Chapter: Our wage earners
đ Vocabulary
ENGLISH FOR TODAY Class Six
â Most Important Exam Words
wage earnerskilled workereconomydemandabroadforeignhardworkingodd joblanguage skillsecure a jobpay and benefitssupport a familycontribute to developmenttouristmuseummummyPyramidsexcitingcancouldmayshouldmustmustn't
đ Word Formation Rules
âē skill + ed = skilled: āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇ
âē work + er = worker: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âē employ + er = employer: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž
âē employ + ee = employee: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
âē develop + ment = development: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨
âē train + ing = training: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
âē qualify + cation = qualification: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž
âē foreign + er = foreigner: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âē visit + or = visitor: āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§
âē hard + working = hardworking: āĻāĻ ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽā§
1. Workers and Employment (8 words)
wage earner[/weÉĒdĘ ËÉËrnÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: Many wage earners go abroad to support their families.
Syn: worker, employeeAnt: employer
đĄ Exam tip: Wage earner means a person who earns money by working for wages.
worker[/ËwÉËrkÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ; āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Bangladeshi workers are known to be hardworking.
Syn: employee, labourerAnt: employer
đĄ Exam tip: Use worker for a person who does a job.
skilled[/skÉĒld/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Example: Skilled workers usually get better jobs.
Syn: expert, trainedAnt: unskilled
đĄ Exam tip: Skilled is the adjective form of skill.
job[/dĘÉb/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋ; āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: He found a good job in a foreign country.
Syn: work, occupationAnt: unemployment
đĄ Exam tip: Job is countable: a job, many jobs.
employment[/ÉĒmËplÉÉĒmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋ; āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Foreign employment helps many families.
Syn: work, occupationAnt: unemployment
đĄ Exam tip: Employment is the noun form of employ.
employer[/ÉĒmËplÉÉĒÉr/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: An employer should pay workers fairly.
Syn: boss, managerAnt: employee
đĄ Exam tip: Employer employs workers; employee is employed by an employer.
employee[/ÉĒmËplÉÉĒiË/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§; āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻŦā§
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Every employee deserves fair treatment.
Syn: worker, staff memberAnt: employer
đĄ Exam tip: Remember the difference between employer and employee.
occupation[/ËÉkjĘËpeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻļāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: What is your father's occupation?
Syn: profession, jobAnt: unemployment
đĄ Exam tip: Occupation means the work a person does regularly.
2. Economy and Family Support (8 words)
economy[/ÉĒËkÉnÉmi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻā§āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Wage earners contribute to our economy.
Syn: financial system, commerceAnt: poverty
đĄ Exam tip: Economy is a noun; economic is its adjective form.
contribute[/kÉnËtrÉĒbjuËt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Workers contribute to the development of the country.
Syn: support, �Ant: hinder
đĄ Exam tip: Contribute to is followed by a noun or gerund.
development[/dÉĒËvelÉpmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Education is important for national development.
Syn: progress, advancementAnt: decline
đĄ Exam tip: Development is formed from develop + ment.
support[/sÉËpÉËrt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Migrant workers support their families.
Syn: help, assistAnt: oppose
đĄ Exam tip: Support can be used as both a noun and a verb.
family[/ËfÃĻmÉli/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ˛
Example: He sends money to his family every month.
Syn: household, relativesAnt: stranger
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form is families, not familys.
benefit[/ËbenÉĒfÉĒt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž; āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĢāĻ˛
Example: A good job offers many benefits.
Syn: advantage, profitAnt: disadvantage
đĄ Exam tip: Benefit from means to receive advantage from something.
pay[/peÉĒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¤āĻ¨; āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Example: Skilled workers receive better pay.
Syn: wages, salaryAnt: debt
đĄ Exam tip: Pay can be a noun or a verb: receive pay, pay a worker.
deserve[/dÉĒËzÉËrv/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: Hardworking people deserve fair wages.
Syn: merit, earnAnt: be unworthy of
đĄ Exam tip: Deserve is followed by a noun or to + verb.
3. Working Abroad (8 words)
abroad[/ÉËbrÉËd/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļā§
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Many Bangladeshis go abroad for work.
Syn: overseas, in a foreign countryAnt: at home
đĄ Exam tip: Abroad is an adverb and is not usually used with a or the.
foreign[/ËfÉrÉn/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: He works in a foreign country.
Syn: overseas, internationalAnt: local
đĄ Exam tip: Foreign is an adjective; foreigners is a noun for foreign people.
country[/ËkĘntri/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ¸āĻš āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°
Example: Qatar is a country in the Middle East.
Syn: nation, stateAnt: city
đĄ Exam tip: The plural of country is countries.
demand[/dÉĒËmÉËnd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: There is a high demand for skilled workers.
Syn: need, requirementAnt: supply
đĄ Exam tip: Demand for is the correct phrase before a noun.
prefer[/prÉĒËfÉËr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Some countries prefer trained workers.
Syn: like better, chooseAnt: dislike
đĄ Exam tip: Prefer A to B, not prefer A than B.
hardworking[/ËhÉËrdËwÉËrkÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Bangladeshi workers are hardworking.
Syn: diligent, industriousAnt: lazy
đĄ Exam tip: Hardworking describes a person who works hard.
odd[/Éd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ; āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Some workers are forced to do odd jobs.
Syn: unusual, irregularAnt: usual
đĄ Exam tip: Odd jobs means small, temporary or unskilled jobs.
secure[/sÉĒËkjĘÉr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Language skills help workers secure better jobs.
Syn: obtain, getAnt: lose
đĄ Exam tip: Secure a job means obtain a job successfully.
4. Language and Skills (8 words)
language[/ËlÃĻÅÉĄwÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: English is an important international language.
Syn: speech, tongueAnt: silence
đĄ Exam tip: Language skills may include speaking, listening, reading and writing.
skill[/skÉĒl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Workers need useful skills before going abroad.
Syn: ability, talentAnt: inability
đĄ Exam tip: Skill is a noun; skilled is the adjective form.
improve[/ÉĒmËpruËv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Workers should improve their language skills.
Syn: develop, betterAnt: worsen
đĄ Exam tip: Improve is followed by an object when someone improves a skill.
communicate[/kÉËmjuËnÉĒkeÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Language helps workers communicate with others.
Syn: interact, expressAnt: conceal
đĄ Exam tip: Communicate with a person and communicate information.
required[/rÉĒËkwaÉĒÉrd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ
Example: English and Arabic are required in some jobs.
Syn: necessary, neededAnt: optional
đĄ Exam tip: Required means necessary; it is the past participle of require.
abroad[/ÉËbrÉËd/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Workers need language skills to work abroad.
Syn: overseas, outside the countryAnt: domestically
đĄ Exam tip: Use go abroad, work abroad and study abroad.
training[/ËtreÉĒnÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: Proper training can help a worker get a good job.
Syn: instruction, educationAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Training comes from train + ing.
qualification[/ËkwÉlÉĒfÉĒËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž
Example: He has the qualifications for the job.
Syn: competence, credentialAnt: incompetence
đĄ Exam tip: Qualification is formed from qualify + cation.
5. Cairo and Travel (8 words)
Cairo[/ËkaÉĒroĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻļāĻšāĻ°
Example: Dr Arman works in a hospital in Cairo.
Syn: Egyptian capital
đĄ Exam tip: Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
Egypt[/ËiËdĘÉĒpt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļ
Example: The Pyramids are in Egypt.
Syn: Arab Republic of Egypt
đĄ Exam tip: Egyptian is the adjective and noun related to Egypt.
tourist[/ËtĘÉrÉĒst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: A tourist should learn about local customs.
Syn: traveller, visitorAnt: resident
đĄ Exam tip: Tourist means a person who travels for pleasure.
visit[/ËvÉĒzÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: You should visit the Cairo Museum.
Syn: see, go toAnt: avoid
đĄ Exam tip: Visit takes a direct object: visit a museum.
museum[/mjuËziËÉm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
Example: The Cairo Museum has many ancient objects.
Syn: gallery, exhibition centre
đĄ Exam tip: Museum is a common place-related vocabulary word.
mummy[/ËmĘmi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻŽāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻš
Example: Visitors can see the mummies in the museum.
Syn: preserved body, ancient corpse
đĄ Exam tip: The plural of mummy is mummies.
Pyramid[/ËpÉĒrÉmÉĒd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻĄ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨āĻž
Example: You must visit the Pyramids in Egypt.
Syn: monument, ancient structure
đĄ Exam tip: Pyramids is usually written with a capital letter when referring to the Egyptian monuments.
exciting[/ÉĒkËsaÉĒtÉĒÅ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻāĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: The tour of Cairo sounds exciting.
Syn: thrilling, interestingAnt: boring
đĄ Exam tip: Exciting describes something; excited describes a person.
6. Modal Verbs and Tourism Expressions (8 words)
can[/kÃĻn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻž; āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: You can visit Cairo at any time.
Syn: be able to, mayAnt: cannot
đĄ Exam tip: Use the base verb after can: can visit, not can visits.
could[/kĘd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤; āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: Could you tell me about Cairo?
Syn: was able to, mightAnt: could not
đĄ Exam tip: Could is followed by the base form of a verb.
may[/meÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§; āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: You may visit Port Suez if you have time.
Syn: might, canAnt: may not
đĄ Exam tip: May expresses possibility or formal permission.
should[/ĘĘd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: You should see the mummies.
Syn: ought to, had betterAnt: should not
đĄ Exam tip: Should is followed by the base verb.
must[/mĘst/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: You must visit the Pyramids.
Syn: have to, need toAnt: must not
đĄ Exam tip: Must shows strong necessity or obligation.
mustn't[/ËmĘsÉnt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: You mustn't leave Cairo without seeing the Pyramids.
Syn: must not, be forbidden toAnt: may
đĄ Exam tip: Mustn't means prohibition, not lack of necessity.
weather[/ËweðÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The weather in Cairo is more or less the same.
Syn: climate conditions, atmosphere
đĄ Exam tip: Weather means daily atmospheric condition; climate means long-term pattern.
view[/vjuË/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯; āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻĒāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯
Example: Port Suez offers an excellent night view.
Syn: sight, sceneAnt: obscurity
đĄ Exam tip: Night view means a scene seen at night.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Wage earner means a person who earns money by working for wages.
âĸ Use demand for, contribute to, support someone and secure a job as correct word combinations.
âĸ Remember: Bangladeshis go abroad for work, but they work in a foreign country.
âĸ Use skilled as an adjective before a noun: skilled worker.
âĸ Distinguish pay, wage and salary: pay is general payment, wages are usually payment for work, and salary is regular fixed payment.
âĸ In modal sentences, use the base form of the main verb: can visit, should see, must go.
âĸ Mustn't means prohibition or not allowed; it does not mean that something is unnecessary.
âĸ Use prefer A to B, for example, prefer skilled workers to unskilled workers.
âĸ For comprehension questions, mention language skills, better jobs, better pay, family support and contribution to the economy.
âĸ In dialogue writing, use polite questions such as Can you tell me...? and Could you tell me...?