Chapter: We live in a global village
đ Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Class Six
â Most Important Exam Words
global â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§global village â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽglobal citizen â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻpeacekeeping mission â āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨natural resources â āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻpolitical conflict â āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ethnic conflict â āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤violent incident â āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžmaintain peace and security â āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻždistribute food, water and medicine â āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯, āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžvoluntary organisation â āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¨higher studies â āĻāĻā§āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžbachelor's degree â āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋmaster's degree â āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋdifferent countries around the world â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻļsame human race â āĻāĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋchallenging â āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧaspiration â āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻželectronic media â āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽworldwide web â āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŦ
đ Word Formation Rules
âē maintain (verb) â maintenance (noun): āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž â āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
âē communicate (verb) â communication (noun) â communicative (adj): āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž â āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ â āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ
âē organise (verb) â organisation (noun) â organised (adj): āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž â āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¨ â āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤
âē educate (verb) â education (noun) â educational (adj) â educator (noun): āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž â āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž â āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ â āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ
âē invent (verb) â invention (noun) â inventor (noun): āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž â āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ â āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ
âē violent (adj) â violence (noun) â violently (adv): āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸ â āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻž â āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻŦā§
âē natural (adj) â nature (noun) â naturally (adv): āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ â āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ â āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§
âē different (adj) â difference (noun) â differently (adv): āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ â āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻā§āĻ¯ â āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻŦā§
âē impress (verb) â impressed (adj) â impressive (adj) â impression (noun): āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž â āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§ â āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻ â āĻāĻžāĻĒ
âē challenge (noun/verb) â challenging (adj): āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ â āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ
1. Communication and the Global Village (8 words)
global[/ËÉĄlÉĘbÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Example: The Internet has created a global village.
Syn: worldwide, internationalAnt: local, national
đĄ Exam tip: Global citizen means a person who feels connected with people from all countries.
village[/ËvÉĒlÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: We live in a global village because communication is easy.
Syn: hamlet, communityAnt: city, metropolis
đĄ Exam tip: Global village is a phrase meaning a closely connected world.
communication[/kÉËmjuËnÉĒËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨
Example: Modern communication connects people around the world.
Syn: contact, interactionAnt: silence, separation
đĄ Exam tip: The verb form is communicate and the adjective form is communicative.
electronic[/ÉĒËlekËtrÉnÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Example: Electronic media spread news very quickly.
Syn: digital, computerizedAnt: manual, non-electronic
đĄ Exam tip: Electronic media include television, computers and the Internet.
media[/ËmiËdiÉ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ
Alt: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽ
Example: The media reported the news of the flood.
Syn: press, mass communicationAnt: privacy, silence
đĄ Exam tip: Media is commonly treated as a plural noun; its singular form is medium.
Internet[/ËÉĒntÉnet/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ
Example: The Internet helps students learn about other countries.
Syn: web, worldwide networkAnt: offline system, disconnection
đĄ Exam tip: Write Internet with a capital letter in formal examination answers.
worldwide[/ËwÉËldËwaÉĒd/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§
Example: The news was shared worldwide.
Syn: globally, internationallyAnt: locally, regionally
đĄ Exam tip: Worldwide can be used as an adjective or adverb.
invent[/ÉĒnËvent/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The Internet was invented after McLuhan discussed the global village.
Syn: create, developAnt: destroy, copy
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is invention and the person who invents something is an inventor.
2. Peacekeeping and Service (8 words)
peacekeeping[/ËpiËsËkiËpÉĒÅ/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Uncle Reza is on a peacekeeping mission in Congo.
Syn: peace maintenance, mediationAnt: warfare, conflict
đĄ Exam tip: Peacekeeping mission means an organized effort to maintain peace in a troubled area.
mission[/ËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨
Example: The soldiers went to Congo on a peacekeeping mission.
Syn: assignment, taskAnt: inaction, recreation
đĄ Exam tip: Mission may mean an important task or a group sent for a special purpose.
maintain[/meÉĒnËteÉĒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The soldiers try to maintain peace and security.
Syn: preserve, continueAnt: neglect, abandon
đĄ Exam tip: Maintain is matched with 'keep up' in the textbook exercise.
security[/sÉĒËkjĘÉrÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The army works to ensure security in the region.
Syn: safety, protectionAnt: danger, insecurity
đĄ Exam tip: Security is an uncountable noun when it means general safety.
distribute[/dÉĒËstrÉĒbjuËt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: The workers distribute food and medicine among the people.
Syn: deliver, shareAnt: collect, withhold
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is distribution.
medicine[/ËmedÉĒsÉĒn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§
Alt: āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨
Example: The organization supplied medicine to sick people.
Syn: drug, remedyAnt: poison, illness
đĄ Exam tip: Medicine is usually uncountable when referring to treatment in general.
voluntary[/ËvÉlÉntÉri/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Ashar works for a voluntary organisation.
Syn: willing, unpaidAnt: compulsory, forced
đĄ Exam tip: Voluntary means done by choice, while compulsory means required.
organisation[/ËÉËÉĄÉnaÉĒËzeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Ashar is a member of a voluntary organisation.
Syn: association, institutionAnt: disorder, disorganisation
đĄ Exam tip: Organisation is the British spelling; organization is the American spelling.
3. Conflict and Social Problems (8 words)
region[/ËriËdĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻā§āĻāĻ˛
Alt: āĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Several regions of Congo face serious problems.
Syn: area, districtAnt: whole, entirety
đĄ Exam tip: Region refers to a particular area of a country or the world.
political[/pÉËlÉĒtÉĒkÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ-āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Political conflict can harm ordinary people.
Syn: governmental, civicAnt: nonpolitical, private
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is politics or politician, depending on the meaning.
ethnic[/ËeθnÉĒk/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Example: Ethnic conflict may result in violence.
Syn: cultural, racialAnt: universal, mixed
đĄ Exam tip: Ethnic describes people connected by common culture, language or ancestry.
conflict[/ËkÉnflÉĒkt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ
Example: The country suffers from political and ethnic conflict.
Syn: dispute, struggleAnt: peace, agreement
đĄ Exam tip: As a noun, conflict is pronounced CON-flict; as a verb, it is con-FLICT.
clash[/klÃĻĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇ
Alt: āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§
Example: The clash between the groups caused fear among the people.
Syn: fight, collisionAnt: harmony, agreement
đĄ Exam tip: Clash is matched with 'fight' in the vocabulary exercise.
violent[/ËvaÉĒÉlÉnt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¸
Alt: āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: The conflict sometimes leads to violent incidents.
Syn: aggressive, brutalAnt: peaceful, gentle
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is violence and the adverb form is violently.
incident[/ËÉĒnsÉĒdÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž
Example: The soldiers prevent violent incidents in the area.
Syn: event, occurrenceAnt: non-event, stability
đĄ Exam tip: Incident usually refers to a particular event, often an unusual or unpleasant one.
suffer[/ËsĘfÉ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: Many people suffer because of conflict.
Syn: endure, experienceAnt: enjoy, prosper
đĄ Exam tip: Use 'suffer from' before a disease or problem.
4. Education and Achievement (8 words)
schooling[/ËskuËlÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ˛
Example: Ashar completed his schooling in Denmark.
Syn: education, instructionAnt: ignorance, illiteracy
đĄ Exam tip: Schooling means education received at school, not a school building.
higher[/ËhaÉĒÉ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Example: Ashar went to the United States for higher studies.
Syn: advanced, superiorAnt: lower, elementary
đĄ Exam tip: Higher studies means education at a college or university level.
enrol[/ÉĒnËrÉĘl/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: He enrolled in a university in the United States.
Syn: register, admitAnt: withdraw, expel
đĄ Exam tip: Enrol is British spelling; enroll is American spelling.
university[/ËjuËnÉĒËvÉËsÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨
Example: Ashar studied at a university in the US.
Syn: institution, collegeAnt: school, primary academy
đĄ Exam tip: Use 'at university' in British English and 'at a university' when referring to one institution.
bachelor's[/ËbÃĻtĘÉlÉz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ
Example: Ashar completed his bachelor's degree in the US.
Syn: undergraduate degree, first degreeAnt: master's degree, doctorate
đĄ Exam tip: The apostrophe is important in bachelor's degree.
master's[/ËmÉËstÉz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ
Example: He completed both his bachelor's and master's degrees.
Syn: postgraduate degree, advanced degreeAnt: school certificate, bachelor's degree
đĄ Exam tip: Master's degree is a university degree taken after a bachelor's degree.
graduation[/ËÉĄrÃĻdĘuËeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨
Example: His graduation marked the end of his university studies.
Syn: completion, commencementAnt: admission, enrolment
đĄ Exam tip: Graduation is matched with 'university degree' in the textbook activity.
challenging[/ËtĘÃĻlÉĒndĘÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ
Example: Learning several languages can be challenging.
Syn: difficult, demandingAnt: easy, simple
đĄ Exam tip: Challenging is matched with 'difficult' in the vocabulary exercise.
5. Personality and Human Relationships (8 words)
incredible[/ÉĒnËkredÉbÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
Example: The people of Congo are incredible.
Syn: amazing, extraordinaryAnt: ordinary, believable
đĄ Exam tip: Incredible can mean either unbelievable or extremely impressive.
interesting[/ËÉĒntrÉstÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: Uncle Reza tells Sohan about an interesting young man.
Syn: fascinating, engagingAnt: boring, dull
đĄ Exam tip: Use interesting for something that causes interest; interested for a person who feels it.
fellow[/ËfelÉĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§
Example: Ashar is a nice fellow.
Syn: man, personAnt: stranger, opponent
đĄ Exam tip: Fellow is an informal word for a man or person.
friend[/frend/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§
Alt: āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§
Example: Ashar has become a good friend of Uncle Reza.
Syn: companion, mateAnt: enemy, opponent
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective form is friendly and the noun form for friendship is friendship.
impressed[/ÉĒmËprest/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Uncle Reza is impressed by Ashar's travels.
Syn: amazed, admiringAnt: unimpressed, disappointed
đĄ Exam tip: Say 'be impressed by' or 'be impressed with' something.
language[/ËlÃĻÅÉĄwÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Ashar learns about the languages of different people.
Syn: speech, tongueAnt: silence, mute expression
đĄ Exam tip: Language is countable when referring to a particular language, such as English or Bangla.
culture[/ËkĘltĘÉ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž
Example: Travelling helps us learn about other cultures.
Syn: tradition, customAnt: barbarism, ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: Cultural is the adjective form of culture.
aspiration[/ËÃĻspÉËreÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻļāĻž
Example: We should respect the thoughts and aspirations of others.
Syn: ambition, hopeAnt: apathy, indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Aspiration usually refers to a strong desire to achieve something.
6. Natural Resources and Human Needs (8 words)
natural[/ËnÃĻtĘÉrÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ
Example: Congo is rich in natural resources.
Syn: environmental, originalAnt: artificial, man-made
đĄ Exam tip: Natural resources are useful materials provided by nature.
resource[/rÉĒËsÉËs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨
Example: The country is rich in natural resources.
Syn: wealth, assetAnt: shortage, deficiency
đĄ Exam tip: Resources is often used in the plural when referring to natural wealth.
food[/fuËd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨
Example: The peacekeepers distribute food to the affected people.
Syn: nourishment, provisionsAnt: starvation, hunger
đĄ Exam tip: Food is generally an uncountable noun; use 'a piece of food' for one portion.
water[/ËwÉËtÉ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛
Example: Clean water is essential for every community.
Syn: fluid, H2OAnt: dryness, dehydration
đĄ Exam tip: Water is usually uncountable, so say 'some water', not 'some waters'.
house[/haĘs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Example: The volunteers sometimes build houses for poor families.
Syn: home, dwellingAnt: homelessness, outdoors
đĄ Exam tip: House means a building; home emphasizes the place where someone lives.
community[/kÉËmjuËnÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§
Example: Ashar takes care of children's education in a community school.
Syn: society, neighbourhoodAnt: isolation, separation
đĄ Exam tip: Community can mean both a group of people and the area where they live.
education[/ËedjĘËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: Ashar is responsible for children's education.
Syn: learning, instructionAnt: ignorance, illiteracy
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is educate, the adjective is educational, and the person is an educator.
care[/keÉ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Ashar takes care of children's education.
Syn: look after, protectAnt: neglect, ignore
đĄ Exam tip: Take care of means look after; do not confuse it with care about, which means feel concern for.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ In a matching question, remember: challenging = difficult, maintain = keep up, graduation = university degree, and clash = fight.
âĸ For comprehension answers, write complete sentences based on the passage.
âĸ Congo is in central Africa; this is an important factual answer from the lesson.
âĸ Ashar was called Mr Global Citizen because he was born in Indonesia, studied in several countries, travelled widely and worked with people from different nations.
âĸ Use 'be rich in' before resources, for example: Congo is rich in natural resources.
âĸ Use 'result in' to mean cause, for example: Conflict often results in violent incidents.
âĸ Use 'enrol in' when describing admission to a school or university.
âĸ Use 'take care of' as a phrasal verb meaning look after.
âĸ A global citizen respects different languages, cultures, thoughts and aspirations.
âĸ In gap filling, check both the meaning of the passage and the grammatical form of the missing word.
âĸ Learn the difference between global, worldwide and international; all relate to the whole world but fit different sentence structures.
âĸ For paragraph writing, mention communication technology, the Internet, television and electronic media as causes of the global village.