Chapter: Too much or too little water
📚 Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Class Six
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
waterrainfallheavyfloodoccuroverflowriver bankvast areasuffershortagedroughtdry upwater levelunderground waterscarcitysave waterconservewastedrinking waterenvironment
📃 Word Formation Rules
► rain + fall = rainfall: a compound noun meaning বৃষ্টিপাত
► flood + water = floodwater: a compound noun meaning বন্যার পানি
► under + ground = underground: a compound word meaning ভূগর্ভস্থ
► farm + er = farmer: the suffix -er forms a person noun
► village + er = villager: the suffix -er forms a person noun
► suffer + ing = suffering: the suffix -ing forms a noun or participle
► scarce + ity = scarcity: the suffix -ity forms an abstract noun
► protect + ion = protection: the suffix -ion forms a noun
► conserve + ation = conservation: the suffix -ation forms a noun
► reuse = re- + use: the prefix re- means again
1. Water and Rainfall (8 words)
water[/ˈwɔːtə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: জল বা পানি
Alt: পানি দেওয়া
Example: Clean water is essential for life.
Syn: liquidAnt: dryness
💡 Exam tip: Water is usually an uncountable noun.
rain[/reɪn/]nouneasy
Meaning: বৃষ্টি
Alt: বৃষ্টিপাত
Example: The rain filled the ponds.
Syn: rainfallAnt: drought
💡 Exam tip: Rain can be used as both a noun and a verb.
rainfall[/ˈreɪnfɔːl/]nounmedium
Meaning: বৃষ্টিপাত
Alt: একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে পড়া বৃষ্টির পরিমাণ
Example: Heavy rainfall caused flooding.
Syn: precipitationAnt: drought
💡 Exam tip: Rainfall is a compound noun: rain + fall.
heavy[/ˈhevi/]adjeasy
Meaning: ভারী
Alt: প্রচুর বা তীব্র
Example: Heavy rain flooded the village.
Syn: intenseAnt: light
💡 Exam tip: Heavy rain means a large amount of rain, not physically weighty rain.
little[/ˈlɪtl/]adjeasy
Meaning: অল্প
Alt: সামান্য
Example: There is little water in the pond.
Syn: smallAnt: much
💡 Exam tip: Little is used with uncountable nouns.
much[/mʌtʃ/]adjeasy
Meaning: অনেক
Alt: প্রচুর পরিমাণ
Example: Too much water can cause floods.
Syn: a lot ofAnt: little
💡 Exam tip: Much is generally used with uncountable nouns.
shortage[/ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/]nounmedium
Meaning: ঘাটতি বা অভাব
Alt: প্রয়োজনের তুলনায় কম পরিমাণ
Example: The area is facing a shortage of drinking water.
Syn: scarcityAnt: abundance
💡 Exam tip: Shortage of is a common phrase.
drought[/draʊt/]nounmedium
Meaning: খরা
Alt: দীর্ঘ সময় বৃষ্টি না হওয়ার অবস্থা
Example: The drought damaged the crops.
Syn: dry spellAnt: flood
💡 Exam tip: Drought is pronounced like 'drout', not 'drought'.
2. Flood and Natural Events (8 words)
flood[/flʌd/]nouneasy
Meaning: বন্যা
Alt: প্লাবিত করা
Example: The flood destroyed many houses.
Syn: inundationAnt: drought
💡 Exam tip: Flood can be used as a noun or a verb.
occur[/əˈkɜː(r)/]verbmedium
Meaning: ঘটা
Alt: সংঘটিত হওয়া
Example: Floods often occur after heavy rain.
Syn: happenAnt: cease
💡 Exam tip: Occur is more formal than happen.
overflow[/ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ/]verbmedium
Meaning: উপচে পড়া
Alt: ধারণক্ষমতার বাইরে চলে যাওয়া
Example: The river overflowed its banks.
Syn: spill overAnt: drain
💡 Exam tip: The past form of overflow is overflowed.
river[/ˈrɪvə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: নদী
Alt: প্রাকৃতিক প্রবাহমান জলধারা
Example: The river flows through the village.
Syn: watercourseAnt: desert
💡 Exam tip: Use the article 'the' before the names of rivers.
bank[/bæŋk/]nouneasy
Meaning: নদীর তীর
Alt: ব্যাংক বা আর্থিক প্রতিষ্ঠান
Example: People built houses near the river bank.
Syn: riversideAnt: riverbed
💡 Exam tip: Bank has different meanings according to context.
area[/ˈeəriə/]nouneasy
Meaning: এলাকা
Alt: অঞ্চল বা স্থান
Example: A vast area was covered by floodwater.
Syn: regionAnt: point
💡 Exam tip: Area is countable when it means a region.
vast[/vɑːst/]adjmedium
Meaning: বিশাল
Alt: অত্যন্ত বিস্তৃত
Example: The flood covered a vast area of land.
Syn: enormousAnt: tiny
💡 Exam tip: Vast is used before nouns to show great size or extent.
land[/lænd/]nouneasy
Meaning: জমি বা ভূমি
Alt: স্থলভাগ
Example: The farmers cultivate the land.
Syn: soilAnt: water
💡 Exam tip: Land is generally uncountable when referring to ground or soil.
3. Places and People (8 words)
town[/taʊn/]nouneasy
Meaning: শহর বা নগর
Alt: ছোট শহর
Example: The flood entered the nearby town.
Syn: municipalityAnt: village
💡 Exam tip: Town is usually larger than a village but smaller than a city.
village[/ˈvɪlɪdʒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: গ্রাম
Alt: গ্রামীণ বসতি
Example: Many villagers lost their homes.
Syn: rural settlementAnt: city
💡 Exam tip: The adjective form is rural.
people[/ˈpiːpl/]nouneasy
Meaning: মানুষজন
Alt: জনগণ
Example: People suffer during floods.
Syn: human beingsAnt: animals
💡 Exam tip: People is the plural of person in ordinary use.
suffer[/ˈsʌfə(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: কষ্ট পাওয়া
Alt: দুর্ভোগ ভোগ করা
Example: Poor families suffer from water shortages.
Syn: endureAnt: enjoy
💡 Exam tip: Use suffer from for diseases, shortages, and problems.
family[/ˈfæməli/]nouneasy
Meaning: পরিবার
Alt: একই বংশের মানুষ
Example: Each family needs safe drinking water.
Syn: householdAnt: stranger
💡 Exam tip: Family may take a singular or plural verb depending on meaning.
farmer[/ˈfɑːmə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: কৃষক
Alt: যিনি জমি চাষ করেন
Example: Farmers need water to grow crops.
Syn: cultivatorAnt: consumer
💡 Exam tip: Farmer is formed from farm + er.
villager[/ˈvɪlɪdʒə(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: গ্রামবাসী
Alt: গ্রামে বসবাসকারী ব্যক্তি
Example: The villagers moved to a safer place.
Syn: rural inhabitantAnt: townsman
💡 Exam tip: Villager means a person who lives in a village.
inhabitant[/ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/]nounhard
Meaning: বাসিন্দা
Alt: কোনো স্থানে বসবাসকারী ব্যক্তি
Example: The inhabitants of the island faced a water crisis.
Syn: residentAnt: visitor
💡 Exam tip: Inhabitant is a formal synonym of resident.
4. Water Shortage and Effects (8 words)
dry[/draɪ/]adjeasy
Meaning: শুষ্ক
Alt: পানিশূন্য
Example: The river becomes dry in winter.
Syn: aridAnt: wet
💡 Exam tip: Dry can be an adjective, verb, or noun.
dry up[/draɪ ʌp/]verbmedium
Meaning: শুকিয়ে যাওয়া
Alt: সম্পূর্ণ পানি হারানো
Example: Some small rivers dry up during the dry season.
Syn: dehydrateAnt: fill up
💡 Exam tip: Dry up is a phrasal verb.
level[/ˈlevl/]nouneasy
Meaning: স্তর
Alt: উচ্চতা বা পরিমাণ
Example: The water level is falling quickly.
Syn: heightAnt: depth
💡 Exam tip: Water level means the height of water in a place.
underground[/ˌʌndəˈɡraʊnd/]adjmedium
Meaning: ভূগর্ভস্থ
Alt: মাটির নিচে অবস্থিত
Example: Underground water is an important source of drinking water.
Syn: subterraneanAnt: surface
💡 Exam tip: Underground can also function as a noun or adverb.
sink[/sɪŋk/]verbmedium
Meaning: নিচে নেমে যাওয়া
Alt: ডুবে যাওয়া
Example: The underground water level may sink during drought.
Syn: fallAnt: rise
💡 Exam tip: Sink is an irregular verb: sink, sank, sunk.
suffering[/ˈsʌfərɪŋ/]nounmedium
Meaning: দুর্ভোগ
Alt: কষ্ট বা যন্ত্রণা
Example: Water scarcity causes great suffering.
Syn: distressAnt: comfort
💡 Exam tip: Suffering is formed from suffer + ing and works as a noun.
scarcity[/ˈskeəsəti/]nounhard
Meaning: অপ্রতুলতা বা সংকট
Alt: কোনো কিছুর ঘাটতি
Example: Water scarcity is a serious problem in dry regions.
Syn: shortageAnt: abundance
💡 Exam tip: Scarcity is the noun form of scarce.
problem[/ˈprɒbləm/]nouneasy
Meaning: সমস্যা
Alt: জটিলতা বা অসুবিধা
Example: Too little water creates many problems.
Syn: difficultyAnt: solution
💡 Exam tip: Problem is often followed by with or of.
5. Quantity and Time Expressions (8 words)
too[/tuː/]adveasy
Meaning: অতিরিক্তভাবে
Alt: এছাড়াও
Example: Too much rain can damage roads.
Syn: excessivelyAnt: sufficiently
💡 Exam tip: Too means more than necessary; do not confuse it with two.
enough[/ɪˈnʌf/]adveasy
Meaning: যথেষ্ট
Alt: প্রয়োজনমতো
Example: We do not have enough water for everyone.
Syn: sufficientlyAnt: insufficiently
💡 Exam tip: Enough comes before a noun but after an adjective or adverb.
amount[/əˈmaʊnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: পরিমাণ
Alt: কোনো কিছুর মোট পরিমাণ
Example: The amount of water in the pond is decreasing.
Syn: quantityAnt: lack
💡 Exam tip: Amount is used with uncountable nouns.
period[/ˈpɪəriəd/]nounmedium
Meaning: সময়কাল
Alt: নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের পরিসর
Example: There was no rainfall for a long period.
Syn: durationAnt: moment
💡 Exam tip: A period of time means a length of time.
sometimes[/ˈsʌmtaɪmz/]adveasy
Meaning: কখনো কখনো
Alt: মাঝে মাঝে
Example: Sometimes rivers dry up in summer.
Syn: occasionallyAnt: always
💡 Exam tip: Sometimes is written as one word.
long[/lɒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: দীর্ঘ
Alt: বেশি সময়ের
Example: Plants die without water for a long time.
Syn: extendedAnt: short
💡 Exam tip: Long can describe distance, time, or size.
low[/ləʊ/]adjeasy
Meaning: নিচু বা কম
Alt: স্বাভাবিকের চেয়ে কম
Example: The underground water level is very low.
Syn: reducedAnt: high
💡 Exam tip: Low is commonly used with level, price, and temperature.
high[/haɪ/]adjeasy
Meaning: উঁচু বা বেশি
Alt: স্বাভাবিকের চেয়ে বেশি
Example: The river reaches a high level after rain.
Syn: elevatedAnt: low
💡 Exam tip: High is the opposite of low.
6. Useful Phrases and Environmental Actions (8 words)
floodwater[/ˈflʌdwɔːtə(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: বন্যার পানি
Alt: প্লাবনের ফলে জমা পানি
Example: Floodwater entered the houses.
Syn: inundation waterAnt: drinking water
💡 Exam tip: Floodwater is a compound noun: flood + water.
drinking water[/ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˌwɔːtə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: পানীয় জল
Alt: পান করার উপযোগী পানি
Example: People need safe drinking water.
Syn: potable waterAnt: polluted water
💡 Exam tip: Drinking water is an uncountable noun phrase.
save[/seɪv/]verbeasy
Meaning: সঞ্চয় করা
Alt: রক্ষা করা
Example: We should save water for the future.
Syn: conserveAnt: waste
💡 Exam tip: Save water is a useful environmental expression.
conserve[/kənˈsɜːv/]verbmedium
Meaning: সংরক্ষণ করা
Alt: অপচয় রোধ করা
Example: Everyone should conserve water.
Syn: preserveAnt: waste
💡 Exam tip: Conserve is a formal synonym of save.
waste[/weɪst/]verbeasy
Meaning: অপচয় করা
Alt: অপ্রয়োজনে ব্যবহার করা
Example: Do not waste clean water.
Syn: squanderAnt: save
💡 Exam tip: Waste can be a noun, verb, or adjective.
protect[/prəˈtekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: রক্ষা করা
Alt: নিরাপদ রাখা
Example: Trees protect the soil from erosion.
Syn: guardAnt: harm
💡 Exam tip: Protect is followed by an object, such as protect the environment.
environment[/ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/]nounmedium
Meaning: পরিবেশ
Alt: জীবজগতের চারপাশের প্রাকৃতিক অবস্থা
Example: We should keep the environment clean.
Syn: surroundingsAnt: isolation
💡 Exam tip: Environment is commonly used with protect, save, and pollute.
reuse[/ˌriːˈjuːz/]verbmedium
Meaning: পুনরায় ব্যবহার করা
Alt: একই জিনিস আবার কাজে লাগানো
Example: We can reuse water for gardening.
Syn: recycleAnt: discard
💡 Exam tip: Reuse is formed with the prefix re- meaning again.
💡 Exam Tips
• Use much and little with uncountable nouns such as water, rain, and rainfall.
• Use many and few with countable plural nouns such as rivers, towns, and villages.
• Too much means more than necessary, while too little means less than necessary.
• Use suffer from before a problem, disease, shortage, or difficulty.
• Use occur as a formal synonym of happen in comprehension answers.
• Remember the irregular verb forms: sink, sank, sunk.
• The phrase river bank means the land beside a river, but bank can also mean a financial institution.
• For paragraph writing, mention the causes, effects, and solutions of floods or water shortages.
• Use linking words such as because, sometimes, if, and therefore to connect ideas.
• In an exam answer, write clear sentences such as Heavy rainfall causes floods and Water scarcity causes suffering.
• Use should to give advice: We should save water and We should not waste water.
• Check spelling carefully: rainfall, overflow, underground, shortage, scarcity, and environment.