Chapter: Tenses and Their Aspects
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Class Six
â Most Important Exam Words
tenseaspectpresentpastfuturestateactionauxiliarybasecontinuousperfectincompletedurationsinceforregularuniversalinterrogativenegativemodalshallwillrepayvacation
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Present simple affirmative: subject + base verb; third-person singular subject-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ verb-āĻ s āĻŦāĻž es āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ: He plays, She watches.
âē Present simple negative: subject + do not/does not + base verb: They do not play; He does not play.
âē Present simple interrogative: Do/Does + subject + base verb?: Do you read? Does he read?
âē Present continuous: am/is/are + present participle (verb + ing): I am reading; She is singing.
âē Present perfect: have/has + past participle: They have gone; He has written.
âē Present perfect continuous: have/has been + present participle: I have been reading; She has been waiting.
âē Past simple affirmative: subject + past form of verb: We played; He went.
âē Past simple negative: subject + did not + base verb: They did not go; She did not come.
âē Past simple interrogative: Did + subject + base verb?: Did you go? Did he come?
âē Past continuous: was/were + present participle: I was sleeping; They were playing.
âē Future simple: subject + shall/will + base verb: I shall go; They will come.
âē Future simple negative: subject + shall not/will not + base verb: I will not go.
âē Future simple interrogative: Shall/Will + subject + base verb?: Will you come?
âē For indicates the total duration of an action, whereas since indicates its starting point.
âē When does is used with a third-person singular subject, the main verb loses its s or es: Does he play?
âē When did is used in a past simple question or negative sentence, the main verb returns to its base form: Did she go?
âē Adding -ing: most verbs take -ing directly, such as play-playing; verbs ending in silent e usually drop e, such as drive-driving.
1. Tense and Time Vocabulary (8 words)
tense[/tens/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ˛; āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: verb form showing time
Example: Tense tells us when an action happens.
Syn: time, verb formAnt: timelessness
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŦā§: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ tense āĻšāĻ˛ā§ present, past āĻāĻŦāĻ future.
aspect[/ËÃĻspekt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŋāĻ; āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: the form showing how an action continues or ends
Example: Each tense may have different aspects.
Syn: form, conditionAnt: irrelevance
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻŋ aspect: simple, continuous, perfect āĻāĻŦāĻ perfect continuous.
present[/ËprezÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ˛
Alt: the time now
Example: The present tense describes current actions.
Syn: now, current timeAnt: past
đĄ Exam tip: Present simple-āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸, āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ.
past[/pÉËst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ˛
Alt: time before now
Example: The past tense describes completed actions.
Syn: former time, historyAnt: future
đĄ Exam tip: Past simple-āĻ verb-āĻāĻ° past form āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
future[/ËfjuËtĘÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛
Alt: time after now
Example: The future tense expresses an action that will happen later.
Syn: later time, coming timeAnt: past
đĄ Exam tip: Future simple-āĻ shall āĻŦāĻž will-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ base verb āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
state[/steÉĒt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: a condition of a person or thing
Example: He is sick describes a present state.
Syn: condition, situationAnt: action
đĄ Exam tip: Be verb āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ state āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ am, is, are āĻŦāĻž was, were āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
action[/ËÃĻkĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ; āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: something that someone does
Example: Running is an action.
Syn: deed, actAnt: inaction
đĄ Exam tip: Action verb-āĻāĻ° tense āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§.
time[/taÉĒm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: a particular period or point
Example: The verb shows the time of an action.
Syn: period, momentAnt: eternity
đĄ Exam tip: Time expression āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ now, yesterday, tomorrow tense āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§.
2. Present Simple Tense (8 words)
regular[/ËreÉĄjÉlÉ(r)/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: happening repeatedly
Example: We attend classes regularly.
Syn: usual, routineAnt: irregular
đĄ Exam tip: āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ present simple āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§.
habit[/ËhÃĻbÉĒt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
Alt: a usual way of behaving
Example: Reading is a good habit.
Syn: practice, customAnt: exception
đĄ Exam tip: Every day, often, usually āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ habit āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ.
universal[/ËjuËnÉĒËvÉËsÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Alt: true everywhere or at all times
Example: The earth moves round the sun is a universal truth.
Syn: general, worldwideAnt: particular
đĄ Exam tip: Universal truth āĻšāĻ˛ā§ present simple āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
auxiliary[/ÉËÉĄËzÉĒliÉri/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ
Alt: helping a main verb
Example: Do is an auxiliary verb in this question.
Syn: helping, supportingAnt: main
đĄ Exam tip: Present simple-āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§ do/does āĻāĻŦāĻ negative-āĻ do not/does not āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
base[/beÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Alt: the basic form of a verb
Example: Use the base form after does.
Syn: root, basic formAnt: derived form
đĄ Exam tip: Does he play?âāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ plays āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, play āĻšāĻŦā§.
need[/niËd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: to require something
Example: I do not need your help.
Syn: require, wantAnt: reject
đĄ Exam tip: Do not āĻŦāĻž does not-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ need-āĻāĻ° base form āĻĨāĻžāĻā§.
possess[/pÉËzes/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž; āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: to own something
Example: They possess a large house.
Syn: own, haveAnt: lack
đĄ Exam tip: Have/has present simple-āĻ main verb āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
international[/ËÉĒntÉËnÃĻĘÉnÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ
Alt: involving many countries
Example: English is an international language.
Syn: global, worldwideAnt: local
đĄ Exam tip: Be verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ adjective āĻŦāĻ¸ā§: English is international.
3. Present Continuous and Present Perfect (8 words)
continuous[/kÉnËtÉĒnjuÉs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: continuing without stopping
Example: The present continuous shows an action going on now.
Syn: ongoing, lastingAnt: stopped
đĄ Exam tip: Present continuous-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨ am/is/are + verb-ing.
incomplete[/ËÉĒnkÉmËpliËt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Alt: not finished
Example: The incomplete action is still continuing.
Syn: unfinished, partialAnt: complete
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ continuous tense āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§.
arrive[/ÉËraÉĒv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: to reach a place
Example: What time is she arriving?
Syn: reach, comeAnt: depart
đĄ Exam tip: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ present continuous āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§.
shop[/ĘÉp/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: to buy things from shops
Example: I am going shopping this evening.
Syn: buy, purchaseAnt: sell
đĄ Exam tip: Am/is/are-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ shopping-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ -ing form āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
perfect[/ËpÉËfÉĒkt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Alt: completed or finished
Example: The present perfect describes a completed action with a present result.
Syn: complete, finishedAnt: incomplete
đĄ Exam tip: Present perfect-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨ have/has + past participle.
complete[/kÉmËpliËt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: to finish something
Example: She has completed her homework.
Syn: finish, accomplishAnt: begin
đĄ Exam tip: Complete-āĻāĻ° past participle completed; irregular verb-āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ form āĻŽā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ°ā§.
written[/ËrÉĒtn/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: put into written form
Example: I have written three paragraphs.
Syn: recorded, notedAnt: unwritten
đĄ Exam tip: Write-āĻāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ write-wrote-written.
brought[/brÉËt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻā§
Alt: carried something to a place
Example: Have you brought your work?
Syn: carried, fetchedAnt: taken
đĄ Exam tip: Bring-āĻāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ bring-brought-brought.
4. Present Perfect Continuous (8 words)
duration[/djuËreÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ˛
Alt: the length of time something continues
Example: For two hours shows the duration of an action.
Syn: length, periodAnt: instant
đĄ Exam tip: For āĻŽā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ for two hours.
since[/sÉĒns/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻĨā§āĻā§
Alt: from a particular time in the past
Example: It has been raining since seven o'clock.
Syn: from, afterAnt: until
đĄ Exam tip: Since-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
for[/fÉË(r)/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻ§āĻ°ā§
Alt: during a stated period
Example: She has been reading for an hour.
Syn: during, throughoutAnt: briefly
đĄ Exam tip: For-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§, āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ for three days.
waiting[/ËweÉĒtÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: staying until someone or something comes
Example: I have been waiting here since morning.
Syn: expecting, stayingAnt: leaving
đĄ Exam tip: Have been/has been-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ waiting-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ verb-ing āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
looking[/ËlĘkÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻāĻž; āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: trying to find or watching
Example: I have been looking for you since morning.
Syn: searching, watchingAnt: ignoring
đĄ Exam tip: Look for āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻž; look at āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§.
driving[/ËdraÉĒvÉĒÅ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: controlling a vehicle
Example: He has been driving since dawn.
Syn: steering, operatingAnt: stopping
đĄ Exam tip: Drive-āĻāĻ° ing form driving; drive āĻĨā§āĻā§ e āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ -ing āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
speaking[/ËspiËkÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž
Alt: talking or expressing words
Example: How long have you been speaking?
Syn: talking, communicatingAnt: silencing
đĄ Exam tip: Speak-āĻāĻ° ing form speaking āĻāĻŦāĻ past participle spoken.
raining[/ËreÉĒnÉĒÅ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: water falling from clouds
Example: It has been raining since seven o'clock.
Syn: drizzling, pouringAnt: drying
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ It has been raining āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ.
5. Past Simple and Past Continuous (8 words)
yesterday[/ËjestÉdeÉĒ/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻ˛
Alt: on the day before today
Example: It rained here yesterday.
Syn: the previous dayAnt: tomorrow
đĄ Exam tip: Yesterday āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ past simple-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¤.
discuss[/dÉĒËskĘs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: to talk about something carefully
Example: We discussed our problems yesterday.
Syn: talk about, debateAnt: ignore
đĄ Exam tip: Past simple-āĻ regular verb-āĻāĻ° āĻļā§āĻˇā§ -ed āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ: discuss-discussed.
went[/went/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛
Alt: past form of go
Example: We went to the City Park.
Syn: travelled, departedAnt: came
đĄ Exam tip: Go-āĻāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ go-went-gone.
taught[/tÉËt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛
Alt: past form of teach
Example: He taught me how to swim.
Syn: instructed, trainedAnt: learned
đĄ Exam tip: Teach-āĻāĻ° āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ teach-taught-taught.
happened[/ËhÃĻpÉnd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛
Alt: took place
Example: What happened yesterday?
Syn: occurred, took placeAnt: stopped
đĄ Exam tip: Happen āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ regular verb: happen-happened-happened.
suddenly[/ËsĘdÉnli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻ āĻžā§
Alt: quickly and unexpectedly
Example: Suddenly, the bus ran over the old woman.
Syn: unexpectedly, abruptlyAnt: gradually
đĄ Exam tip: Suddenly āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ past action āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ past simple āĻāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§.
while[/waÉĒl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨; āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§
Alt: during the time that
Example: I was reading while my brother was playing.
Syn: when, duringAnt: afterward
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ past action āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ while āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
responding[/rÉĒËspÉndÉĒÅ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: answering or reacting
Example: You were not responding to my call.
Syn: replying, answeringAnt: ignoring
đĄ Exam tip: Past continuous-āĻāĻ° negative: was/were not + verb-ing.
6. Future Simple and Common Exam Terms (8 words)
shall[/ĘÃĻl/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°āĻŦ; āĻšāĻŦā§
Alt: a modal used to express future action
Example: I shall lend you some money.
Syn: will, intendAnt: shall not
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ I āĻŦāĻž we-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ future āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ shall āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§.
will[/wÉĒl/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§; āĻšāĻŦā§
Alt: a modal expressing future action or willingness
Example: I will repay the loan tomorrow.
Syn: shall, intendAnt: will not
đĄ Exam tip: Will-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŦ subject-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ base verb āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
repay[/riËËpeÉĒ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: to pay back money
Example: I will repay the loan tomorrow.
Syn: return, reimburseAnt: borrow
đĄ Exam tip: Repay-āĻāĻ° future form: will repay; will repaid āĻā§āĻ˛.
tomorrow[/tÉËmÉrÉĘ/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛
Alt: on the day after today
Example: I will visit you tomorrow.
Syn: the next dayAnt: yesterday
đĄ Exam tip: Tomorrow future simple-āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ time expression.
vacation[/vÉËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: a period away from school or work
Example: I will travel during the winter vacation.
Syn: holiday, breakAnt: workday
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ will-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ vacation-related verb āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§.
negative[/ËneÉĄÉtÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ
Alt: expressing refusal or denial
Example: Will not is used to make a future negative sentence.
Syn: denying, opposingAnt: positive
đĄ Exam tip: Future negative: subject + will not + base verb.
interrogative[/ËÉĒntÉËrÉÉĄÉtÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ
Alt: asking a question
Example: Will you sleep now is an interrogative sentence.
Syn: questioning, inquiringAnt: declarative
đĄ Exam tip: Future interrogative: Will + subject + base verb?
modal[/ËmÉĘdÉl/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: an auxiliary verb showing possibility, duty or futurity
Example: Will is a modal verb in the future simple tense.
Syn: auxiliary, helping verbAnt: main verb
đĄ Exam tip: Modal-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° s, ed āĻŦāĻž ing āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻž; base form āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ time expression āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§: now, every day, yesterday, since, for, tomorrow āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ.
âĸ Present simple-āĻ he, she, it āĻŦāĻž singular noun-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ verb-āĻ s āĻŦāĻž es āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž.
âĸ Does āĻāĻŦāĻ did-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ main verb āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ base form āĻšāĻŦā§.
âĸ Continuous tense āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ auxiliary be verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ verb-ing āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž.
âĸ Present perfect-āĻ have/has-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° past participle āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
âĸ Since-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ for-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
âĸ Was āĻāĻŦāĻ were-āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° subject āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§: I/he/she/it-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ was; you/we/they-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ were.
âĸ Future simple-āĻ shall āĻŦāĻž will-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° base form āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§.
âĸ Negative sentence-āĻ not-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ auxiliary āĻŦāĻž modal-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
âĸ Interrogative sentence-āĻ auxiliary verb subject-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
âĸ Irregular verb-āĻāĻ° past āĻ past participle forms āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ°ā§: go-went-gone, write-wrote-written, teach-taught-taught.
âĸ āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ tense-āĻāĻ° structure, subject-verb agreement āĻāĻŦāĻ verb formâāĻāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§.