/]nounmedium

Meaning: উপদেশ

Alt: ভালো কাজের জন্য নির্দেশনা

Example: My teacher gave me good advice.

Syn: guidanceAnt: misguidance

💡 Exam tip: Advice is an uncountable noun; say ‘some advice’, not ‘an advice’.

negative imperative[/ˈneɡətɪv ɪmˈperətɪv/]nounmedium

Meaning: নেতিবাচক আদেশসূচক বাক্য

Alt: কোনো কাজ না করার নির্দেশ

Example: Don’t waste your time is a negative imperative.

Syn: prohibitionAnt: positive imperative

💡 Exam tip: Form it with Don’t + base verb.

marinate[/ˈmærɪneɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: মসলা মাখিয়ে রাখা

Alt: রান্নার আগে উপকরণে মসলা মেশানো

Example: Marinate the chicken for one hour.

Syn: seasonAnt: unseason

💡 Exam tip: This verb appears in the biryani procedure and is an imperative verb.

drain[/dreɪn/]verbeasy

Meaning: পানি ঝরিয়ে ফেলা

Alt: তরল পদার্থ বের করে দেওয়া

Example: Drain the rice and keep it aside.

Syn: emptyAnt: fill

💡 Exam tip: Use the base verb ‘drain’ in an imperative instruction.

5. Exclamatory Sentences and Emotions (8 words)

exclamatory[/ɪkˈsklæmətəri/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিস্ময়সূচক

Alt: তীব্র আবেগ প্রকাশকারী

Example: What a beautiful flower! is an exclamatory sentence.

Syn: emotionalAnt: unemotional

💡 Exam tip: An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.

emotion[/ɪˈmoʊʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: আবেগ

Alt: মনের তীব্র অনুভূতি

Example: An exclamation expresses strong emotion.

Syn: feelingAnt: indifference

💡 Exam tip: Joy, sorrow, surprise and anger can all be expressed exclamatorily.

awful[/ˈɔːfəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: ভয়াবহ বা অত্যন্ত খারাপ

Alt: খুবই দুঃখজনক বা অপ্রীতিকর

Example: What awful news!

Syn: terribleAnt: wonderful

💡 Exam tip: Use What + a/an + adjective + noun for singular countable nouns.

wonderful[/ˈwʌndərfəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: চমৎকার

Alt: অত্যন্ত সুন্দর বা আনন্দদায়ক

Example: How wonderful you look!

Syn: excellentAnt: awful

💡 Exam tip: Use How + adjective/adverb to form many exclamatory sentences.

lovely[/ˈlʌvli/]adjeasy

Meaning: মনোরম বা সুন্দর

Alt: আকর্ষণীয় ও আনন্দদায়ক

Example: What a lovely smile the baby has!

Syn: beautifulAnt: ugly

💡 Exam tip: The pattern is What a lovely smile the baby has!

foul[/faʊl/]adjmedium

Meaning: বাজে বা দুর্যোগপূর্ণ

Alt: অপ্রীতিকর বা খারাপ

Example: How foul the weather is today!

Syn: badAnt: pleasant

💡 Exam tip: ‘It is very foul weather’ can become ‘How foul the weather is!’

annoyed[/əˈnɔɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিরক্ত

Alt: অসন্তুষ্ট বা বিরক্ত অনুভব করা

Example: How annoyed he looks!

Syn: irritatedAnt: pleased

💡 Exam tip: For a person’s condition, use How + adjective + subject + verb.

exclamation[/ˌekskləˈmeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিস্ময়সূচক উক্তি

Alt: তীব্র অনুভূতি প্রকাশের বাক্য

Example: ‘What a day!’ is an exclamation.

Syn: outcryAnt: statement

💡 Exam tip: Exclamatory transformations often use What or How.

6. Introductory There and Existence (8 words)

introductory[/ˌɪntrəˈdʌktəri/]adjmedium

Meaning: ভূমিকা-সূচক

Alt: নতুন বিষয়ের পরিচয় প্রদানকারী

Example: There is an introductory sentence in the paragraph.

Syn: openingAnt: concluding

💡 Exam tip: Introductory there introduces a new topic or piece of information.

existence[/ɪɡˈzɪstəns/]nounmedium

Meaning: অস্তিত্ব

Alt: থাকা বা বিদ্যমানতা

Example: There is a bridge over the river.

Syn: presenceAnt: absence

💡 Exam tip: There is/are commonly expresses existence or presence.

singular[/ˈsɪŋɡjələr/]adjeasy

Meaning: একবচন

Alt: একটি ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বোঝায়

Example: There is a book on the table.

Syn: oneAnt: plural

💡 Exam tip: Use There is with a singular noun phrase.

plural[/ˈplʊərəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: বহুবচন

Alt: একাধিক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বোঝায়

Example: There are two books on the table.

Syn: multipleAnt: singular

💡 Exam tip: Use There are with plural noun phrases.

quantity[/ˈkwɒntəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিমাণ

Alt: কোনো কিছুর পরিমাণ বা সংখ্যা

Example: There was a lot of rain yesterday.

Syn: amountAnt: lack

💡 Exam tip: There was/There were can introduce numbers or quantities.

accident[/ˈæksɪdənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: দুর্ঘটনা

Alt: অনিচ্ছাকৃত ক্ষতিকর ঘটনা

Example: There has been an accident.

Syn: mishapAnt: plan

💡 Exam tip: There has been is used for a recent event or situation.

exist[/ɪɡˈzɪst/]verbeasy

Meaning: অস্তিত্ব থাকা

Alt: বাস্তবে থাকা বা বিদ্যমান থাকা

Example: Many species exist in the forest.

Syn: liveAnt: disappear

💡 Exam tip: Introductory there is different from there meaning ‘at that place’.

infinitive[/ɪnˈfɪnətɪv/]nounmedium

Meaning: অনন্তরূপ ক্রিয়া

Alt: to + verb-এর মূল রূপ

Example: There is a lot of work to do.

Syn: to-infinitiveAnt: finite verb

💡 Exam tip: There is/are can be followed by an infinitive phrase.

💡 Exam Tips

• A sentence expresses a complete thought and normally contains a subject and a predicate.

• Identify the subject by asking who or what performs the action.

• Use a full stop for an assertive sentence, a question mark for an interrogative sentence and an exclamation mark for an exclamatory sentence.

• An affirmative sentence gives a positive statement; a negative sentence uses words such as not, no, never, nobody or nothing.

• Yes/no and alternative questions generally begin with an auxiliary verb.

• WH-questions begin with what, where, when, who, why or how and require open-ended answers.

• While transforming a sentence, never change its original meaning.

• Imperative sentences usually begin with the base form of a verb, and their subject ‘you’ is generally understood.

• For negative imperatives, use Don’t followed by the base form of the verb.

• In tag questions, a positive statement usually takes a negative tag and a negative statement takes a positive tag.

• Use introductory There to introduce existence or a new piece of information.

• Remember the common transformation patterns: everybody → who does not, nobody → who, never → ever, and nothing → anything.

• For rearrangement questions, first locate the subject and main verb, then place the object and other modifiers in a logical order.

English Grammar and Composition class 8 - UNIT 7 Sentences - Vocabulary

Chapter: UNIT 7 Sentences

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