Chapter: Dreams
đ Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
aspirationfulfilimaginationinspiresocial injusticepovertyenlighteninnovativeresearcharsenicexpertisequalifyadmissionactivistresistancecolonial rulecombatsacrificediscriminationdemocraticautocraticdocumentaryatrocitysymbolisesentimentfreedom fighterLiberation Wargender discriminationtrained nursecarry out research
đ Word Formation Rules
âē dream (noun/verb) â dreamer (person who dreams) â dreamy (adjective)
âē aspire (verb) â aspiration (noun) â aspirational (adjective)
âē imagine (verb) â imagination (noun) â imaginative (adjective)
âē inspire (verb) â inspiration (noun) â inspired/inspiring (adjectives)
âē achieve (verb) â achievement (noun) â achievable (adjective)
âē educate (verb) â education (noun) â educational/educated (adjectives)
âē create (verb) â creation/creativity (nouns) â creative (adjective)
âē innovate (verb) â innovation (noun) â innovative (adjective)
âē research (noun/verb) â researcher (person who researches)
âē qualify (verb) â qualification (noun) â qualified (adjective)
âē resist (verb) â resistance (noun) â resistant (adjective)
âē revolution (noun) â revolutionary (noun/adjective)
âē colonialism (noun) â colonial (adjective) â colonise (verb)
âē discriminate (verb) â discrimination (noun) â discriminatory (adjective)
âē democracy (noun) â democratic (adjective) â democratically (adverb)
âē document (noun/verb) â documentary (noun/adjective) â documentation (noun)
1. Dreams and Aspirations (10 words)
dream[/driËm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨; āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯
Example: Everyone should have a dream for the future.
Syn: aspirationAnt: reality
đĄ Exam tip: Dream may mean both a sleeping vision and a cherished ambition.
aspiration[/ËÃĻs.pÉËreÉĒ.ĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž; āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: Her aspiration is to become a scientist.
Syn: ambitionAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Use aspiration for a serious hope or career goal.
desire[/dÉĒËzaÉĒÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž; āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž
Example: He has a strong desire to serve his country.
Syn: wishAnt: dislike
đĄ Exam tip: Desire can be a noun or a verb: desire to do something.
passion[/ËpÃĻĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš; āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦā§āĻ
Example: She has a passion for helping poor people.
Syn: enthusiasmAnt: apathy
đĄ Exam tip: Passion is stronger than ordinary interest.
imagination[/ÉĒËmÃĻdĘÉĒËneÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Imagination helps children create new ideas.
Syn: creativityAnt: reality
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is imaginative and the verb is imagine.
visualise[/ËvÉĒĘuÉlaÉĒz/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: Amitabho visualises himself stepping on Mars.
Syn: envisionAnt: overlook
đĄ Exam tip: Visualise is commonly followed by an object or an -ing form.
fulfil[/fĘlËfÉĒl/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: She worked hard to fulfil her dream.
Syn: achieveAnt: abandon
đĄ Exam tip: British spelling is fulfil; the noun is fulfilment.
ambition[/ÃĻmËbÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: His ambition is to become a space traveller.
Syn: aspirationAnt: aimlessness
đĄ Exam tip: Ambitious is the related adjective.
obsession[/ÉbËseĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Example: His obsession with success sometimes worries his parents.
Syn: fixationAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse obsession with healthy ambition.
possibility[/ËpÉsÉËbÉĒlÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ
Example: There is a possibility that her dream will come true.
Syn: chanceAnt: impossibility
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is possible; use may or might to express possibility.
2. Success, Learning and Guidance (10 words)
brilliant[/ËbrÉĒliÉnt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻ§āĻžāĻŦā§; āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
Example: Swati gave a brilliant performance in the examination.
Syn: excellentAnt: poor
đĄ Exam tip: Brilliant may describe a person, result, idea or performance.
achieve[/ÉËtĘiËv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Swati achieved success through hard work.
Syn: attainAnt: fail
đĄ Exam tip: Achievement is the noun form; achievable is the adjective.
success[/sÉkËses/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ
Example: Hard work is the key to success.
Syn: victoryAnt: failure
đĄ Exam tip: Successful is the adjective and successfully is the adverb.
grateful[/ËÉĄreÉĒtfÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ
Example: Swati is grateful to her teachers and parents.
Syn: thankfulAnt: ungrateful
đĄ Exam tip: Use grateful to someone for something.
guidance[/ËÉĄaÉĒdÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻž; āĻĒāĻĨāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ
Example: The students succeeded under the guidance of their teachers.
Syn: directionAnt: misguidance
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is guide and the adjective is guiding.
advice[/ÉdËvaÉĒs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻāĻ°āĻŖā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ
Example: Swati followed her teachers' advice.
Syn: counselAnt: misguidance
đĄ Exam tip: Advice is uncountable; say a piece of advice, not an advice.
discuss[/dÉĒËskĘs/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The students discussed their problems in the study group.
Syn: debateAnt: ignore
đĄ Exam tip: Discuss takes a direct object: discuss the problem, not discuss about the problem.
cooperate[/kÉĘËÉpÉreÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The members of the group cooperated with one another.
Syn: collaborateAnt: oppose
đĄ Exam tip: Cooperation and cooperative are common related forms.
performance[/pÉËfÉËmÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž; āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
Example: Her excellent performance made her parents proud.
Syn: achievementAnt: failure
đĄ Exam tip: Perform is the verb; high performance means very good work.
inspire[/ÉĒnËspaÉĒÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Great personalities inspire young people.
Syn: motivateAnt: discourage
đĄ Exam tip: The noun forms are inspiration and inspiration-giving.
3. Social Service and Education (10 words)
social worker[/ËsÉĘĘÉl ËwÉËkÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Mofakkhar wants to be a social worker.
Syn: community workerAnt: exploiter
đĄ Exam tip: Social worker is a compound noun and is often used with become.
social injustice[/ËsÉĘĘÉl ÉĒnËdĘĘstÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯
Example: The social worker fights against social injustice.
Syn: inequalityAnt: social justice
đĄ Exam tip: Injustice means lack of fairness; justice is its antonym.
poverty[/ËpÉvÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: Poverty causes suffering in many communities.
Syn: deprivationAnt: wealth
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is poor; poverty is an uncountable noun.
suffer[/ËsĘfÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž; āĻā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž, āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: Many poor people suffer from different diseases.
Syn: endureAnt: enjoy
đĄ Exam tip: Use suffer from for diseases and suffer pain for physical distress.
enlighten[/ÉĒnËlaÉĒtn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Proper education can enlighten society.
Syn: educateAnt: mislead
đĄ Exam tip: Enlightened means educated or free from ignorance.
revered[/rÉĒËvÉĒÉd/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ā§
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Teachers should be revered for their contribution to society.
Syn: respectedAnt: despised
đĄ Exam tip: Revere is the verb; revered is its past participle and adjective.
creative[/kriËeÉĒtÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ
Example: A good teacher should be creative.
Syn: inventiveAnt: uncreative
đĄ Exam tip: Creation, creator and creativity come from the same root.
innovative[/ËÉĒnÉveÉĒtÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: Innovative teachers make lessons interesting.
Syn: originalAnt: traditional
đĄ Exam tip: Innovation is the noun form; innovate is the verb.
community[/kÉËmjuËnÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§; āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ˛
Example: She wants to serve her community.
Syn: societyAnt: individual
đĄ Exam tip: Community service means voluntary work for public welfare.
resource[/rÉĒËsÉËs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯
Example: The research will use our own resources and expertise.
Syn: assetAnt: liability
đĄ Exam tip: Resources may be natural, human, financial or educational.
4. Science, Health and Research (10 words)
scientist[/ËsaÉĒÉntÉĒst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžā§ āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Swati wants to be a scientist.
Syn: researcherAnt: ignoramus
đĄ Exam tip: Science is the noun and scientific is the adjective.
research[/rÉĒËsÉËtĘ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž
Alt: āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: She plans to carry out research on arsenic poisoning.
Syn: investigationAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Research can be a noun or a verb; carry out research is a useful phrase.
arsenic[/ËÉËsÉnÉĒk/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨
Example: Many people are threatened by arsenic in drinking water.
Syn: poisonAnt: antidote
đĄ Exam tip: Arsenic poisoning is a key health-related expression in the lesson.
threat[/θret/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻšā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: Arsenic is a serious threat to public health.
Syn: dangerAnt: safety
đĄ Exam tip: Threaten is the verb; threatened is the adjective or past participle.
poisoning[/ËpÉÉĒzÉnÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Arsenic poisoning is a slow process.
Syn: intoxicationAnt: healing
đĄ Exam tip: Poison is both a noun and a verb; poisonous is the adjective.
expertise[/ËekspÉËËtiËz/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž; āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž
Example: The project requires scientific expertise.
Syn: proficiencyAnt: inexperience
đĄ Exam tip: Expertise is uncountable; do not write expertises.
qualify[/ËkwÉlÉĒfaÉĒ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: If Masum qualifies, he will enter a university.
Syn: be eligibleAnt: fail
đĄ Exam tip: Qualified is followed by for or as: qualified for admission.
trained[/treÉĒnd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤
Example: A trained nurse might have saved her life.
Syn: skilledAnt: untrained
đĄ Exam tip: Training is the noun and train is the verb.
disease[/dÉĒËziËz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ°ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ§āĻŋ
Example: Arsenic-contaminated water causes many diseases.
Syn: illnessAnt: health
đĄ Exam tip: Disease is countable; use diseases for several illnesses.
admission[/ÉdËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Nirmal hopes to get admission to a foreign university.
Syn: enrolmentAnt: rejection
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is admit; admission to a university is the standard expression.
5. Freedom Movement and Resistance (10 words)
activist[/ËÃĻktÉĒvÉĒst/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Pritilata was an activist in the anti-British movement.
Syn: campaignerAnt: bystander
đĄ Exam tip: An activist actively supports a cause; activity is the related noun.
movement[/ËmuËvmÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ
Example: Pritilata joined the anti-British movement.
Syn: campaignAnt: stagnation
đĄ Exam tip: Movement can also mean physical motion, so use context carefully.
resistance[/rÉĒËzÉĒstÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ
Example: She joined Surja Sen's armed resistance movement.
Syn: oppositionAnt: surrender
đĄ Exam tip: Resist is the verb; resistant is the adjective.
colonial[/kÉËlÉĘniÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Pritilata fought against colonial rule.
Syn: imperialAnt: independent
đĄ Exam tip: Colonial rule means rule by a powerful country over another country.
combat[/ËkÉmbÃĻt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ˛ā§āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The revolutionaries combated British rule.
Syn: fightAnt: surrender
đĄ Exam tip: Combat can be both a noun and a verb; as a verb, stress the first syllable.
revolutionary[/ËrevÉËluËĘÉnÉri/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Example: Surja Sen was a revolutionary activist.
Syn: insurgentAnt: conservative
đĄ Exam tip: Revolutionary can be a noun or an adjective.
assign[/ÉËsaÉĒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Surja Sen assigned Pritilata to lead the team.
Syn: appointAnt: withdraw
đĄ Exam tip: Assign someone to do something is a common examination pattern.
raid[/reÉĒd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ
Alt: āĻšāĻ āĻžā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨
Example: The raid on the European Club was successful.
Syn: attackAnt: retreat
đĄ Exam tip: Raid may be used as both a noun and a verb.
sacrifice[/ËsÃĻkrÉĒfaÉĒs/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Pritilata sacrificed her life for freedom.
Syn: give upAnt: preserve
đĄ Exam tip: Sacrifice can be a noun or a verb; sacrifice one's life is a common phrase.
discrimination[/dÉĒËskrÉĒmÉĒËneÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ
Example: Pritilata dreamed of a society without gender discrimination.
Syn: biasAnt: equality
đĄ Exam tip: Gender discrimination means unfair treatment based on being male or female.
6. Zahir Raihan and Cultural Contribution (10 words)
talented[/ËtÃĻlÉntÉĒd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Example: Zahir Raihan was a talented filmmaker.
Syn: giftedAnt: untalented
đĄ Exam tip: Talent is the noun; talented is the adjective.
filmmaker[/ËfÉĒlmeÉĒkÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Zahir Raihan was one of Bangladesh's most talented filmmakers.
Syn: film directorAnt: viewer
đĄ Exam tip: Filmmaker is a compound noun written as one word.
democratic[/ËdemÉËkrÃĻtÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ
Example: Raihan dreamed of a democratic society.
Syn: representativeAnt: autocratic
đĄ Exam tip: Democracy is the noun and democrat is a supporter of democracy.
autocratic[/ËÉËtÉËkrÃĻtÉĒk/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ
Example: The film protested against an autocratic government.
Syn: dictatorialAnt: democratic
đĄ Exam tip: Autocracy is the noun; autocrat is the ruler.
documentary[/ËdÉkjuËmentÉri/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Example: Stop Genocide was a powerful documentary.
Syn: non-fiction filmAnt: fiction
đĄ Exam tip: A documentary presents real events rather than an imaginary story.
atrocity[/ÉËtrÉsÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: The documentary showed the atrocities committed during the war.
Syn: brutalityAnt: kindness
đĄ Exam tip: Atrocities is usually used in the plural when referring to wartime crimes.
symbolise[/ËsÉĒmbÉlaÉĒz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: The family in the film symbolised East Pakistan.
Syn: representAnt: conceal
đĄ Exam tip: The American spelling is symbolize; symbol is the noun.
appreciate[/ÉËpriËĘieÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻž
Example: Famous filmmakers appreciated Raihan's film.
Syn: praiseAnt: criticise
đĄ Exam tip: Appreciate may mean praise or understand the value of something.
document[/ËdÉkjumÉnt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻĨāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻ¸āĻš āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The film documented the atrocities of the war.
Syn: recordAnt: erase
đĄ Exam tip: As a noun, document means a written or recorded piece of evidence.
sentiment[/ËsentÉĒmÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¤
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤
Example: The documentary created world sentiment in favour of the Liberation War.
Syn: feelingAnt: apathy
đĄ Exam tip: In favour of means supporting or approving something.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Learn each word with its Bengali meaning, part of speech, synonym and antonym.
âĸ Use carry out research, fight against injustice, suffer from disease, get admission to a university and be grateful to someone for something as fixed expressions.
âĸ Remember that advice and expertise are uncountable nouns; use a piece of advice and a great deal of expertise.
âĸ In reported or conditional sentences, use if plus present tense for real future possibilities: If he qualifies, he will get admission.
âĸ Use the past unreal conditional for unlikely or impossible past situations: If her family had brought a trained nurse, her mother might have survived.
âĸ Distinguish colonial rule from democratic rule and autocratic rule from democratic government.
âĸ For comprehension answers, identify who, when, where, why and how from the biographical passages.
âĸ Use the correct preposition: dream of/about, aspire to, fight against, participate in, be famous as, be based on and be grateful to.
âĸ Remember the difference between gender discrimination and gender equality.
âĸ For synonym questions, match the meaning in context; for example, revered means respected, notorious means dishonourable and gradually means slowly.
âĸ In paragraph writing, connect ideas with therefore, besides, however, as a result, finally and consequently.
âĸ Revise the lives, dreams and contributions of Pritilata Waddedar and Zahir Raihan for short-answer and composition questions.