English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Roots - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Roots

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

rootsidentityrootlessheritageancestralhazardobligationrenownedtorchbearercelebratedaspiregeniusreceptivesojournermakeshifthygienerehabilitateassimilatemigrationdiasporaculture shockhomesicknessexpatriateidentity crisis

📃 Word Formation Rules

► root + less = rootless; the suffix -less means without.

► identify + -ty = identity; the suffix -ty forms an abstract noun.

► celebrate + -ed = celebrated; the suffix -ed can form an adjective.

► renown + -ed = renowned; the suffix -ed forms an adjective meaning famous.

► frustrate + -ion = frustration; the suffix -ion forms a noun from a verb.

► migrate + -ion = migration; the suffix -ion forms an abstract noun.

► rehabilitate + -ion = rehabilitation; the suffix -ion forms the related noun.

► human + in- = inhuman; the prefix in- gives a negative meaning.

► civilize + -ed = civilized; the suffix -ed forms an adjective.

► ancestor + -al = ancestral; the suffix -al means related to.

► home + sickness = homesickness; two words combine to form a compound noun.

► culture + shock = culture shock; two nouns combine to express a new concept.

1. Roots and Identity (8 words)

root[/ruːt/]nouneasy

Meaning: শিকড়; উৎস বা জন্মস্থান

Alt: কোনো কিছুর মূল ভিত্তি

Example: Our family, culture, and birthplace are our roots.

Syn: origin, sourceAnt: rootlessness, disconnection

💡 Exam tip: Root can mean both the underground part of a plant and a person's cultural origin.

identity[/aɪˈdentəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিচয়

Alt: কোনো ব্যক্তি বা গোষ্ঠীর স্বতন্ত্র বৈশিষ্ট্য

Example: Our roots develop our identity.

Syn: individuality, characterAnt: anonymity, namelessness

💡 Exam tip: Identity is commonly used with personal, national, cultural, and social.

rootless[/ˈruːtləs/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: শিকড়হীন; নিজস্ব উৎস থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন

Alt: পরিচয় বা স্থায়ী আশ্রয়হীন

Example: A rootless person may feel empty and lost.

Syn: homeless, disconnectedAnt: rooted, established

💡 Exam tip: Rootless is formed by adding the suffix -less, meaning without.

bond[/bɒnd/]nouneasy

Meaning: বন্ধন বা সম্পর্ক

Alt: মানুষের মধ্যে দৃঢ় সংযোগ

Example: Love creates a strong bond between family members.

Syn: connection, relationshipAnt: separation, disconnection

💡 Exam tip: Bond may be followed by between, with, or among.

belonging[/bɪˈlɒŋɪŋ/]nounmedium

Meaning: সম্পৃক্ততার অনুভূতি

Alt: কোনো স্থান বা গোষ্ঠীর সদস্য হওয়ার অনুভূতি

Example: A close community gives people a sense of belonging.

Syn: attachment, membershipAnt: alienation, isolation

💡 Exam tip: The phrase a sense of belonging is important for paragraph writing.

heritage[/ˈherɪtɪdʒ/]nounmedium

Meaning: ঐতিহ্য

Alt: পূর্বপুরুষদের কাছ থেকে পাওয়া সংস্কৃতি বা সম্পদ

Example: We should preserve our cultural heritage.

Syn: tradition, legacyAnt: modernity, novelty

💡 Exam tip: Cultural heritage refers to customs, traditions, language, and monuments.

ancestral[/ænˈsestrəl/]adjectivehard

Meaning: পৈতৃক বা পূর্বপুরুষ-সম্পর্কিত

Alt: বংশপরম্পরায় প্রাপ্ত

Example: They returned to their ancestral village during Eid.

Syn: hereditary, familialAnt: modern, contemporary

💡 Exam tip: Ancestral is related to ancestor; use it before nouns such as home, land, or village.

non-entity[/ˌnɒn ˈentəti/]nounhard

Meaning: গুরুত্বহীন বা পরিচয়হীন ব্যক্তি

Alt: যার কোনো সামাজিক অস্তিত্ব নেই

Example: A person without identity may feel like a non-entity.

Syn: nobody, insignificant personAnt: personality, notable person

💡 Exam tip: Non-entity is a compound noun and is often used in formal passages.

2. Returning to One's Roots (8 words)

rush[/rʌʃ/]nouneasy

Meaning: হুড়োহুড়ি; দ্রুত চলাচল

Alt: অল্প সময়ে অনেক মানুষের তীব্র ভিড়

Example: There is a mad rush for buses before Eid.

Syn: hurry, stampedeAnt: calmness, delay

💡 Exam tip: Rush can be both a noun and a verb: people rush home.

hazard[/ˈhæzəd/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিপদ বা ঝুঁকি

Alt: ক্ষতি ঘটাতে পারে এমন বিষয়

Example: Transport accidents are serious hazards during festivals.

Syn: danger, riskAnt: safety, security

💡 Exam tip: Hazard is usually followed by to: Pollution is a hazard to health.

desire[/dɪˈzaɪə/]nounmedium

Meaning: ইচ্ছা বা আকাঙ্ক্ষা

Alt: কোনো কিছু পাওয়ার প্রবল বাসনা

Example: People have a strong desire to return home.

Syn: wish, longingAnt: dislike, reluctance

💡 Exam tip: Use desire to do something or desire for something.

occasion[/əˈkeɪʒən/]nouneasy

Meaning: উপলক্ষ

Alt: বিশেষ ঘটনা বা সময়

Example: People visit their relatives on different occasions.

Syn: event, ceremonyAnt: routine, ordinariness

💡 Exam tip: On the occasion of means উপলক্ষে.

near and dear[/nɪər ænd dɪər/]adjectiveeasy

Meaning: আপন ও প্রিয়

Alt: ঘনিষ্ঠ আত্মীয়স্বজন ও বন্ধু

Example: Everyone wants to share happiness with near and dear ones.

Syn: beloved, closeAnt: distant, unfamiliar

💡 Exam tip: Near and dear is a fixed phrase used before ones or people.

surroundings[/səˈraʊndɪŋz/]nounmedium

Meaning: পারিপার্শ্বিক পরিবেশ

Alt: কোনো স্থানের চারপাশের অবস্থা

Example: Our surroundings influence our personality.

Syn: environment, vicinityAnt: isolation, emptiness

💡 Exam tip: Surroundings is generally used in the plural form.

nourish[/ˈnʌrɪʃ/]verbhard

Meaning: লালন-পালন করা

Alt: বিকাশের জন্য খাদ্য বা যত্ন দেওয়া

Example: We should nourish our roots by maintaining family ties.

Syn: feed, fosterAnt: neglect, starve

💡 Exam tip: Nourish may be used literally for food and figuratively for relationships.

attraction[/əˈtrækʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: আকর্ষণ

Alt: কোনো ব্যক্তি বা স্থানের প্রতি টান

Example: Many people feel a strong attraction to their native village.

Syn: appeal, allureAnt: repulsion, dislike

💡 Exam tip: Attraction to a place means টান or আকর্ষণ.

3. Education, Work, and Service (8 words)

qualified[/ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: যোগ্যতাসম্পন্ন

Alt: প্রয়োজনীয় শিক্ষা বা দক্ষতাসম্পন্ন

Example: Mainul Islam is a qualified farmer.

Syn: competent, skilledAnt: unqualified, incompetent

💡 Exam tip: Qualified is commonly followed by for or to: qualified for the post.

advanced[/ədˈvɑːnst/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: উন্নত

Alt: আধুনিক বা উচ্চপর্যায়ের

Example: He introduced advanced farming methods in his village.

Syn: developed, modernAnt: primitive, backward

💡 Exam tip: Advanced farming means improved and scientific agricultural practice.

specialty[/ˈspeʃəlti/]nounhard

Meaning: বিশেষত্ব

Alt: কোনো ব্যক্তি বা গোষ্ঠীর বিশেষ দক্ষতার ক্ষেত্র

Example: The specialty of the family is service to the village.

Syn: expertise, distinctionAnt: weakness, generality

💡 Exam tip: Specialty may also mean a special product or area of study.

discipline[/ˈdɪsəplɪn/]nounmedium

Meaning: শিক্ষার বিষয় বা শাখা

Alt: শৃঙ্খলা ও নিয়মানুবর্তিতা

Example: Agriculture was Mr Islam's academic discipline.

Syn: subject, fieldAnt: disorder, indiscipline

💡 Exam tip: In academic contexts, discipline means a branch of knowledge.

obligation[/ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: দায়িত্ব বা কর্তব্য

Alt: নৈতিক বা আইনগত বাধ্যবাধকতা

Example: Educated people have an obligation to serve their community.

Syn: duty, responsibilityAnt: freedom, irresponsibility

💡 Exam tip: Obligation is often followed by to and a verb.

frustration[/frʌˈstreɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: হতাশা

Alt: আশা পূরণ না হওয়ার মানসিক কষ্ট

Example: He overcame his frustration and returned to Bengal.

Syn: disappointment, despairAnt: satisfaction, contentment

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is frustrated; the verb is frustrate.

renowned[/rɪˈnaʊnd/]adjectivehard

Meaning: খ্যাতিমান

Alt: বহুলভাবে পরিচিত ও সম্মানিত

Example: The brothers are renowned in their own fields.

Syn: famous, celebratedAnt: unknown, obscure

💡 Exam tip: Renowned is a formal synonym of famous, useful in essays.

torchbearer[/ˈtɔːtʃˌbeərə/]nounhard

Meaning: পথপ্রদর্শক

Alt: কোনো আদর্শ বা আন্দোলনের অগ্রদূত

Example: Mr Islam became a torchbearer for village development.

Syn: leader, pioneerAnt: follower, opponent

💡 Exam tip: Torchbearer is used figuratively for someone who inspires others.

4. Madhusudan and Literary Vocabulary (8 words)

celebrated[/ˈseləbreɪtɪd/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: প্রখ্যাত

Alt: অত্যন্ত বিখ্যাত ও সম্মানিত

Example: Michael Madhusudan Dutt was a celebrated Bengali poet.

Syn: famous, distinguishedAnt: unknown, ordinary

💡 Exam tip: Celebrated is a formal adjective often used before names and professions.

aspire[/əˈspaɪə/]verbhard

Meaning: আকাঙ্ক্ষা করা

Alt: উচ্চ লক্ষ্য অর্জনের চেষ্টা করা

Example: Madhusudan aspired to be an Englishman in form and manner.

Syn: hope, aimAnt: despair, neglect

💡 Exam tip: Use aspire to, not aspire for, before a verb.

sophisticated[/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/]adjectivehard

Meaning: মার্জিত ও সংস্কৃতিমনা

Alt: জটিল বা উন্নত

Example: He was born into a sophisticated Hindu family.

Syn: cultured, refinedAnt: simple, uncultured

💡 Exam tip: Sophisticated can describe people, societies, machines, or ideas.

ire[/aɪə/]nounhard

Meaning: ক্রোধ

Alt: তীব্র রাগ বা অসন্তোষ

Example: His conversion to Christianity aroused his family's ire.

Syn: anger, wrathAnt: calmness, pleasure

💡 Exam tip: Ire is a formal literary word meaning anger.

genius[/ˈdʒiːniəs/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রতিভা

Alt: অসাধারণ সৃজনশীল বা বুদ্ধিবৃত্তিক ক্ষমতা

Example: He believed that the West would appreciate his creative genius.

Syn: brilliance, talentAnt: incompetence, dullness

💡 Exam tip: Creative genius refers to extraordinary artistic ability.

receptive[/rɪˈseptɪv/]adjectivehard

Meaning: গ্রহণে আগ্রহী

Alt: নতুন ধারণা বা শিল্পকে গ্রহণ করতে প্রস্তুত

Example: He thought the West would be receptive to his talent.

Syn: responsive, open-mindedAnt: unresponsive, closed-minded

💡 Exam tip: Receptive is followed by to: receptive to new ideas.

ardent[/ˈɑːdənt/]adjectivehard

Meaning: প্রবল আগ্রহী বা অনুরাগী

Alt: উৎসাহী ও আবেগপূর্ণ

Example: Madhusudan was an ardent follower of Lord Byron.

Syn: passionate, enthusiasticAnt: indifferent, apathetic

💡 Exam tip: Ardent is a high-level synonym of passionate or enthusiastic.

sojourner[/ˈsɒdʒənə/]nounhard

Meaning: অস্থায়ীভাবে বসবাসকারী ব্যক্তি

Alt: ভ্রমণকারী বা সাময়িক অতিথি

Example: He realised that he was only a sojourner in Europe.

Syn: traveller, temporary residentAnt: native, permanent resident

💡 Exam tip: Sojourner is a literary word for a temporary resident.

5. Migration, Poverty, and Social Problems (8 words)

floating people[/ˈfləʊtɪŋ ˈpiːpl/]nounmedium

Meaning: ভাসমান মানুষ

Alt: স্থায়ী বাসস্থানহীন বা স্থানান্তরিত মানুষ

Example: Floating people often live in makeshift shelters in cities.

Syn: homeless people, displaced peopleAnt: settled residents, homeowners

💡 Exam tip: This term is used in the text for people without stable urban homes.

makeshift[/ˈmeɪkʃɪft/]adjectivehard

Meaning: অস্থায়ীভাবে তৈরি

Alt: স্থায়ী ব্যবস্থার বিকল্প হিসেবে দ্রুত বানানো

Example: The family lives in a makeshift shack.

Syn: temporary, improvisedAnt: permanent, well-built

💡 Exam tip: Makeshift usually describes shelter, arrangement, or solution.

inhuman[/ɪnˈhjuːmən/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: অমানবিক

Alt: মানবিক সহানুভূতিহীন বা অত্যন্ত কষ্টকর

Example: They are living in an inhuman condition.

Syn: cruel, brutalAnt: humane, kind

💡 Exam tip: The prefix in- makes the opposite of human in this word.

civilized[/ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/]adjectivemedium

Meaning: সভ্য

Alt: উন্নত সামাজিক ও নৈতিক মানসম্পন্ন

Example: Such poverty should not exist in a civilized society.

Syn: cultured, developedAnt: barbaric, uncivilized

💡 Exam tip: British spelling is civilized; civilised is also accepted in British English.

hygiene[/ˈhaɪdʒiːn/]nounmedium

Meaning: স্বাস্থ্যবিধি

Alt: স্বাস্থ্য রক্ষার পরিচ্ছন্নতা ও অভ্যাস

Example: Basic health and hygiene can reduce pollution and disease.

Syn: cleanliness, sanitationAnt: dirtiness, uncleanliness

💡 Exam tip: Hygiene is an uncountable noun; say good hygiene, not good hygienes.

rehabilitate[/ˌriːəˈbɪlɪteɪt/]verbhard

Meaning: পুনর্বাসন করা

Alt: স্বাভাবিক জীবন বা বাসস্থানে ফিরিয়ে আনা

Example: The government should rehabilitate displaced families.

Syn: resettle, restoreAnt: displace, abandon

💡 Exam tip: Rehabilitation is the noun form; use rehabilitate someone.

assimilate[/əˈsɪməleɪt/]verbhard

Meaning: মিশে যাওয়া বা মানিয়ে নেওয়া

Alt: নতুন সংস্কৃতি বা সমাজের অংশ হয়ে ওঠা

Example: Migrants often need time to assimilate into a new culture.

Syn: integrate, adaptAnt: isolate, separate

💡 Exam tip: Use assimilate into or assimilate with a group or culture.

discrepancy[/dɪˈskrepənsi/]nounhard

Meaning: বৈষম্য বা অসামঞ্জস্য

Alt: দুই ব্যক্তি বা বিষয়ের মধ্যে অমিল

Example: Social discrepancies may force people to migrate.

Syn: difference, inequalityAnt: agreement, equality

💡 Exam tip: Social discrepancy commonly means inequality in social conditions.

6. Diaspora and Emotional Effects (8 words)

diaspora[/daɪˈæspərə/]nounhard

Meaning: প্রবাসী জনগোষ্ঠী

Alt: নিজ দেশ বা পূর্বপুরুষের ভূমি থেকে ছড়িয়ে পড়া মানুষ

Example: Diaspora is created through migration away from an ancestral homeland.

Syn: dispersion, exile communityAnt: homeland community, settlement

💡 Exam tip: Diaspora is usually treated as a singular uncountable noun in general use.

migration[/maɪˈɡreɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: অভিবাসন বা স্থানান্তর

Alt: এক স্থান থেকে অন্য স্থানে মানুষের চলাচল

Example: Rural-to-urban migration is a major social problem.

Syn: movement, relocationAnt: settlement, staying

💡 Exam tip: Migration may be internal, international, rural-to-urban, or seasonal.

scatter[/ˈskætə/]verbmedium

Meaning: ছড়িয়ে দেওয়া বা ছড়িয়ে পড়া

Alt: বিভিন্ন স্থানে বিচ্ছিন্ন হয়ে যাওয়া

Example: War can scatter people away from their homeland.

Syn: disperse, spreadAnt: gather, assemble

💡 Exam tip: Scatter is both transitive and intransitive: scatter people; people scatter.

culture shock[/ˈkʌltʃə ʃɒk/]nounmedium

Meaning: সংস্কৃতিগত ধাক্কা

Alt: নতুন সংস্কৃতিতে গিয়ে মানসিক অস্বস্তি

Example: Migrants often experience culture shock in a foreign country.

Syn: cultural disorientation, cultural stressAnt: cultural comfort, familiarity

💡 Exam tip: Culture shock is a fixed compound noun and is often used with experience or suffer.

homesickness[/ˈhəʊmsɪknəs/]nounmedium

Meaning: বাড়ির জন্য মনকেমন

Alt: নিজ বাড়ি বা দেশের জন্য তীব্র আকুলতা

Example: Living abroad sometimes gives expatriates homesickness.

Syn: longing for home, nostalgiaAnt: contentment, belonging

💡 Exam tip: Homesick is the adjective; homesickness is the noun.

expatriate[/eksˈpætriət/]nounhard

Meaning: প্রবাসী

Alt: নিজ দেশ ছেড়ে বিদেশে বসবাসকারী ব্যক্তি

Example: An expatriate may remain emotionally attached to the homeland.

Syn: migrant, overseas residentAnt: native, citizen at home

💡 Exam tip: Expatriate can function as both a noun and an adjective.

identity crisis[/aɪˈdentəti ˈkraɪsɪs/]nounhard

Meaning: পরিচয় সংকট

Alt: নিজের পরিচয় ও অবস্থান নিয়ে গভীর অনিশ্চয়তা

Example: Migration may create an identity crisis among young people.

Syn: self-doubt, identity confusionAnt: self-confidence, self-awareness

💡 Exam tip: Identity crisis is a key phrase for essays about migration and roots.

allure[/əˈljʊə/]nounhard

Meaning: মোহনীয় আকর্ষণ

Alt: কোনো কিছু আকর্ষণ করার শক্তি

Example: Many people are allured by the promise of a better life.

Syn: charm, attractionAnt: repulsion, ugliness

💡 Exam tip: Allure can be a noun or verb; the adjective is alluring.

💡 Exam Tips

• Learn roots as both a literal word for plant parts and a figurative word for origin, family, culture, and birthplace.

• Use identity, heritage, belonging, and rootless in composition answers about culture and nationality.

• Remember the fixed expressions return to one's roots, lose one's roots, and be proud of one's roots.

• Use obligation to serve, receptive to new ideas, aspire to become, and assimilate into a culture correctly.

• For synonym questions, celebrated means famous, ardent means passionate, renowned means well-known, and sojourner means temporary resident.

• For migration topics, revise diaspora, expatriate, culture shock, homesickness, and identity crisis together.

• Distinguish migration from rehabilitation: migration means moving to another place, while rehabilitation means restoring or resettling people.

• In paragraph writing, support vocabulary with examples from rural-to-urban migration, river erosion, poverty, and cultural disconnection.

• Pay attention to parts of speech: root is a noun or verb, desire is a noun or verb, and allure is a noun or verb.

• Use formal vocabulary such as discrepancy, obligation, assimilate, and non-entity in analytical answers.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Roots - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Roots

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