Chapter: Reading from English Literature
đ Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
wonderfancycaravanhastendanktideshorenurturefeaturecloudedstrangerstrengthdrownedgraveresponsibilitymillinerartificialornamentpersuadedisheartenedworn-outexaminedisappointmentfascinationpracticalfollyunpleasantsufferdesireappearancewisdommerchantmerchandiseluxuriousnoblelendinterestcrookedpenaltycasketsuitorglitterdeserveportraitmercybonddisguisedefendrighteousness
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Add the suffix â-nessâ to many adjectives to form abstract nouns: kind â kindness, wise â wisdom is an irregular example.
âē Add â-fulâ to nouns to form adjectives meaning full of: wonder â wonderful, mercy â merciful.
âē Add the prefix âun-â to form opposites: pleasant â unpleasant, wise â unwise.
âē Add the prefix âdis-â to express the opposite or removal of a quality: heartened â disheartened, appoint â disappoint.
âē Use â-erâ to form a person noun from a verb: defend â defender, trade â trader.
âē Use â-tionâ or â-mentâ to form nouns from verbs: fascinate â fascination, disappoint â disappointment.
âē Many words change spelling when suffixes are added: responsible â responsibility, righteous â righteousness.
âē Some vocabulary has irregular forms: strong â strength, wise â wisdom, think â thought.
âē Use compound adjectives with a hyphen when they come before a noun: worn-out shoes, well-known merchant.
âē The prefix â-lessâ means without: mercy â merciless, hope â hopeless.
1. Poetry: Books, Time and Nature (8 words)
wonder[/ËwĘndÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧ; āĻāĻļā§āĻāϰā§āϝ
Alt: āĻ
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāύāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Books fill our minds with wonder.
Syn: amazementAnt: boredom
đĄ Exam tip: âA world of wonderâ means a world full of amazing things.
fancy[/ËfÃĻnsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ
Example: Stories stimulate a childâs fancy.
Syn: imaginationAnt: reality
đĄ Exam tip: As a verb, âfancyâ can mean āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻāϰāĻž or āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž.
caravan[/ËkÃĻrÉvÃĻn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāϰ
Alt: āϝāĻžāϝāĻžāĻŦāϰāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāϏāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The old gipsy man moved his caravan from place to place.
Syn: wagonAnt: settlement
đĄ Exam tip: In âTime, You Old Gipsy Manâ, time is compared to a travelling gipsy.
hasten[/ËheÉĒsn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤāϤāϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Time seems to hasten away.
Syn: hurryAnt: delay
đĄ Exam tip: Remember the phrase âhasten awayâ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž.
dank[/dÃĻÅk/]adjhard
Meaning: āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻāϤāϏā§āĻāϤā§
Alt: āĻāϰā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻ āĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻž
Example: The dank western wind blew across the shore.
Syn: moistAnt: dry
đĄ Exam tip: âWild and dank with foamâ describes the dangerous weather in The Sands of Dee.
tide[/taÉĒd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ āĻžāύāĻžāĻŽāĻž
Example: The tide crept up along the sand.
Syn: currentAnt: ebb
đĄ Exam tip: âHigh tideâ means āĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ; âlow tideâ means āĻāĻžāĻāĻž.
shore[/ĘÉË(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āϰ
Alt: āύāĻĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻĻā§āϰ āϤā§āϰ
Example: They walked along the shore in the evening.
Syn: coastAnt: inland
đĄ Exam tip: Use âon the shoreâ for āϤā§āϰ⧠and âoffshoreâ for āϤā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§.
downy[/ËdaĘni/]adjhard
Meaning: āύāϰāĻŽ āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§
Alt: āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŽāϞ āϞā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦā§āϤ
Example: Downy flakes of snow covered the woods.
Syn: softAnt: rough
đĄ Exam tip: In Frostâs poem, âdowny flakeâ refers to soft snow.
2. Poetry: Family, Death and Responsibility (8 words)
nurture[/ËnÉËtĘÉ(r)/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϞāĻžāϞāύ-āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āϝāϤā§āύ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: A mother nurtures her child with love.
Syn: rearAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Nurture is both a noun and a verb; its noun form means āϞāĻžāϞāύ-āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ.
feature[/ËfiËtĘÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: The daughter bears her motherâs features.
Syn: characteristicAnt: insignificance
đĄ Exam tip: âFacial featuresâ means āĻŽā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύāĻāϤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ.
clouded[/ËklaĘdÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāύā§āύ
Example: Her motherâs mind became clouded with age.
Syn: confusedAnt: clear
đĄ Exam tip: In the poem, âmind cloudedâ suggests mental decline, not literal clouds.
stranger[/ËstreÉĒndĘÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧ
Example: The old woman seemed like a stranger to her daughter.
Syn: unknownAnt: acquaintance
đĄ Exam tip: The word is formed from âstrangeâ + â-erâ.
strength[/streÅθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Example: The daughter became her motherâs strength.
Syn: powerAnt: weakness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is âstrongâ; do not spell the noun as âstrenghâ.
drowned[/draĘnd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĄā§āĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āϤ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āύāĻŋāĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: They found the drowned maiden near the sea.
Syn: submergedAnt: afloat
đĄ Exam tip: âDrownâ is a regular verb: drown, drowned, drowned.
grave[/ÉĄreÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŦāϰ
Alt: āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāϞ
Example: Mary was taken to her grave beside the sea.
Syn: tombAnt: birth
đĄ Exam tip: As an adjective, âgraveâ means āĻā§āϰā§āϤāϰ or serious.
responsibility[/rÉĒËspÉnsÉËbÉĒlÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϰ āĻāϰā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ
Example: We have responsibilities to our family.
Syn: dutyAnt: irresponsibility
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is âresponsibleâ and the adverb is âresponsiblyâ.
3. The Purple Jar: Choice and Consequences (8 words)
milliner[/ËmÉĒlÉĒnÉ(r)/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻĒāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻ
āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰā§āϤāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻĒāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰā§āϤāĻž
Example: Rosamond stopped at a millinerâs shop.
Syn: hat-makerAnt: customer
đĄ Exam tip: A millinerâs shop sells hats, ribbons and related decorations.
artificial[/ËÉËtÉĒËfÉĒĘÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The shop window displayed artificial flowers.
Syn: syntheticAnt: natural
đĄ Exam tip: Use âartificialâ for things made to imitate natural objects.
ornament[/ËÉËnÉmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰ
Alt: āϏāĻā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: The jeweller displayed beautiful ornaments.
Syn: decorationAnt: plainness
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is âornamentâ; the adjective is âornamentalâ.
persuade[/pÉËsweÉĒd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϰāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāύā§
Alt: āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Rosamond tried to persuade her mother to buy the jar.
Syn: convinceAnt: dissuade
đĄ Exam tip: Correct pattern: persuade someone to do something.
disheartened[/dÉĒsËhÉËtÉnd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻšāϤāĻžāĻļ
Alt: āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻšāĻšā§āύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϞāĻšā§āύ
Example: Rosamond felt disheartened when her mother refused.
Syn: discouragedAnt: encouraged
đĄ Exam tip: âDisheartenedâ is close in meaning to âdiscouragedâ.
worn-out[/ËwÉËn ËaĘt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ
Alt: āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϞāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: Rosamondâs worn-out shoes had a hole.
Syn: damagedAnt: new
đĄ Exam tip: For objects, âworn-outâ means āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āĻŖ; for people, it means exhausted.
examine[/ÉĒÉĄËzÃĻmÉĒn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāύā§āϝā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Her mother asked her to examine the jar carefully.
Syn: inspectAnt: ignore
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: examination; adjective: examinable.
disappointment[/ËdÉĒsÉËpÉÉĒntmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻšāϤāĻžāĻļāĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ
Example: The plain glass jar caused great disappointment.
Syn: frustrationAnt: satisfaction
đĄ Exam tip: Remember the pair: disappoint (verb), disappointed (person), disappointing (thing).
4. The Purple Jar: Appearance and Morality (8 words)
fascination[/ËfÃĻsÉĒËneÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻā§āϧāϤāĻž
Alt: āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ
Example: The purple jar held a strong fascination for Rosamond.
Syn: attractionAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Adjective form: fascinating; verb form: fascinate.
practical[/ËprÃĻktÉĒkÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻā§āĻŦāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Example: Her mother gave her practical advice.
Syn: sensibleAnt: impractical
đĄ Exam tip: A practical person considers usefulness before appearance.
folly[/ËfÉli/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽā§āϰā§āĻāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Rosamond cried for her folly.
Syn: foolishnessAnt: wisdom
đĄ Exam tip: âFollyâ is an uncountable idea in many contexts; plural form is follies.
unpleasant[/ĘnËplezÉnt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻĒā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϰ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻāύāύā§āĻĻāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ
Example: An unpleasant smell came from the jar.
Syn: offensiveAnt: pleasant
đĄ Exam tip: The prefix âun-â changes âpleasantâ into its opposite.
suffer[/ËsĘfÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāώā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Rosamond suffered for a whole month.
Syn: endureAnt: enjoy
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: suffering; adjective: sufferer-related is uncommon, so use âsufferingâ.
desire[/dÉĒËzaÉĒÉ(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āώāĻž
Example: Her desire for the jar overcame her good judgment.
Syn: wishAnt: aversion
đĄ Exam tip: As a verb, desire means āĻāĻžāĻŽāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž or āĻāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž.
appearance[/ÉËpÉĒÉrÉns/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Appearance can sometimes be misleading.
Syn: outward lookAnt: reality
đĄ Exam tip: Use the proverb-like idea: âAppearances are often misleading.â
wisdom[/ËwÉĒzdÉm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ
Example: Wisdom helps us choose useful things over attractive ones.
Syn: prudenceAnt: foolishness
đĄ Exam tip: Adjective form: wise; adverb form: wisely.
5. A Pound of Flesh: Characters and Commerce (8 words)
merchant[/ËmÉËtĘÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧā§
Alt: āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻā§āϰāϝāĻŧ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Antonio was a rich merchant of Venice.
Syn: traderAnt: customer
đĄ Exam tip: Merchant is a common character word in literature and means āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧā§.
merchandise[/ËmÉËtĘÉndaÉĒz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ
Example: Antonioâs ships carried merchandise to foreign countries.
Syn: goodsAnt: services
đĄ Exam tip: âMerchandiseâ is generally an uncountable noun.
luxurious[/lĘÉĄËĘĘÉriÉs/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϏāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ
Alt: āĻāϰāĻžāĻŽ-āĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ
Example: Bassanio liked to live a luxurious life.
Syn: lavishAnt: simple
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: luxury; adverb form: luxuriously.
noble[/ËnÉĘbÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϤ
Alt: āĻŽāĻšā§ āĻ āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ
Example: Bassanio was born in a noble family.
Syn: aristocraticAnt: common
đĄ Exam tip: âNobleâ can also mean āĻŽāĻšā§ in moral character.
lend[/lend/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Antonio often lent money to people in need.
Syn: loanAnt: borrow
đĄ Exam tip: Remember: lend means āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž; borrow means āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž.
interest[/ËÉĒntrÉst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§āĻĻ
Alt: āĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ
Example: Antonio did not charge any interest.
Syn: profitAnt: loss
đĄ Exam tip: In another context, âinterestâ means āĻāĻā§āϰāĻš.
crooked[/ËkrĘkÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϏ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϧā§āϰā§āϤ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻž
Example: Shylock was described as a crooked moneylender.
Syn: dishonestAnt: honest
đĄ Exam tip: Context determines whether âcrookedâ means āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻž or āĻ
āϏā§.
penalty[/ËpenÉlti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: The bond imposed a terrible penalty on Antonio.
Syn: punishmentAnt: reward
đĄ Exam tip: Plural form: penalties; connect it with âpay a penaltyâ.
6. The Three Caskets and the Trial (10 words)
casket[/ËkÉËskÉĒt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϏ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϤā§āϰ
Example: Portiaâs father prepared three caskets for the suitors.
Syn: chestAnt: containerlessness
đĄ Exam tip: The caskets were made of gold, silver and lead.
suitor[/ËsuËtÉ(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Each suitor had to choose one casket.
Syn: wooerAnt: rejecter
đĄ Exam tip: A suitor seeks marriage; do not confuse it with âsuitâ as a verb.
glitter[/ËÉĄlÉĒtÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻŽāϞ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: All that glitters is not gold.
Syn: sparkleAnt: dull
đĄ Exam tip: The famous message teaches that appearance is not always reality.
deserve[/dÉĒËzÉËv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϝ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Everyone should receive what they deserve.
Syn: meritAnt: forfeit
đĄ Exam tip: Correct pattern: deserve to do; deserve something.
portrait[/ËpÉËtreÉĒt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϤā§āϞāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋ
Example: Bassanio found Portiaâs portrait in the lead casket.
Syn: pictureAnt: original
đĄ Exam tip: Pronounce the noun as /ËpÉËtreÉĒt/.
mercy[/ËmÉËsi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻžāύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Portia asked Shylock to show mercy.
Syn: compassionAnt: cruelty
đĄ Exam tip: Important quotation: âThe quality of mercy is not strained.â
bond[/bÉnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒāϤā§āϰ
Alt: āĻāĻāύāĻāϤ āĻ
āĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāύā§āϧāύ
Example: Antonio signed a bond with Shylock.
Syn: agreementAnt: disagreement
đĄ Exam tip: In the story, bond means a legal written agreement, not friendship only.
disguise[/dÉĒsËÉĄaÉĒz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āϰā§āĻĒ
Example: Portia entered the courtroom in disguise.
Syn: maskAnt: disclosure
đĄ Exam tip: As a verb, âdisguiseâ means āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž or āĻā§āĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻž.
defend[/dÉĒËfend/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Portia came to defend Antonio in court.
Syn: protectAnt: attack
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: defence in British English and defense in American English.
righteousness[/ËraÉĒtĘÉsnÉs/]nounhard
Meaning: āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻĒāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖāϤāĻž
Alt: āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: Shylock praised the judgeâs wisdom and righteousness.
Syn: justiceAnt: wickedness
đĄ Exam tip: Adjective form: righteous; adverb form: righteously.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Learn each word with its Bengali meaning, part of speech and an example sentence.
âĸ For synonym and antonym questions, study word pairs such as mercyâcruelty, lendâborrow, wisdomâfolly and artificialânatural.
âĸ In contextual questions, identify the meaning intended by the passage; âgraveâ may mean āĻāĻŦāϰ or āĻā§āϰā§āϤāϰ.
âĸ Remember the central morals: books broaden imagination, appearance may mislead, practical judgment is important, and mercy is a virtue.
âĸ For transformation questions, change words correctly into noun, verb, adjective and adverb forms.
âĸ Use âpersuade someone to do somethingâ and âprevent someone from doing somethingâ accurately in sentences.
âĸ In literary questions, connect vocabulary with characters: Antonio is kind, Bassanio is extravagant, Portia is wise, and Shylock is strict and vengeful.
âĸ Revise important phrases: âpay a penaltyâ, âsign a bondâ, âshow mercyâ, âbear a resemblanceâ, âworn-out shoesâ and âall that glitters is not goldâ.
âĸ When answering a question, use the vocabulary in complete sentences rather than listing isolated words.
âĸ Pay attention to pronunciation and spelling of difficult words such as merchandise, righteousness, milliner, casket and disheartened.