English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Climate Change - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Climate Change

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

climate changeriver erosionenvironmental pollutionair pollutionwater pollutionsoil pollutiongreenhouse effectgreenhouse gasesfossil fuelscarbon dioxidedeforestationnatural calamityrenewable energysustainable developmentwaste disposalsoil fertilitynatural resourcesprompt actionpublic awarenessrecycling

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Use the suffix -tion to form nouns: pollute → pollution, combust → combustion, deforest → deforestation.

► Use the suffix -ment to form nouns: environ → environment, develop → development.

► Use the suffix -ity to form nouns: fertile → fertility, able → ability.

► Use the suffix -ous to form adjectives: danger → dangerous, hazard → hazardous.

► Use the prefix un- to make opposites: seasonal → unseasonal, planned → unplanned.

► Use the suffix -less to form adjectives meaning without: home → homeless, harm → harmless.

► Use the prefix re- to show repetition: use → reuse, cycle → recycle, forest → reforest.

► Use -able to form adjectives meaning capable of being: sustain → sustainable, dispose → disposable.

1. River Erosion and Human Suffering (8 words)

erosion[/ɪˈrəʊʒən/]nounmedium

Meaning: ভাঙন

Alt: মাটি বা নদীর তীর ক্ষয়

Example: River erosion makes many people homeless every year.

Syn: wearing awayAnt: deposition

💡 Exam tip: Use river erosion as a cause of homelessness.

arable[/ˈærəbəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: চাষযোগ্য

Alt: কৃষিকাজের উপযোগী

Example: The farmer lost his arable land to the river.

Syn: cultivableAnt: barren

💡 Exam tip: Arable land means land suitable for farming.

devour[/dɪˈvaʊə(r)/]verbhard

Meaning: গ্রাস করা

Alt: সম্পূর্ণ ধ্বংস করে ফেলা

Example: The river devoured the villagers’ houses.

Syn: consumeAnt: preserve

💡 Exam tip: Devour is used figuratively for a river destroying land.

shelter[/ˈʃeltə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: আশ্রয়

Alt: নিরাপদ থাকার স্থান

Example: The family lost its only shelter during the flood.

Syn: refugeAnt: exposure

💡 Exam tip: Shelter can be both a noun and a verb.

slum[/slʌm/]nouneasy

Meaning: বস্তি

Alt: অস্বাস্থ্যকর দরিদ্র বসতি

Example: Meherjan lives in a slum near the embankment.

Syn: shanty townAnt: residential area

💡 Exam tip: Slum dweller means a person living in a slum.

poverty[/ˈpɒvəti/]nouneasy

Meaning: দারিদ্র্য

Alt: অভাবের অবস্থা

Example: Poverty brought hunger and disease to the family.

Syn: destitutionAnt: wealth

💡 Exam tip: The adjective form is poor.

homeless[/ˈhəʊmləs/]adjeasy

Meaning: গৃহহীন

Alt: যার থাকার ঘর নেই

Example: Thousands of people become homeless because of erosion.

Syn: shelterlessAnt: housed

💡 Exam tip: Homeless is formed from home plus -less.

victim[/ˈvɪktɪm/]nouneasy

Meaning: শিকার

Alt: দুর্যোগ বা অপরাধে ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত ব্যক্তি

Example: People living near rivers are often victims of erosion.

Syn: suffererAnt: beneficiary

💡 Exam tip: Use victim of, not victim from.

2. Environmental Pollution (8 words)

pollution[/pəˈluːʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: দূষণ

Alt: পরিবেশের ক্ষতিকর পরিবর্তন

Example: Pollution is a serious problem in urban areas.

Syn: contaminationAnt: purity

💡 Exam tip: Common forms are air, water and soil pollution.

industrialisation[/ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: শিল্পায়ন

Alt: শিল্পকারখানা স্থাপনের প্রক্রিয়া

Example: Rapid industrialisation has created environmental problems.

Syn: industrial developmentAnt: deindustrialisation

💡 Exam tip: The American spelling is industrialization.

exhaust[/ɪɡˈzɔːst/]nounmedium

Meaning: ধোঁয়া বা গ্যাস নির্গমন

Alt: ইঞ্জিনের বর্জ্য গ্যাস

Example: Vehicle exhaust pollutes the air.

Syn: emissionAnt: intake

💡 Exam tip: Exhaust can also be a verb meaning নিঃশেষ করা.

hazardous[/ˈhæzədəs/]adjmedium

Meaning: বিপজ্জনক

Alt: ক্ষতির সম্ভাবনাযুক্ত

Example: Hazardous industries should be relocated away from towns.

Syn: dangerousAnt: safe

💡 Exam tip: Hazardous is followed by to when showing danger.

disposal[/dɪˈspəʊzəl/]nounmedium

Meaning: নিষ্পত্তি

Alt: বর্জ্য ফেলে দেওয়ার ব্যবস্থা

Example: Improper waste disposal causes water pollution.

Syn: discardingAnt: retention

💡 Exam tip: The phrase waste disposal is common in exams.

toxic[/ˈtɒksɪk/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিষাক্ত

Alt: জীবের জন্য ক্ষতিকর

Example: Toxic substances must not be thrown into rivers.

Syn: poisonousAnt: harmless

💡 Exam tip: Toxic substance means বিষাক্ত পদার্থ.

sediment[/ˈsedɪmənt/]nounhard

Meaning: পলিমাটি

Alt: জলে জমা মাটির কণা

Example: Increased sediment can pollute water sources.

Syn: depositAnt: removal

💡 Exam tip: Sediment is often associated with soil erosion.

fertility[/fəˈtɪləti/]nounmedium

Meaning: উর্বরতা

Alt: ফসল উৎপাদনের ক্ষমতা

Example: Deforestation causes the loss of soil fertility.

Syn: productivenessAnt: infertility

💡 Exam tip: Fertile is the adjective form.

3. Climate Change and Greenhouse Effect (8 words)

climate[/ˈklaɪmət/]nouneasy

Meaning: জলবায়ু

Alt: দীর্ঘ সময়ের আবহাওয়ার ধরন

Example: Climate change affects people and nature.

Syn: weather patternAnt: —

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse climate with weather.

greenhouse gas[/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs/]nounmedium

Meaning: গ্রিনহাউস গ্যাস

Alt: তাপ আটকে রাখা বায়ুমণ্ডলীয় গ্যাস

Example: Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas.

Syn: heat-trapping gasAnt: —

💡 Exam tip: Use greenhouse gases in plural for several gases.

atmosphere[/ˈætməsfɪə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: বায়ুমণ্ডল

Alt: পৃথিবীকে ঘিরে থাকা গ্যাসের স্তর

Example: Carbon dioxide is increasing in the atmosphere.

Syn: air layerAnt: —

💡 Exam tip: Atmospheric is the adjective form.

carbon dioxide[/ˌkɑːbən daɪˈɒksaɪd/]nouneasy

Meaning: কার্বন ডাই-অক্সাইড

Alt: এক ধরনের গ্রিনহাউস গ্যাস

Example: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

Syn: CO2Ant: —

💡 Exam tip: Write carbon dioxide with a space between the two words.

fossil fuel[/ˈfɒsəl fjuːəl/]nounmedium

Meaning: জীবাশ্ম জ্বালানি

Alt: কয়লা, তেল ও প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস

Example: The burning of fossil fuels increases global warming.

Syn: non-renewable fuelAnt: renewable energy

💡 Exam tip: Coal, mineral oil and natural gas are fossil fuels.

combustion[/kəmˈbʌstʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: দহন

Alt: পোড়ার রাসায়নিক প্রক্রিয়া

Example: Combustion of coal produces carbon dioxide.

Syn: burningAnt: extinguishment

💡 Exam tip: Combustion of coal means coal burning.

deforestation[/diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বন উজাড়

Alt: গাছপালা কেটে ফেলা

Example: Deforestation strengthens the greenhouse effect.

Syn: forest clearanceAnt: afforestation

💡 Exam tip: The opposite of deforestation is afforestation.

photosynthesis[/ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/]nounhard

Meaning: সালোকসংশ্লেষণ

Alt: আলো ব্যবহার করে উদ্ভিদের খাদ্য তৈরির প্রক্রিয়া

Example: Photosynthesis helps trees absorb carbon dioxide.

Syn: plant food-makingAnt: —

💡 Exam tip: Plants use light energy and release oxygen during photosynthesis.

4. Natural Calamities and Weather (8 words)

calamity[/kəˈlæməti/]nounmedium

Meaning: দুর্যোগ

Alt: বড় ধরনের বিপর্যয়

Example: The cyclone was a terrible natural calamity.

Syn: disasterAnt: blessing

💡 Exam tip: Natural calamity is a useful phrase for reports.

squall[/skwɔːl/]nounhard

Meaning: ঝোড়ো দমকা হাওয়া

Alt: হঠাৎ প্রবল বাতাস ও বৃষ্টি

Example: Sudden squalls of rain disrupted the journey.

Syn: gustAnt: calm

💡 Exam tip: Squall is often used with of rain.

hailstorm[/ˈheɪlstɔːm/]nounmedium

Meaning: শিলাবৃষ্টি

Alt: বরফের দানা সহ ঝড়

Example: A hailstorm struck Delhi in March.

Syn: ice stormAnt: clear weather

💡 Exam tip: Hail means শিলা; hailstorm means শিলাঝড়.

cyclone[/ˈsaɪkləʊn/]nouneasy

Meaning: ঘূর্ণিঝড়

Alt: ঘূর্ণায়মান প্রবল ঝড়

Example: The cyclone damaged houses and roads.

Syn: tropical stormAnt: stillness

💡 Exam tip: Mention strong winds, heavy rain and damage in a cyclone report.

devastation[/ˌdevəˈsteɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: ধ্বংসযজ্ঞ

Alt: ব্যাপক ধ্বংসের অবস্থা

Example: The storm left a scene of devastation.

Syn: destructionAnt: reconstruction

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is devastating.

debris[/ˈdebriː/]nounhard

Meaning: ধ্বংসাবশেষ

Alt: ভাঙা জিনিসের ছড়ানো অংশ

Example: The broken glass became dangerous debris.

Syn: wreckageAnt: structure

💡 Exam tip: Debris is usually treated as an uncountable noun.

unseasonal[/ʌnˈsiːzənəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: অসময়োচিত

Alt: ঋতুর স্বাভাবিক সময়ের বাইরে

Example: The unseasonal rain surprised everyone.

Syn: untimelyAnt: seasonal

💡 Exam tip: Un- makes the adjective negative.

shelter[/ˈʃeltə(r)/]verbeasy

Meaning: আশ্রয় নেওয়া

Alt: বিপদ থেকে নিজেকে রক্ষা করা

Example: People sheltered under the balcony during the storm.

Syn: protectAnt: expose

💡 Exam tip: Shelter can be followed by under or from.

5. Environmental Protection and Recycling (8 words)

reduce[/rɪˈdjuːs/]verbeasy

Meaning: কমানো

Alt: পরিমাণ কমিয়ে আনা

Example: We should reduce the use of plastic bags.

Syn: decreaseAnt: increase

💡 Exam tip: Reduce means use less, not use again.

reuse[/ˌriːˈjuːz/]verbeasy

Meaning: পুনর্ব্যবহার করা

Alt: আবার ব্যবহার করা

Example: We can reuse a ceramic cup every day.

Syn: use againAnt: discard

💡 Exam tip: Reuse means using an item again without major processing.

recycle[/ˌriːˈsaɪkəl/]verbeasy

Meaning: পুনঃপ্রক্রিয়াজাত করা

Alt: পুরোনো বস্তু থেকে নতুন বস্তু তৈরি করা

Example: Factories recycle old cans into new ones.

Syn: reprocessAnt: waste

💡 Exam tip: Remember the three Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle.

sustainable[/səˈsteɪnəbəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: টেকসই

Alt: দীর্ঘমেয়াদে পরিবেশের ক্ষতি না করে চলতে পারে এমন

Example: We should choose sustainable products.

Syn: eco-friendlyAnt: unsustainable

💡 Exam tip: Sustainable development is a common exam phrase.

durable[/ˈdjʊərəbəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: টেকসই

Alt: দীর্ঘস্থায়ী

Example: Buy durable goods instead of disposable ones.

Syn: long-lastingAnt: fragile

💡 Exam tip: Durable products reduce waste.

disposable[/dɪˈspəʊzəbəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: একবার ব্যবহারযোগ্য

Alt: ব্যবহারের পর ফেলে দেওয়া হয় এমন

Example: Disposable plastic cups create unnecessary waste.

Syn: throwawayAnt: reusable

💡 Exam tip: Disposable is the opposite of reusable.

landfill[/ˈlændfɪl/]nounmedium

Meaning: বর্জ্যভূমি

Alt: বর্জ্য জমা করার নির্দিষ্ট স্থান

Example: Recycling reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills.

Syn: waste dumpAnt: recycling centre

💡 Exam tip: Use landfill for a place where waste is buried.

compost[/ˈkɒmpɒst/]nounmedium

Meaning: জৈবসার

Alt: পচা জৈব বর্জ্য থেকে তৈরি সার

Example: Compost is a natural alternative to chemical fertilizer.

Syn: organic fertilizerAnt: chemical waste

💡 Exam tip: Compost can be used as both a noun and a verb.

6. Important Academic and Exam Words (8 words)

adapt[/əˈdæpt/]verbmedium

Meaning: খাপ খাওয়ানো

Alt: পরিবর্তিত পরিস্থিতির সঙ্গে মানিয়ে নেওয়া

Example: People must adapt to the effects of climate change.

Syn: adjustAnt: resist

💡 Exam tip: Adapt to is the correct prepositional form.

prompt[/prɒmpt/]adjeasy

Meaning: দ্রুত

Alt: তাৎক্ষণিক ও সময়োপযোগী

Example: Prompt action can save many lives.

Syn: immediateAnt: delayed

💡 Exam tip: Prompt action means দ্রুত পদক্ষেপ.

significant[/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

Alt: উল্লেখযোগ্য

Example: Pollution has caused significant environmental problems.

Syn: importantAnt: insignificant

💡 Exam tip: Significantly is the adverb form.

enormous[/ɪˈnɔːməs/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিশাল

Alt: অত্যন্ত বড়

Example: An enormous volume of industrial waste is produced daily.

Syn: hugeAnt: tiny

💡 Exam tip: Use enormous before a singular countable or uncountable noun.

adverse[/ˈædvɜːs/]adjhard

Meaning: ক্ষতিকর

Alt: প্রতিকূল বা নেতিবাচক

Example: People should know the adverse effects of deforestation.

Syn: harmfulAnt: favourable

💡 Exam tip: Adverse effect is a frequent collocation.

conserve[/kənˈsɜːv/]verbmedium

Meaning: সংরক্ষণ করা

Alt: অপচয় রোধ করে রক্ষা করা

Example: We must conserve natural resources.

Syn: preserveAnt: waste

💡 Exam tip: Conservation is the noun form.

generate[/ˈdʒenəreɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: উৎপন্ন করা

Alt: তৈরি বা সৃষ্টি করা

Example: Factories generate greenhouse gases.

Syn: produceAnt: 消耗

💡 Exam tip: Generate electricity and generate pollution are common combinations.

mitigate[/ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/]verbhard

Meaning: লাঘব করা

Alt: ক্ষতি বা তীব্রতা কমানো

Example: Planting trees can mitigate the effects of climate change.

Syn: alleviateAnt: aggravate

💡 Exam tip: Mitigate is a useful advanced synonym of reduce.

💡 Exam Tips

• Learn vocabulary in phrases, such as river erosion, air pollution, fossil fuels and prompt action.

• For synonym questions, identify the meaning from the context rather than memorising only one translation.

• Remember the three Rs of environmental protection: reduce, reuse and recycle.

• Use cause-and-effect connectors in writing: because, therefore, as a result, consequently and thus.

• In a paragraph on deforestation, mention loss of trees, increased carbon dioxide, the greenhouse effect and soil erosion.

• For a natural calamity report, include the date, place, cause, damage, casualties and relief activities.

• Distinguish weather from climate: weather is short-term atmospheric condition, while climate is the long-term pattern.

• Use modal verbs for suggestions: should, must, can, may and ought to.

• In gap-filling questions, check grammar as well as meaning before selecting a word.

• Revise noun, verb and adjective forms together, such as pollute–pollution–polluted and conserve–conservation–conservative.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Climate Change - Vocabulary

Chapter: Climate Change

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