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English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Reading from English Literature - Vocabulary (Part 2)

SSC (Class 9-10) ¡ English ¡ 1 Nov 2026

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SSC (Class 9-10)English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Reading from English Literature - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Reading from English Literature

📚 Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
wonderfancycaravanhastendanktideshorenurturefeaturecloudedstrangerstrengthdrownedgraveresponsibilitymillinerartificialornamentpersuadedisheartenedworn-outexaminedisappointmentfascinationpracticalfollyunpleasantsufferdesireappearancewisdommerchantmerchandiseluxuriousnoblelendinterestcrookedpenaltycasketsuitorglitterdeserveportraitmercybonddisguisedefendrighteousness
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Add the suffix ‘-ness’ to many adjectives to form abstract nouns: kind → kindness, wise → wisdom is an irregular example.
â–ē Add ‘-ful’ to nouns to form adjectives meaning full of: wonder → wonderful, mercy → merciful.
â–ē Add the prefix ‘un-’ to form opposites: pleasant → unpleasant, wise → unwise.
â–ē Add the prefix ‘dis-’ to express the opposite or removal of a quality: heartened → disheartened, appoint → disappoint.
â–ē Use ‘-er’ to form a person noun from a verb: defend → defender, trade → trader.
â–ē Use ‘-tion’ or ‘-ment’ to form nouns from verbs: fascinate → fascination, disappoint → disappointment.
â–ē Many words change spelling when suffixes are added: responsible → responsibility, righteous → righteousness.
â–ē Some vocabulary has irregular forms: strong → strength, wise → wisdom, think → thought.
â–ē Use compound adjectives with a hyphen when they come before a noun: worn-out shoes, well-known merchant.
â–ē The prefix ‘-less’ means without: mercy → merciless, hope → hopeless.
1. Poetry: Books, Time and Nature (8 words)
wonder[/ˈwʌndə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧ; āφāĻļā§āϚāĻ°ā§āϝ
Alt: āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ
Example: Books fill our minds with wonder.
Syn: amazementAnt: boredom
💡 Exam tip: ‘A world of wonder’ means a world full of amazing things.
fancy[/ˈfÃĻnsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ
Example: Stories stimulate a child’s fancy.
Syn: imaginationAnt: reality
💡 Exam tip: As a verb, ‘fancy’ can mean āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž or āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž.
caravan[/ˈkÃĻrəvÃĻn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāϰ
Alt: āϝāĻžāϝāĻžāĻŦāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The old gipsy man moved his caravan from place to place.
Syn: wagonAnt: settlement
💡 Exam tip: In ‘Time, You Old Gipsy Man’, time is compared to a travelling gipsy.
hasten[/ˈheÉĒsn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤāϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Time seems to hasten away.
Syn: hurryAnt: delay
💡 Exam tip: Remember the phrase ‘hasten away’ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž.
dank[/dÃĻŋk/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāρāϤāϏ⧇āρāϤ⧇
Alt: āφāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ“ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž
Example: The dank western wind blew across the shore.
Syn: moistAnt: dry
💡 Exam tip: ‘Wild and dank with foam’ describes the dangerous weather in The Sands of Dee.
tide[/taÉĒd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻœā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϟāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāύāĻžāĻŽāĻž
Example: The tide crept up along the sand.
Syn: currentAnt: ebb
💡 Exam tip: ‘High tide’ means āĻœā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ; ‘low tide’ means āĻ­āĻžāϟāĻž.
shore[/ʃɔː(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāϤ⧀āϰ
Alt: āύāĻĻā§€ āĻŦāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤ⧀āϰ
Example: They walked along the shore in the evening.
Syn: coastAnt: inland
💡 Exam tip: Use ‘on the shore’ for āϤ⧀āϰ⧇ and ‘offshore’ for āϤ⧀āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇.
downy[/ˈdaʊni/]adjhard
Meaning: āύāϰāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϞāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋
Alt: āϏ⧂āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻŽāϞ āϞ⧋āĻŽā§‡ āφāĻŦ⧃āϤ
Example: Downy flakes of snow covered the woods.
Syn: softAnt: rough
💡 Exam tip: In Frost’s poem, ‘downy flake’ refers to soft snow.
2. Poetry: Family, Death and Responsibility (8 words)
nurture[/ˈnɜːtʃə(r)/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϞāĻžāϞāύ-āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϝāĻ¤ā§āύ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: A mother nurtures her child with love.
Syn: rearAnt: neglect
💡 Exam tip: Nurture is both a noun and a verb; its noun form means āϞāĻžāϞāύ-āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ.
feature[/ˈfiːtʃə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϗ⧁āĻŖ
Example: The daughter bears her mother’s features.
Syn: characteristicAnt: insignificance
💡 Exam tip: ‘Facial features’ means āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ—āϤ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ.
clouded[/ˈklaƊdÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Alt: āĻŽā§‡āϘāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āύ
Example: Her mother’s mind became clouded with age.
Syn: confusedAnt: clear
💡 Exam tip: In the poem, ‘mind clouded’ suggests mental decline, not literal clouds.
stranger[/ˈstreÉĒndʒə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧ
Example: The old woman seemed like a stranger to her daughter.
Syn: unknownAnt: acquaintance
💡 Exam tip: The word is formed from ‘strange’ + ‘-er’.
strength[/streŋθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ
Example: The daughter became her mother’s strength.
Syn: powerAnt: weakness
💡 Exam tip: The adjective is ‘strong’; do not spell the noun as ‘strengh’.
drowned[/draƊnd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĄā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§ƒāϤ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽāĻœā§āϜāĻŋāϤ
Example: They found the drowned maiden near the sea.
Syn: submergedAnt: afloat
💡 Exam tip: ‘Drown’ is a regular verb: drown, drowned, drowned.
grave[/ÉĄreÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻŦāϰ
Alt: āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ
Example: Mary was taken to her grave beside the sea.
Syn: tombAnt: birth
💡 Exam tip: As an adjective, ‘grave’ means āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϤāϰ or serious.
responsibility[/rÉĒˌspɒnsəˈbÉĒləti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϜāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ
Example: We have responsibilities to our family.
Syn: dutyAnt: irresponsibility
💡 Exam tip: The adjective is ‘responsible’ and the adverb is ‘responsibly’.
3. The Purple Jar: Choice and Consequences (8 words)
milliner[/ˈmÉĒlÉĒnə(r)/]nounhard
Meaning: āϟ⧁āĻĒāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰ⧇āϤāĻž
Alt: āϟ⧁āĻĒāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰ⧇āϤāĻž
Example: Rosamond stopped at a milliner’s shop.
Syn: hat-makerAnt: customer
💡 Exam tip: A milliner’s shop sells hats, ribbons and related decorations.
artificial[/ˌɑːtÉĒˈfÉĒʃəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The shop window displayed artificial flowers.
Syn: syntheticAnt: natural
💡 Exam tip: Use ‘artificial’ for things made to imitate natural objects.
ornament[/ˈɔːnəmənt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ
Alt: āϏāĻœā§āϜāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: The jeweller displayed beautiful ornaments.
Syn: decorationAnt: plainness
💡 Exam tip: The verb is ‘ornament’; the adjective is ‘ornamental’.
persuade[/pəˈsweÉĒd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϰāĻžāϜāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋
Alt: āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Rosamond tried to persuade her mother to buy the jar.
Syn: convinceAnt: dissuade
💡 Exam tip: Correct pattern: persuade someone to do something.
disheartened[/dÉĒsˈhɑːtənd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻšāϤāĻžāĻļ
Alt: āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšāĻšā§€āύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāύ⧋āĻŦāϞāĻšā§€āύ
Example: Rosamond felt disheartened when her mother refused.
Syn: discouragedAnt: encouraged
💡 Exam tip: ‘Disheartened’ is close in meaning to ‘discouraged’.
worn-out[/ˌwɔːn ˈaʊt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻœā§€āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: Rosamond’s worn-out shoes had a hole.
Syn: damagedAnt: new
💡 Exam tip: For objects, ‘worn-out’ means āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻ°ā§āĻŖ; for people, it means exhausted.
examine[/ÉĒɥˈzÃĻmÉĒn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž
Alt: āĻŽāύ⧋āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Her mother asked her to examine the jar carefully.
Syn: inspectAnt: ignore
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: examination; adjective: examinable.
disappointment[/ˌdÉĒsəˈpɔÉĒntmənt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻšāϤāĻžāĻļāĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻž āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧁āσāĻ–
Example: The plain glass jar caused great disappointment.
Syn: frustrationAnt: satisfaction
💡 Exam tip: Remember the pair: disappoint (verb), disappointed (person), disappointing (thing).
4. The Purple Jar: Appearance and Morality (8 words)
fascination[/ˌfÃĻsÉĒˈneÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻ—ā§āϧāϤāĻž
Alt: āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ
Example: The purple jar held a strong fascination for Rosamond.
Syn: attractionAnt: indifference
💡 Exam tip: Adjective form: fascinating; verb form: fascinate.
practical[/ˈprÃĻktÉĒkəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Example: Her mother gave her practical advice.
Syn: sensibleAnt: impractical
💡 Exam tip: A practical person considers usefulness before appearance.
folly[/ˈfɒli/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻ–āϤāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ
Example: Rosamond cried for her folly.
Syn: foolishnessAnt: wisdom
💡 Exam tip: ‘Folly’ is an uncountable idea in many contexts; plural form is follies.
unpleasant[/ʌnˈplezənt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻž āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧ
Example: An unpleasant smell came from the jar.
Syn: offensiveAnt: pleasant
💡 Exam tip: The prefix ‘un-’ changes ‘pleasant’ into its opposite.
suffer[/ˈsʌfə(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Rosamond suffered for a whole month.
Syn: endureAnt: enjoy
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: suffering; adjective: sufferer-related is uncommon, so use ‘suffering’.
desire[/dÉĒˈzaÉĒə(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻž
Example: Her desire for the jar overcame her good judgment.
Syn: wishAnt: aversion
💡 Exam tip: As a verb, desire means āĻ•āĻžāĻŽāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž or āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž.
appearance[/əˈpÉĒərəns/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Appearance can sometimes be misleading.
Syn: outward lookAnt: reality
💡 Exam tip: Use the proverb-like idea: ‘Appearances are often misleading.’
wisdom[/ˈwÉĒzdəm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻœā§āĻžāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ
Example: Wisdom helps us choose useful things over attractive ones.
Syn: prudenceAnt: foolishness
💡 Exam tip: Adjective form: wise; adverb form: wisely.
5. A Pound of Flesh: Characters and Commerce (8 words)
merchant[/ˈmɜːtʃənt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€
Alt: āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Antonio was a rich merchant of Venice.
Syn: traderAnt: customer
💡 Exam tip: Merchant is a common character word in literature and means āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€.
merchandise[/ˈmɜːtʃəndaÉĒz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ
Example: Antonio’s ships carried merchandise to foreign countries.
Syn: goodsAnt: services
💡 Exam tip: ‘Merchandise’ is generally an uncountable noun.
luxurious[/lʌɡˈʒʊəriəs/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϏāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ
Alt: āφāϰāĻžāĻŽ-āφāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ
Example: Bassanio liked to live a luxurious life.
Syn: lavishAnt: simple
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: luxury; adverb form: luxuriously.
noble[/ˈnəʊbəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϜāĻžāϤ
Alt: āĻŽāĻšā§Ž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: Bassanio was born in a noble family.
Syn: aristocraticAnt: common
💡 Exam tip: ‘Noble’ can also mean āĻŽāĻšā§Ž in moral character.
lend[/lend/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Antonio often lent money to people in need.
Syn: loanAnt: borrow
💡 Exam tip: Remember: lend means āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž; borrow means āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž.
interest[/ˈÉĒntrəst/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏ⧁āĻĻ
Alt: āĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Example: Antonio did not charge any interest.
Syn: profitAnt: loss
💡 Exam tip: In another context, ‘interest’ means āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš.
crooked[/ˈkrƊkÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¸ā§Ž āĻŦāĻž āϧ⧂āĻ°ā§āϤ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž
Example: Shylock was described as a crooked moneylender.
Syn: dishonestAnt: honest
💡 Exam tip: Context determines whether ‘crooked’ means āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž or āĻ…āĻ¸ā§Ž.
penalty[/ˈpenəlti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āϜāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāύāĻž
Alt: āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ­āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: The bond imposed a terrible penalty on Antonio.
Syn: punishmentAnt: reward
💡 Exam tip: Plural form: penalties; connect it with ‘pay a penalty’.
6. The Three Caskets and the Trial (10 words)
casket[/ˈkɑːskÉĒt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϛ⧋āϟ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁āĻ•
Alt: āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāύ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ
Example: Portia’s father prepared three caskets for the suitors.
Syn: chestAnt: containerlessness
💡 Exam tip: The caskets were made of gold, silver and lead.
suitor[/ˈsuːtə(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Each suitor had to choose one casket.
Syn: wooerAnt: rejecter
💡 Exam tip: A suitor seeks marriage; do not confuse it with ‘suit’ as a verb.
glitter[/ˈɥlÉĒtə(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻŽāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϚāĻ•āϚāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: All that glitters is not gold.
Syn: sparkleAnt: dull
💡 Exam tip: The famous message teaches that appearance is not always reality.
deserve[/dÉĒˈzɜːv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϝ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Everyone should receive what they deserve.
Syn: meritAnt: forfeit
💡 Exam tip: Correct pattern: deserve to do; deserve something.
portrait[/ˈpɔːtreÉĒt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āφāρāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻž āϤ⧋āϞāĻž āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ
Example: Bassanio found Portia’s portrait in the lead casket.
Syn: pictureAnt: original
💡 Exam tip: Pronounce the noun as /ˈpɔːtreÉĒt/.
mercy[/ˈmɜːsi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻžāύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ
Example: Portia asked Shylock to show mercy.
Syn: compassionAnt: cruelty
💡 Exam tip: Important quotation: ‘The quality of mercy is not strained.’
bond[/bɒnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ
Alt: āφāχāύāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ
Example: Antonio signed a bond with Shylock.
Syn: agreementAnt: disagreement
💡 Exam tip: In the story, bond means a legal written agreement, not friendship only.
disguise[/dÉĒsˈɥaÉĒz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦ⧇āĻļ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āϰ⧂āĻĒ
Example: Portia entered the courtroom in disguise.
Syn: maskAnt: disclosure
💡 Exam tip: As a verb, ‘disguise’ means āĻ›āĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž or āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž.
defend[/dÉĒˈfend/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Portia came to defend Antonio in court.
Syn: protectAnt: attack
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: defence in British English and defense in American English.
righteousness[/ˈraÉĒtʃəsnəs/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻĒāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖāϤāĻž
Alt: āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ
Example: Shylock praised the judge’s wisdom and righteousness.
Syn: justiceAnt: wickedness
💡 Exam tip: Adjective form: righteous; adverb form: righteously.
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ Learn each word with its Bengali meaning, part of speech and an example sentence.
â€ĸ For synonym and antonym questions, study word pairs such as mercy–cruelty, lend–borrow, wisdom–folly and artificial–natural.
â€ĸ In contextual questions, identify the meaning intended by the passage; ‘grave’ may mean āĻ•āĻŦāϰ or āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϤāϰ.
â€ĸ Remember the central morals: books broaden imagination, appearance may mislead, practical judgment is important, and mercy is a virtue.
â€ĸ For transformation questions, change words correctly into noun, verb, adjective and adverb forms.
â€ĸ Use ‘persuade someone to do something’ and ‘prevent someone from doing something’ accurately in sentences.
â€ĸ In literary questions, connect vocabulary with characters: Antonio is kind, Bassanio is extravagant, Portia is wise, and Shylock is strict and vengeful.
â€ĸ Revise important phrases: ‘pay a penalty’, ‘sign a bond’, ‘show mercy’, ‘bear a resemblance’, ‘worn-out shoes’ and ‘all that glitters is not gold’.
â€ĸ When answering a question, use the vocabulary in complete sentences rather than listing isolated words.
â€ĸ Pay attention to pronunciation and spelling of difficult words such as merchandise, righteousness, milliner, casket and disheartened.

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