English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Sense of Self - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Sense of Self

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

identityrelationshipresponsibilitystubbornnesscomplaintconsequencefascinatedinter-relatedannounceassuresuppressforlorncaptivitypardonmotionlessbazaarcockerelcockfightingboat racinghurricane lampchowkidarlaundryclotheslinebare-headfrittersoakbullyobedientdisciplineinstructionprotecttraditioncustomsuperstitionindependenceshriekspuffysighgriefaffectionlonelyemptykingly

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix -ness to an adjective to form an abstract noun: stubborn + ness = stubbornness; lonely + ness = loneliness.

► Add the suffix -ity to an adjective to form a noun: responsible + ity = responsibility; independent + ence = independence.

► Add the prefix inter- to express a relationship between things: inter + related = inter-related.

► Add the suffix -less to a noun to mean without: motion + less = motionless.

► Add the suffix -ly to a noun to form an adjective meaning like or resembling: king + ly = kingly.

► Add the prefix un- to form the opposite of some adjectives: happy = unhappy; protected = unprotected.

► Add the suffix -ful to a noun to form an adjective meaning full of: care + ful = careful; hope + ful = hopeful.

► Use a compound noun by combining two words: cock + fighting = cockfighting; clothes + line = clothesline; boat + racing = boat racing.

► Use -ed adjectives for a person’s feeling or affected condition: fascinate + ed = fascinated; depress + ed = depressed.

► Use -ing adjectives for the thing or situation that causes a feeling: fascinate + ing = fascinating; interest + ing = interesting.

1. Mr. Moti: People, Family and Identity (8 words)

identity[/aɪˈdentəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিচয়

Alt: স্বাতন্ত্র্য বা নিজস্ব সত্তা

Example: The story explores the identity of people from different social classes.

Syn: character, individualityAnt: anonymity

💡 Exam tip: Identity is commonly used with personal, cultural and social.

relationship[/rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/]nouneasy

Meaning: সম্পর্ক

Alt: দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর পারস্পরিক সংযোগ

Example: The story shows the close relationship between Ameen and his mother.

Syn: connection, bondAnt: separation

💡 Exam tip: Use relationship between two people or relationship with nature.

responsibility[/rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/]nounmedium

Meaning: দায়িত্ব

Alt: কোনো কাজ বা কর্তব্যের জবাবদিহি

Example: Every citizen has a responsibility towards society.

Syn: duty, obligationAnt: irresponsibility

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is responsible and the adverb is responsibly.

stubbornness[/ˈstʌbənnəs/]nounhard

Meaning: একগুঁয়েমি

Alt: নিজের মত পরিবর্তন না করার প্রবণতা

Example: Ameen inherited his father’s stubbornness.

Syn: obstinacy, persistenceAnt: flexibility, obedience

💡 Exam tip: Stubbornness is usually a negative quality, but persistence can be positive.

complaint[/kəmˈpleɪnt/]nouneasy

Meaning: অভিযোগ

Alt: অসন্তোষ প্রকাশের বক্তব্য

Example: The neighbours often came with complaints about Ameen.

Syn: grievance, protestAnt: praise

💡 Exam tip: Complain is the verb; complaint is the noun.

consequence[/ˈkɒnsɪkwens/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিণতি

Alt: কোনো কাজের ফলাফল

Example: Every action has a consequence.

Syn: result, outcomeAnt: cause

💡 Exam tip: Use consequence of an action or consequence for a person.

fascinated[/ˈfæsɪneɪtɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: মুগ্ধ বা আকৃষ্ট

Alt: কোনো কিছুর প্রতি অত্যন্ত আগ্রহী

Example: Ameen was fascinated with bullfighting and boat racing.

Syn: interested, captivatedAnt: bored, indifferent

💡 Exam tip: Fascinated is followed by by or with.

inter-related[/ˌɪntərɪˈleɪtɪd/]adjhard

Meaning: পরস্পর সম্পর্কিত

Alt: একে অপরের সঙ্গে যুক্ত

Example: Humans and animals are inter-related in the natural world.

Syn: connected, linkedAnt: unrelated, separate

💡 Exam tip: The noun is interrelationship; do not confuse it with unrelated.

2. Mr. Moti: Actions and Conditions (8 words)

announce[/əˈnaʊns/]verbeasy

Meaning: ঘোষণা করা

Alt: কোনো খবর আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে জানানো

Example: Ameen announces that he will go to war.

Syn: declare, proclaimAnt: conceal, withhold

💡 Exam tip: Announcement is the noun form of announce.

assure[/əˈʃʊə/]verbmedium

Meaning: আশ্বস্ত করা

Alt: কাউকে নিশ্চিত করে বলা

Example: Ameen assures his mother that he will return soon.

Syn: reassure, convinceAnt: alarm, frighten

💡 Exam tip: Assure someone of something; ensure something; insure property.

suppress[/səˈpres/]verbhard

Meaning: দমন করা

Alt: অনুভূতি বা তথ্য প্রকাশ না করা

Example: Sonabhan suppresses her desire to sleep beside her son.

Syn: restrain, controlAnt: express, release

💡 Exam tip: Suppression is the noun and suppressed is the past participle.

forlorn[/fəˈlɔːn/]adjhard

Meaning: বিষণ্ণ ও পরিত্যক্ত

Alt: আশাহীন বা একাকী

Example: Moti’s forlorn captivity makes Sonabhan sad.

Syn: desolate, miserableAnt: cheerful, hopeful

💡 Exam tip: Forlorn is a descriptive adjective often used in literary passages.

captivity[/kæpˈtɪvəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: বন্দিত্ব

Alt: আটক অবস্থায় থাকা

Example: The rooster suffers during its captivity.

Syn: imprisonment, confinementAnt: freedom, liberty

💡 Exam tip: Captive is the related noun or adjective; capture is the verb.

pardon[/ˈpɑːdən/]verbeasy

Meaning: ক্ষমা করা

Alt: অপরাধের জন্য শাস্তি না দেওয়া

Example: Sonabhan asks the visitor to pardon her son.

Syn: forgive, excuseAnt: blame, punish

💡 Exam tip: Pardon can also be a polite request meaning “Please repeat.”

plod[/plɒd/]verbhard

Meaning: ধীরে ও ভারী পায়ে হাঁটা

Alt: ক্লান্তভাবে এগিয়ে চলা

Example: Sonabhan plods across the empty yard.

Syn: trudge, stompAnt: run, rush

💡 Exam tip: Plod is a strong literary verb for slow, tiring movement.

motionless[/ˈməʊʃənləs/]adjmedium

Meaning: নিশ্চল

Alt: নড়াচড়াহীন

Example: Sonabhan sits motionless with Moti’s basket in her lap.

Syn: still, immobileAnt: moving, active

💡 Exam tip: The suffix -less means without; motionless means without movement.

3. Culture and Rural Life (8 words)

bazaar[/bəˈzɑː/]nouneasy

Meaning: বাজার

Alt: বিশেষত খোলা বা স্থানীয় বাজার

Example: Ameen carries eggs and vegetables to the bazaar.

Syn: market, marketplace

💡 Exam tip: Bazaar is a culturally important word connected with South Asian life.

cockerel[/ˈkɒkərəl/]nounmedium

Meaning: মোরগ

Alt: অল্পবয়স্ক পুরুষ মুরগি

Example: Ameen lifts his twelve-week-old cockerel, Moti.

Syn: rooster, cock

💡 Exam tip: Cockerel usually refers to a young rooster; hen refers to an adult female chicken.

cockfighting[/ˈkɒkfaɪtɪŋ/]nounmedium

Meaning: মোরগ লড়াই

Alt: মোরগদের মধ্যে লড়াই করানোর খেলা

Example: Ameen is fascinated by cockfighting.

Syn: cock combat, rooster fighting

💡 Exam tip: This compound noun is formed from cock plus fighting.

bullfighting[/ˈbʊlfaɪtɪŋ/]nounmedium

Meaning: ষাঁড়ের লড়াই

Alt: ষাঁড়ের সঙ্গে মানুষের লড়াইয়ের খেলা

Example: His father was fond of bullfighting.

Syn: bull combat

💡 Exam tip: Use the spelling bullfighting as one word in exams.

boat racing[/bəʊt ˈreɪsɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: নৌকাবাইচ

Alt: নৌকার গতির প্রতিযোগিতা

Example: Boat racing is a popular rural tradition in Bangladesh.

Syn: boat competition, rowing race

💡 Exam tip: Boat racing is a cultural activity frequently discussed in Bangladesh-related passages.

areca nut[/ˈærɪkə nʌt/]nounmedium

Meaning: সুপারি

Alt: পানের সঙ্গে খাওয়া এক ধরনের বাদাম

Example: Ameen takes a sheaf of areca nuts to the market.

Syn: betel nut

💡 Exam tip: Areca nut and betel nut are common synonyms in vocabulary questions.

hurricane lamp[/ˈhʌrɪkən læmp/]nouneasy

Meaning: হারিকেন বাতি

Alt: সুরক্ষিত কেরোসিনের বাতি

Example: Sonabhan carries a hurricane lamp into Ameen’s room.

Syn: lantern, oil lamp

💡 Exam tip: It is a compound noun and an important cultural term from rural Bangladesh.

chowkidar[/tʃaʊkɪˈdɑːr/]nounmedium

Meaning: চৌকিদার বা প্রহরী

Alt: পাহারাদার

Example: The old chowkidar’s wife warns Sonabhan about the rooster.

Syn: guard, watchman

💡 Exam tip: Chowkidar is a loanword used in South Asian English.

4. Girl: Advice and Household Activities (8 words)

laundry[/ˈlɔːndri/]nouneasy

Meaning: কাপড় ধোয়ার কাজ

Alt: ধোয়ার জন্য থাকা কাপড়

Example: The girl is instructed to wash the laundry carefully.

Syn: washing, clothes

💡 Exam tip: Laundry is generally an uncountable noun; say a piece of clothing, not a laundry.

clothesline[/ˈkləʊðzlaɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: কাপড় শুকানোর দড়ি

Alt: কাপড় মেলার দড়ি

Example: Put the clean clothes on the clothesline to dry.

Syn: washing line, line

💡 Exam tip: Clothesline is a compound noun formed from clothes and line.

bare-head[/ˌbeə ˈhed/]adjmedium

Meaning: মাথা অনাবৃত

Alt: মাথায় কোনো আবরণ না থাকা

Example: The mother tells the girl not to walk bare-head in the sun.

Syn: uncovered, unprotectedAnt: covered, protected

💡 Exam tip: Bare-headed is also commonly used as an adjective.

fritter[/ˈfrɪtə/]nounmedium

Meaning: পুর বা মিশ্রণ ময়দায় ভেজে তৈরি খাবার

Alt: তেলে ভাজা ছোট খাবার

Example: The mother teaches her daughter how to cook pumpkin fritters.

Syn: fried cake, pancake

💡 Exam tip: Pumpkin fritter is a food-related compound expression.

soak[/səʊk/]verbeasy

Meaning: ভিজিয়ে রাখা

Alt: তরলে ডুবিয়ে নরম করা

Example: Soak the clothes immediately after taking them off.

Syn: immerse, steepAnt: dry

💡 Exam tip: Soak can be transitive or intransitive: soak the clothes; the clothes soaked.

cotton[/ˈkɒtn/]nouneasy

Meaning: তুলা বা সুতির কাপড়

Alt: তুলাগাছের আঁশ

Example: Choose good cotton to make a rice blouse.

Syn: fabric, cloth

💡 Exam tip: Cotton may refer to the plant, fibre or fabric depending on context.

blouse[/blaʊz/]nouneasy

Meaning: ব্লাউজ

Alt: নারীদের পরিধেয় উপরের পোশাক

Example: She wants to make a rice blouse from cotton.

Syn: top, shirt

💡 Exam tip: Blouse is a countable noun: a blouse, two blouses.

bully[/ˈbʊli/]verbmedium

Meaning: ভয় দেখানো বা অত্যাচার করা

Alt: দুর্বল কাউকে জোর করে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা

Example: The lesson explains how one person may bully another.

Syn: intimidate, harassAnt: encourage, protect

💡 Exam tip: Bully can be a noun, verb or adjective; bullying is the related gerund.

5. Girl: Social Behaviour and Values (8 words)

obedient[/əˈbiːdiənt/]adjeasy

Meaning: বাধ্য বা অনুগত

Alt: নির্দেশ মেনে চলে এমন

Example: The mother expects her daughter to be obedient.

Syn: dutiful, compliantAnt: disobedient, rebellious

💡 Exam tip: The noun is obedience and the adverb is obediently.

discipline[/ˈdɪsəplɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: শৃঙ্খলা

Alt: নিয়ম মেনে চলার অভ্যাস

Example: Household instructions teach discipline and responsibility.

Syn: order, controlAnt: disorder, indiscipline

💡 Exam tip: Discipline can be both a noun and a verb.

instruction[/ɪnˈstrʌkʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: নির্দেশনা

Alt: কীভাবে কাজ করতে হবে তার পরামর্শ

Example: The girl receives many instructions from her mother.

Syn: direction, guidanceAnt: misguidance

💡 Exam tip: Instruction is countable when it means a specific direction.

protect[/prəˈtekt/]verbeasy

Meaning: রক্ষা করা

Alt: ক্ষতি বা বিপদ থেকে নিরাপদ রাখা

Example: A mother tries to protect her child from danger.

Syn: guard, defendAnt: endanger, expose

💡 Exam tip: Protection is the noun; protective is the adjective.

tradition[/trəˈdɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: ঐতিহ্য বা প্রথা

Alt: প্রজন্ম থেকে প্রজন্মে চলে আসা রীতি

Example: Some household customs are based on tradition.

Syn: custom, heritageAnt: innovation, modernity

💡 Exam tip: Tradition is often followed by of or that-clause.

custom[/ˈkʌstəm/]nouneasy

Meaning: প্রথা বা রীতি

Alt: কোনো সমাজের প্রচলিত আচরণ

Example: Every culture has its own customs.

Syn: tradition, practiceAnt: novelty

💡 Exam tip: Custom can also mean a usual practice or habit.

superstition[/ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: কুসংস্কার

Alt: অযৌক্তিক বিশ্বাস

Example: The belief that bad things will happen may be a superstition.

Syn: irrational belief, mythAnt: reason, rationality

💡 Exam tip: Superstitious is the adjective form.

independence[/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/]nounmedium

Meaning: স্বাধীনতা

Alt: অন্যের নিয়ন্ত্রণমুক্ত অবস্থা

Example: Education helps girls achieve independence.

Syn: freedom, autonomyAnt: dependence, slavery

💡 Exam tip: Independence Day is a proper noun and should be capitalized.

6. Emotions and Literary Description (8 words)

shrieks[/ʃriːks/]verbmedium

Meaning: চিৎকার করে ওঠে

Alt: ভয়ে বা বিস্ময়ে তীক্ষ্ণ শব্দ করা

Example: Sonabhan shrieks in surprise when Ameen announces his plan.

Syn: screams, criesAnt: whispers, murmurs

💡 Exam tip: Shriek is both a noun and a verb; shrieked is the past form.

puffy[/ˈpʌfi/]adjmedium

Meaning: ফোলা

Alt: কান্না বা ক্লান্তিতে ফুলে যাওয়া

Example: Ameen notices his mother’s puffy eyes.

Syn: swollen, inflatedAnt: sunken, flat

💡 Exam tip: Puffy eyes often suggest crying, tiredness or illness.

sigh[/saɪ/]verbeasy

Meaning: দীর্ঘশ্বাস ফেলা

Alt: দুঃখ বা স্বস্তিতে গভীরভাবে শ্বাস ত্যাগ করা

Example: Sonabhan sighs whenever her son causes trouble.

Syn: exhale, breathe outAnt: inhale

💡 Exam tip: Sigh is both a verb and a noun: give a sigh.

grief[/ɡriːf/]nounmedium

Meaning: শোক

Alt: প্রিয়জন হারানোর গভীর দুঃখ

Example: Sonabhan experiences deep grief after Moti’s death.

Syn: sorrow, mourningAnt: joy, happiness

💡 Exam tip: Grieve is the verb and grievous is the adjective.

affection[/əˈfekʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: স্নেহ বা ভালোবাসা

Alt: কারও প্রতি মমতাপূর্ণ অনুভূতি

Example: The mother shows great affection for her son and rooster.

Syn: love, fondnessAnt: hatred, dislike

💡 Exam tip: Affection for someone is the standard collocation.

lonely[/ˈləʊnli/]adjeasy

Meaning: একাকী

Alt: সঙ্গীহীনতার কারণে দুঃখিত

Example: Sonabhan feels lonely after losing her loved ones.

Syn: solitary, isolatedAnt: sociable, accompanied

💡 Exam tip: Lonely means unhappy because of being alone; alone is a neutral word.

empty[/ˈempti/]adjeasy

Meaning: খালি

Alt: কোনো কিছু না থাকা; শূন্য

Example: She returns to an empty yard and an empty home.

Syn: vacant, hollowAnt: full, occupied

💡 Exam tip: Empty can describe both physical spaces and emotional states.

kingly[/ˈkɪŋli/]adjhard

Meaning: রাজকীয়

Alt: রাজার মতো মর্যাদাপূর্ণ

Example: Moti’s kingly head rests against the basket.

Syn: royal, majesticAnt: ordinary, common

💡 Exam tip: Kingly is formed by adding -ly to king, but it functions as an adjective here.

💡 Exam Tips

• Learn each word with its Bengali meaning, part of speech and an example sentence.

• Distinguish commonly confused word forms: assure someone, ensure something and insure property.

• Use complaint as a noun and complain as a verb: The visitor made a complaint; he complained to Sonabhan.

• Remember the difference between alone and lonely: alone means without others, while lonely means unhappy because of being alone.

• For synonym questions, remember that consequence means result, forlorn means desolate, and motionless means still.

• For antonym questions, pair captivity with freedom, stubbornness with flexibility, and affection with hatred.

• Cultural words such as bazaar, chowkidar, areca nut and boat racing may be useful in contextual vocabulary questions.

• In sentence completion, use the correct collocation: responsibility towards society, fascinated by or with something, and affection for someone.

• Identify prefixes and suffixes in unfamiliar words to guess their meanings.

• In a paragraph or composition about identity, culture or family, use words such as relationship, tradition, responsibility, affection and independence.

• Pay attention to countable and uncountable nouns: a complaint, an instruction, but usually advice and laundry are uncountable.

• Use literary verbs such as plod, suppress and shriek carefully because they express specific actions or emotions.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Sense of Self - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Sense of Self

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