Chapter: Articles: a, an, the
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Class Six
â Most Important Exam Words
articlenounspecificunspecifieddefiniteindefinitecountableuncountableconsonantvowelsounduniversityhourhonestparticularalternativeenvironmentpollutionfishermanfishermencyclonedisasterhonestysincerityvictim
đ Word Formation Rules
âē a āĻāĻŦāĻ an āĻšāϞ⧠indefinite articles; the āĻšāϞ⧠definite articleāĨ¤
âē āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a/an āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
âē āĻāĻāĻ noun āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāϞ⧠the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
âē consonant sound-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a āĻŦāϏā§: a book, a universityāĨ¤
âē vowel sound-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ an āĻŦāϏā§: an apple, an hourāĨ¤
âē āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ sound āĻĻā§āĻā§ a āĻŦāĻž an āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
âē āĻ
āύāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦāϏā§: the sun, the world, the EarthāĨ¤
âē āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ plural noun āĻ uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ article āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž; āĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ X āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âē go to bed, go to school, go home, have breakfast āĻāĻŦāĻ have lunchâāĻāϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻļā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ article āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
âē āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠singular noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a/an āĻŦāϏā§: He is a pilot; She is an artistāĨ¤
1. Article Basics (8 words)
article[/ËÉËrtÉĒkÉl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ; a, an āĻŦāĻž the
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: An article is used before a noun.
Syn: grammatical determiner
đĄ Exam tip: Article āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
noun[/naĘn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώā§āϝ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
Example: Book is a common noun.
Syn: name wordAnt: pronoun
đĄ Exam tip: a/an āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
specific[/spÉËsÉĒfÉĒk/]adjeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ
Example: The specific book is on the table.
Syn: particular, definiteAnt: general, unspecified
đĄ Exam tip: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
unspecified[/ËĘnËspesÉĒfaÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: She bought a book from a shop.
Syn: indefinite, generalAnt: specific, definite
đĄ Exam tip: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a/an āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
definite[/ËdefÉĒnÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ
Example: The definite answer is written here.
Syn: specific, particularAnt: indefinite, uncertain
đĄ Exam tip: the-āĻā§ definite article āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
indefinite[/ÉĒnËdefÉĒnÉt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A and an are indefinite articles.
Syn: unspecified, generalAnt: definite, specific
đĄ Exam tip: a āĻ an-āĻā§ indefinite articles āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
countable[/ËkaĘntÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: A chair is a singular countable noun.
Syn: measurable, numerableAnt: uncountable
đĄ Exam tip: a/an āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ singular countable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
uncountable[/ĘnËkaĘntÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŖāύā§āϝāĻŧ
Alt: āϝāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž
Example: Water is an uncountable noun.
Syn: mass, non-countAnt: countable
đĄ Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a/an āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
2. Use of A and An (8 words)
first[/fÉËrst/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ
Alt: āĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: I saw a bird first.
Syn: initial, earliestAnt: last, final
đĄ Exam tip: āĻā§āύ⧠singular countable noun āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāϞ⧠a/an āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
second[/ËsekÉnd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§
Example: The bird flew away the second time I saw it.
Syn: next, followingAnt: first
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻāĻ noun āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϞ⧠the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
consonant[/ËkÉnsÉnÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āĻāύāϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Alt: āϏā§āĻŦāϰāϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ
āύā§āϝ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Example: Use a before a consonant sound.
Syn: consonant soundAnt: vowel
đĄ Exam tip: āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ consonant āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ a āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
vowel[/ËvaĘÉl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦāϰāϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Alt: a, e, i, o, u-āĻāϰ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Example: Use an before a vowel sound.
Syn: vowel soundAnt: consonant
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ vowel āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ an āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
sound[/saĘnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻļā§āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ
Example: Article choice depends on the first sound.
Syn: éŗ, toneAnt: silence
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ sound āĻĻā§āĻā§ a/an āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
university[/ËjuËnÉĒËvÉËrsÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ
Example: He studies at a university.
Syn: institution, college
đĄ Exam tip: university-āĻāϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠/juË/ âyouâ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāĻ a universityāĨ¤
hour[/ËaĘÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āώāĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ
Example: She waited for an hour.
Syn: sixty minutes, period
đĄ Exam tip: hour-āĻāϰ h āύā§āϰāĻŦ, āϤāĻžāĻ an hourāĨ¤
honest[/ËÉnÉĒst/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏā§
Alt: āϏāϤā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāύ
Example: He is an honest man.
Syn: truthful, sincereAnt: dishonest, false
đĄ Exam tip: honest-āĻāϰ h āύā§āϰāĻŦ, āϤāĻžāĻ an honest manāĨ¤
3. Use of The (8 words)
particular[/pÉËtÉĒkjÉlÉr/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The particular room is very clean.
Syn: specific, specialAnt: general, ordinary
đĄ Exam tip: āĻā§āύ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
alternative[/ÉËlËtÉËrnÉtÉĒv/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: The sun has no alternative as a natural light source.
Syn: option, choiceAnt: necessity
đĄ Exam tip: āϝ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āύā§āĻ, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
object[/ËÉbdĘÉĒkt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϧāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ
Example: The object on the table is a lamp.
Syn: thing, item
đĄ Exam tip: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ object-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
refer[/rÉĒËfÉËr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž
Example: The word refers to a particular object.
Syn: mention, indicateAnt: ignore, omit
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻā§ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāĻŋāϤ noun-āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ refer āĻāϰāϞ⧠the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
again[/ÉËÉĄen/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: She read the story again.
Syn: once more, repeatedlyAnt: never
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻāĻ noun āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
only[/ËoĘnli/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ
Alt: āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻāύ
Example: The moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth.
Syn: solely, aloneAnt: many, several
đĄ Exam tip: only, same, first, last āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
world[/wÉËrld/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ
Alt: āϏāĻŽāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏā§
Example: The world needs peace.
Syn: earth, globe
đĄ Exam tip: world āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠the world āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
earth[/ÉËrθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻā§āϰāĻš
Example: The Earth moves around the sun.
Syn: world, globe
đĄ Exam tip: āĻā§āϰāĻšā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: the EarthāĨ¤
4. Common Expressions and Places (8 words)
bed[/bed/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ
Example: He went to bed early.
Syn: couch, bunk
đĄ Exam tip: go to bed-āĻ bed-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ article āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
school[/skuËl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ
Example: The children go to school every day.
Syn: academy, institution
đĄ Exam tip: go to school āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞ⧠article āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
home[/hoĘm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ
Alt: āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰā§
Example: She went home after school.
Syn: house, residence
đĄ Exam tip: go home āĻ come home-āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ article āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
lunch[/lĘntĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ
Example: We had lunch at noon.
Syn: midday meal, food
đĄ Exam tip: have lunch, eat lunchâāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ article āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
restaurant[/ËrestÉrÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϰā§āϏā§āϤā§āϰāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: We ate at a restaurant.
Syn: eatery, cafÊ
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ restaurant āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāϞ⧠a restaurant āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
hospital[/ËhÉspÉĒtÉl/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ
Example: He was taken to the hospital.
Syn: clinic, medical centre
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠article āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠the hospitalāĨ¤
breakfast[/ËbrekfÉst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻļāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻĻāĻŋāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ
Example: I had breakfast at seven.
Syn: morning meal, food
đĄ Exam tip: have breakfast āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ article āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
prison[/ËprÉĒzÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻŦāύā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The prisoner was sent to prison.
Syn: jail, detention centreAnt: freedom
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠go to prison; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠the prisonāĨ¤
5. Environment and Nature (8 words)
environment[/ÉĒnËvaÉĒÉrÉnmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Pollution damages the environment.
Syn: surroundings, ecosystem
đĄ Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the environment āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
pollution[/pÉËluËĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āύā§āĻāϰāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Pollution is harmful to health.
Syn: contamination, impurityAnt: cleanliness, purity
đĄ Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ pollution-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ article āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
water[/ËwÉËtÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āϤāϰāϞ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ
Example: The pollution we cause in water is dangerous.
Syn: liquid, H2O
đĄ Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ uncountable āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ water-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ article āύā§āĻ; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠the waterāĨ¤
sun[/sĘn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§āϰā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻāĻāϤāĻŽ āύāĻā§āώāϤā§āϰ
Example: The sun gives us light.
Syn: star, day-starAnt: moon
đĄ Exam tip: āĻ
āύāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦāϏā§: the sunāĨ¤
sea[/siË/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ
Alt: āϞāĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻāϞāϰāĻžāĻļāĻŋ
Example: The fishermen went to the sea.
Syn: ocean, watersAnt: land
đĄ Exam tip: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
cyclone[/ËsaÉĒkloĘn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ
Example: A cyclone can destroy many homes.
Syn: storm, hurricaneAnt: calm
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ cyclone āĻšāϞ⧠a cycloneāĨ¤
disaster[/dÉĒËzÃĻstÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϝāϝāĻŧ
Example: A natural disaster can affect thousands of people.
Syn: calamity, catastropheAnt: blessing, success
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠a natural disasterāĨ¤
energy[/ËenÉrdĘi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Example: The sun is a source of energy.
Syn: power, strengthAnt: weakness
đĄ Exam tip: a source of energy āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻļāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
6. People, Qualities and Occupations (8 words)
fisherman[/ËfÉĒĘÉrmÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āϞā§
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŽāĻžāĻ āϧāϰā§
Example: My father is a fisherman.
Syn: angler, fisher
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻāĻāύ fisherman-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
farmer[/ËfÉËrmÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āώāĻ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāώ āĻāϰā§
Example: A farmer grows crops.
Syn: cultivator, agriculturist
đĄ Exam tip: A farmer is a person who farmsâāĻāĻ pattern āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
writer[/ËraÉĒtÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϞā§āĻāĻ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ āϞā§āĻā§
Example: A writer is a person who writes books.
Syn: author, scripterAnt: reader
đĄ Exam tip: writer = a person who writes books or articlesāĨ¤
pilot[/ËpaÉĒlÉt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻāĻžāϞāĻ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: A pilot flies an aircraft.
Syn: aviator, flyer
đĄ Exam tip: pilot-āĻāϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ flies an aircraft āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
teacher[/ËtiËtĘÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻāĻž
Alt: āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ
Example: A teacher teaches students.
Syn: educator, instructorAnt: student
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠a/an āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
honesty[/ËÉnÉsti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāϤāϤāĻž
Alt: āϏāϤā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: Honesty is a great quality.
Syn: truthfulness, integrityAnt: dishonesty, deceit
đĄ Exam tip: āĻā§āĻŖā§āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ article āύāĻž-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§: HonestyāĨ¤
sincerity[/sÉĒnËserÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāύā§āϤāϰāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāύā§āϰ āϏāϤā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻ āύāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž
Example: Honesty and sincerity are valuable qualities.
Syn: earnestness, genuinenessAnt: insincerity, hypocrisy
đĄ Exam tip: Honesty and sincerity are two great qualitiesâāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āĻļā§āϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
victim[/ËvÉĒktÉĒm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: They were victims of a cyclone.
Syn: sufferer, casualtyAnt: survivor, winner
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻāĻāύ victim āĻšāϞ⧠a victim; āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠the victimāĨ¤
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ noun-āĻāĻŋ singular countable āĻāĻŋ āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠a/an āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ a/an āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ
āĻā§āώāϰ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āύ⧠āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāĻžāĻāĨ¤
âĸ university, uniform, European-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ a āĻŦāϏā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠/juË/ āϧā§āĻŦāύāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ hour, honest, heir-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ an āĻŦāϏā§, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ h āύā§āϰāĻŦāĨ¤
âĸ the sun, the moon, the Earth, the sky āĻāĻŦāĻ the worldâāĻāĻ āĻ
āύāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻā§ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ plural noun āĻ uncountable noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ X āĻŦāϏāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§: Books are useful; Water is necessaryāĨ¤
âĸ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ noun āĻā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ of-phrase, relative clause āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ go to bed āĻāĻŦāĻ go to the bed-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
âĸ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ noun-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϤāĻž āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤