English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Media and Modes of E-communication - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Media and Modes of E-communication

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

electronicrecipientcommercialsubstitutenetworkfacilitateinteractprofilemultimediaprivacymodifydedicatedvirtualpotentialconventionalcautiousregistrationcertificationdigitiseassignmentfeedbackframeworkrevolutionarypioneering

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix -ly to an adjective to form an adverb: instant → instantly.

► Add the suffix -er to a verb to form a person noun: view → viewer; receive → receiver.

► Add the suffix -tion or -ation to a verb to form a noun: register → registration; certify → certification.

► Add the suffix -ment to a verb to form a noun: assign → assignment.

► Add the suffix -ity to an adjective to form a noun: private → privacy.

► Use the prefix in- to form a negative adjective: formal → informal.

► Use the prefix un- to form a negative adjective: conventional → unconventional.

► Add the suffix -al to a noun to form an adjective: commerce → commercial; revolution → revolutionary.

► Add the suffix -ist to a noun or subject word to form a person noun: education → educationist.

► Use the prefix multi- to indicate many: media → multimedia.

► Use the prefix tele- to indicate communication over a distance: graph → telegraph; printer → teleprinter.

► Add the suffix -ive to form an adjective related to a quality or tendency: protect → protective.

1. E-mail and Electronic Communication (8 words)

electronic[/ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: বৈদ্যুতিন; কম্পিউটার বা প্রযুক্তিনির্ভর

Alt: সম্পূর্ণভাবে ডিজিটাল পদ্ধতিতে পরিচালিত

Example: Electronic communication has made the exchange of information faster.

Syn: digitalAnt: manual

💡 Exam tip: Electronic is related to devices and digital systems; do not confuse it with electrical.

exchange[/ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/]verbeasy

Meaning: বিনিময় করা

Alt: আদান-প্রদান করা

Example: Friends exchange messages through e-mail.

Syn: interchange, swapAnt: withhold

💡 Exam tip: Exchange can be used as both a noun and a verb.

recipient[/rɪˈsɪpiənt/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রাপক

Alt: যে ব্যক্তি কোনো বার্তা বা বস্তু গ্রহণ করে

Example: The recipient received the e-mail instantly.

Syn: receiver, addresseeAnt: sender

💡 Exam tip: Recipient means receiver, while sender means the person who sends something.

sender[/ˈsendər/]nouneasy

Meaning: প্রেরক

Alt: যে ব্যক্তি কোনো বার্তা পাঠায়

Example: The sender included an attachment with the e-mail.

Syn: transmitter, originatorAnt: recipient

💡 Exam tip: Remember the pair: sender and recipient.

instantly[/ˈɪnstəntli/]adveasy

Meaning: তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে

Alt: সঙ্গে সঙ্গে

Example: E-mails can deliver messages instantly.

Syn: immediately, promptlyAnt: gradually, slowly

💡 Exam tip: Instantly is an adverb formed from instant.

commercial[/kəˈmɜːrʃəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: বাণিজ্যিক

Alt: ব্যবসা বা লাভের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত

Example: Yahoo and Gmail are commercial server agencies.

Syn: business, trade-relatedAnt: noncommercial

💡 Exam tip: Commercial server means a server operated as a business service.

deliver[/dɪˈlɪvər/]verbeasy

Meaning: পৌঁছে দেওয়া

Alt: সরবরাহ করা বা হস্তান্তর করা

Example: The server delivers the message to the recipient.

Syn: send, transportAnt: receive, withhold

💡 Exam tip: Deliver commonly takes an object: deliver a message, letter, or parcel.

powerful[/ˈpaʊərfəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: শক্তিশালী

Alt: অত্যন্ত কার্যকর বা প্রভাবশালী

Example: E-mail is a powerful communication tool.

Syn: effective, influentialAnt: weak, ineffective

💡 Exam tip: In this chapter, powerful means highly effective, not merely physically strong.

2. History and Development of E-mail (8 words)

telegraph[/ˈtelɪɡræf/]nounmedium

Meaning: টেলিগ্রাফ

Alt: দূরত্বে সংকেত বা বার্তা পাঠানোর পুরোনো যন্ত্র

Example: The telegraph was an important communication system in the nineteenth century.

Syn: signalling system

💡 Exam tip: Telegraph is associated with Morse code and long-distance communication.

congratulation[/kənˌɡrætʃəˈleɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: অভিনন্দন

Alt: সাফল্যের জন্য শুভেচ্ছা প্রকাশ

Example: IBM sent a letter of congratulation to New York.

Syn: praise, felicitationAnt: criticism

💡 Exam tip: The plural form congratulations is more common in everyday English.

substitute[/ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিকল্প

Alt: কোনো কিছুর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত বস্তু বা পদ্ধতি

Example: The radio system was considered a substitute for postal mail.

Syn: alternative, replacementAnt: original

💡 Exam tip: Substitute for is the common structure: a substitute for mail.

teleprinter[/ˈteliˌprɪntər/]nounhard

Meaning: টেলিপ্রিন্টার

Alt: দূরবর্তী স্থানে মুদ্রিত বার্তা পাঠানোর যন্ত্র

Example: Teleprinters were used in Germany during World War II.

Syn: teletypewriter

💡 Exam tip: This is a technical noun connected with early electronic messaging.

network[/ˈnetwɜːrk/]nouneasy

Meaning: নেটওয়ার্ক; সংযোগব্যবস্থা

Alt: পরস্পর সংযুক্ত কম্পিউটার বা মানুষের ব্যবস্থা

Example: E-mails operate through a network of computers.

Syn: system, webAnt: isolation

💡 Exam tip: A computer network connects devices for sharing data and services.

expand[/ɪkˈspænd/]verbeasy

Meaning: প্রসারিত হওয়া বা করা

Alt: বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া বা বিস্তৃত করা

Example: The use of electronic communication continues to expand.

Syn: enlarge, extendAnt: contract, reduce

💡 Exam tip: Expansion is the noun form of expand.

remote[/rɪˈməʊt/]adjmedium

Meaning: দূরবর্তী

Alt: কেন্দ্র বা প্রধান স্থান থেকে দূরে

Example: Users could log into the system from remote terminals.

Syn: distant, farawayAnt: near, central

💡 Exam tip: Remote terminal means a terminal located away from the central computer.

informal[/ɪnˈfɔːrməl/]adjeasy

Meaning: অনানুষ্ঠানিক

Alt: আনুষ্ঠানিকতা বা কঠোর নিয়মবিহীন

Example: They used informal methods to pass messages.

Syn: casual, unofficialAnt: formal, official

💡 Exam tip: The prefix in- makes formal negative: formal → informal.

3. Social Networking Services (8 words)

social[/ˈsəʊʃəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: সামাজিক

Alt: মানুষের পারস্পরিক সম্পর্কের সঙ্গে যুক্ত

Example: Facebook is a popular social networking service.

Syn: communal, collectiveAnt: antisocial, isolated

💡 Exam tip: Social media refers to online platforms for interaction and content sharing.

facilitate[/fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/]verbhard

Meaning: সহজতর করা

Alt: কোনো কাজ সম্পাদনে সহায়তা করা

Example: Social websites facilitate communication among people.

Syn: assist, enableAnt: hinder, obstruct

💡 Exam tip: Facilitate is followed by a noun or gerund: facilitate communication.

interact[/ˌɪntərˈækt/]verbmedium

Meaning: পারস্পরিক যোগাযোগ করা

Alt: একে অপরের সঙ্গে ক্রিয়া বা ভাব বিনিময় করা

Example: Users interact through the Internet.

Syn: communicate, associateAnt: ignore, withdraw

💡 Exam tip: The noun form is interaction and the adjective is interactive.

border[/ˈbɔːrdər/]nouneasy

Meaning: সীমান্ত

Alt: দুই দেশ বা অঞ্চলের বিভাজনরেখা

Example: Social networks connect people across national borders.

Syn: boundary, frontierAnt: interior

💡 Exam tip: Across the borders means internationally or between different countries.

profile[/ˈprəʊfaɪl/]nouneasy

Meaning: ব্যক্তিগত পরিচিতি

Alt: অনলাইন অ্যাকাউন্টে থাকা ব্যক্তিগত তথ্য

Example: A user can make a personal profile public.

Syn: biography, account

💡 Exam tip: Online profile commonly includes a name, photograph, interests, and contact details.

multimedia[/ˌmʌltiˈmiːdiə/]nounmedium

Meaning: বহুমাধ্যম

Alt: লেখা, ছবি, শব্দ ও ভিডিওর সমন্বিত উপস্থাপনা

Example: Users can upload multimedia contents on social networks.

Syn: digital mediaAnt: text-only content

💡 Exam tip: Multi- means many; multimedia uses several forms of media.

privacy[/ˈpraɪvəsi/]nounmedium

Meaning: গোপনীয়তা

Alt: ব্যক্তিগত তথ্য অন্যের হস্তক্ষেপ থেকে সুরক্ষিত থাকা

Example: Social networking sites provide privacy protection measures.

Syn: secrecy, confidentialityAnt: publicity, exposure

💡 Exam tip: Privacy is an uncountable noun: protect your privacy.

upload[/ˈʌpləʊd/]verbeasy

Meaning: অনলাইনে পাঠানো

Alt: কম্পিউটার বা ইন্টারনেটে ফাইল সংরক্ষণ করা

Example: Students upload pictures and documents to their accounts.

Syn: post, transferAnt: download

💡 Exam tip: Upload means send data to the Internet; download means receive data from it.

4. Advantages and Uses of Social Networks (8 words)

cost-free[/ˈkɒst friː/]adjeasy

Meaning: বিনামূল্যের

Alt: যার জন্য অর্থ দিতে হয় না

Example: Many social networking services are cost-free.

Syn: free, complimentaryAnt: costly, expensive

💡 Exam tip: Cost-free is a compound adjective meaning free of charge.

community[/kəˈmjuːnəti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সম্প্রদায়

Alt: একই স্থান, স্বার্থ বা পরিচয়ের মানুষের সমষ্টি

Example: A public profile can be viewed by the online community.

Syn: society, groupAnt: individual

💡 Exam tip: Online community means people connected through the Internet.

modify[/ˈmɒdɪfaɪ/]verbmedium

Meaning: পরিবর্তন করা

Alt: উন্নত বা উপযোগী করার জন্য আংশিক বদলানো

Example: Users can modify their online profiles.

Syn: alter, adjustAnt: preserve, maintain

💡 Exam tip: The noun form is modification; modify is often followed by an object.

update[/ʌpˈdeɪt/]verbeasy

Meaning: হালনাগাদ করা

Alt: নতুন তথ্য যোগ করে পরিবর্তন করা

Example: She updates her profile regularly.

Syn: revise, renewAnt: outdate, neglect

💡 Exam tip: Update can function as both a verb and a noun.

comment[/ˈkɒment/]nouneasy

Meaning: মন্তব্য

Alt: কোনো বিষয় সম্পর্কে মতামত বা বক্তব্য

Example: The post received many comments from friends.

Syn: remark, opinionAnt: silence

💡 Exam tip: Comment on is the common preposition pattern: comment on a post.

dedicated[/ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: নির্দিষ্ট কাজে নিবেদিত

Alt: কোনো বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যে বরাদ্দকৃত

Example: User profiles have a section dedicated to comments.

Syn: devoted, reservedAnt: undirected

💡 Exam tip: Dedicated to is followed by a noun or gerund.

viewer[/ˈvjuːər/]nouneasy

Meaning: দর্শক

Alt: যে ব্যক্তি কোনো বিষয় দেখে

Example: The user decides the number of viewers of a profile.

Syn: spectator, observerAnt: participant

💡 Exam tip: Viewer is formed from view by adding the suffix -er.

protect[/prəˈtekt/]verbeasy

Meaning: রক্ষা করা

Alt: ক্ষতি, বিপদ বা অনধিকার প্রবেশ থেকে নিরাপদ রাখা

Example: Strong passwords protect personal information.

Syn: defend, guardAnt: expose, endanger

💡 Exam tip: Protection is the noun form and protective is the adjective form.

5. E-learning and Virtual Education (8 words)

virtual[/ˈvɜːrtʃuəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: ভার্চুয়াল; অনলাইনভিত্তিক

Alt: বাস্তব স্থানের পরিবর্তে কম্পিউটার প্রযুক্তিতে তৈরি

Example: Students can attend classes in a virtual campus.

Syn: online, simulatedAnt: real, physical

💡 Exam tip: Virtual campus means an online educational environment, not a physical campus.

educationist[/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənɪst/]nounhard

Meaning: শিক্ষাবিদ

Alt: শিক্ষাব্যবস্থার বিশেষজ্ঞ বা গবেষক

Example: Educationists are exploring the benefits of e-learning.

Syn: educator, academic

💡 Exam tip: Educationist means an expert in education; educator usually means a teacher.

potential[/pəˈtenʃəl/]nounmedium

Meaning: সম্ভাবনা

Alt: ভবিষ্যতে উন্নতি বা সাফল্যের ক্ষমতা

Example: Social media has huge potential to support education.

Syn: possibility, capacityAnt: inability, limitation

💡 Exam tip: Potential can be used as both a noun and an adjective.

conventional[/kənˈvenʃənəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: প্রচলিত

Alt: সাধারণ বা দীর্ঘদিনের প্রতিষ্ঠিত পদ্ধতিসম্মত

Example: E-learning can assist the conventional education system.

Syn: traditional, usualAnt: unconventional, modern

💡 Exam tip: Conventional education generally refers to classroom-based education.

cautious[/ˈkɔːʃəs/]adjmedium

Meaning: সতর্ক

Alt: ঝুঁকি এড়াতে সাবধান

Example: We should be cautious about confusing online education with e-learning.

Syn: careful, alertAnt: careless, reckless

💡 Exam tip: Cautious about is a common phrase.

registration[/ˌredʒɪˈstreɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: নিবন্ধন

Alt: কোনো কোর্স বা প্রতিষ্ঠানে নাম তালিকাভুক্ত করার প্রক্রিয়া

Example: Registration for the virtual course takes place online.

Syn: enrolment, enlistmentAnt: cancellation

💡 Exam tip: The verb form is register and the adjective is registered.

certification[/ˌsɜːrtɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: সনদ প্রদান

Alt: যোগ্যতার আনুষ্ঠানিক প্রমাণ বা সনদ

Example: In e-learning, certification can be completed electronically.

Syn: qualification, credentialAnt: disqualification

💡 Exam tip: Certification is related to certificate and certify.

digitise[/ˈdɪdʒɪtaɪz/]verbhard

Meaning: ডিজিটাল রূপ দেওয়া

Alt: তথ্যকে কম্পিউটার-প্রক্রিয়াযোগ্য আকারে রূপান্তর করা

Example: The learning materials are digitised for online use.

Syn: computerise, convertAnt: print, manualise

💡 Exam tip: Digitise is British spelling; digitize is the American spelling.

6. Learning Management and Academic Development (8 words)

assignment[/əˈsaɪnmənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: দায়িত্বপ্রাপ্ত কাজ; নির্ধারিত কাজ

Alt: শিক্ষকের দেওয়া লিখিত বা ব্যবহারিক কাজ

Example: Students submit their assignments through e-mail.

Syn: task, exercise

💡 Exam tip: Submit an assignment is a common examination collocation.

attendance[/əˈtendəns/]nounmedium

Meaning: উপস্থিতি

Alt: কোনো স্থান বা অনুষ্ঠানে উপস্থিত থাকার বিষয়

Example: The LMS records students' attendance automatically.

Syn: presence, appearanceAnt: absence

💡 Exam tip: Attendance is uncountable when referring to the state of being present.

feedback[/ˈfiːdbæk/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রতিক্রিয়া বা মতামত

Alt: কাজের মান উন্নত করার জন্য দেওয়া মূল্যায়ন

Example: The teacher gives feedback on every assignment.

Syn: response, evaluation

💡 Exam tip: Feedback is usually an uncountable noun: receive feedback.

framework[/ˈfreɪmwɜːrk/]nounmedium

Meaning: কাঠামো

Alt: কোনো ব্যবস্থা বা ধারণার মৌলিক বিন্যাস

Example: Professor Khan developed a framework for e-learning.

Syn: structure, modelAnt: disorder

💡 Exam tip: Framework means an organised system of ideas or principles.

revolutionary[/ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri/]adjhard

Meaning: বৈপ্লবিক

Alt: আমূল পরিবর্তনকারী

Example: E-learning is a revolutionary concept in education.

Syn: radical, transformativeAnt: conservative, traditional

💡 Exam tip: Revolutionary describes an idea that brings major change.

prospect[/ˈprɒspekt/]nounmedium

Meaning: সম্ভাবনা বা ভবিষ্যৎ সুযোগ

Alt: ভবিষ্যতে ভালো কিছু ঘটার সম্ভাবনা

Example: The professor is enthusiastic about the prospect of e-learning in Bangladesh.

Syn: possibility, outlookAnt: impossibility

💡 Exam tip: Prospect of is followed by a noun or gerund.

pioneering[/ˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋ/]adjhard

Meaning: অগ্রগামী

Alt: নতুন পথ বা পদ্ধতির সূচনাকারী

Example: A virtual university would be a pioneering step for Bangladesh.

Syn: innovative, groundbreakingAnt: imitative, traditional

💡 Exam tip: Pioneering step means an important first action in a new field.

enthusiastic[/ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: উৎসাহী

Alt: কোনো কাজ বা বিষয়ের প্রতি প্রবল আগ্রহী

Example: Students are enthusiastic about online education.

Syn: eager, excitedAnt: apathetic, indifferent

💡 Exam tip: Enthusiastic about is the correct prepositional form.

💡 Exam Tips

• Learn the communication pairs sender and recipient, upload and download, and formal and informal.

• In comprehension answers, mention that e-mails operate through interconnected computers and Internet servers.

• Remember the logical sequence markers in the social-network text: firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, and finally.

• Distinguish e-learning from ordinary online education: in e-learning, registration, classes, attendance, examinations, and certification all occur electronically.

• Use the correct prepositions: communicate through the Internet, comment on a post, dedicated to comments, cautious about confusion, and enthusiastic about e-learning.

• For synonym questions, powerful means effective, facilitate means assist, modify means alter, and pioneering means innovative.

• For antonym questions, use recipient versus sender, privacy versus publicity, conventional versus unconventional, and remote versus nearby.

• In paragraph writing, explain both advantages and disadvantages of e-mail, including speed, low cost, convenience, privacy risks, and dependence on technology.

• Use collocations accurately: send an e-mail, receive a message, upload a picture, update a profile, submit an assignment, and protect personal information.

• When writing an e-mail, include a subject, greeting, concise body, closing expression, and sender's name.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Media and Modes of E-communication - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Media and Modes of E-communication

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