Chapter: Graffiti
đ Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
graffitiwall artresistancedissentdefianceuprisingsloganprotesteractivistoppressionrepressiveregimecensorshipsurveillancepersecutionsubversivespray-paintinscribedisguisecountersuppressevadeeraseorganizejusticemarginalizedminoritizedinclusivitysolidarityliberationcommunityinterconnectedmemorylegacyconsciousnessidentityresponsibilitycitizenendureanonymity
đ Word Formation Rules
âē graffiti â graffiti artist; graffiti-covered; graffiti-writing
âē resist â resistance; resistant; resistive
âē oppress â oppression; oppressive; oppressor
âē repress â repression; repressive; repressively
âē censor â censorship; censor; censored
âē protest â protester; protestation; protest-related
âē demonstrate â demonstrator; demonstration; demonstrative
âē liberate â liberation; liberator; liberating
âē marginalize â marginalized; marginalization
âē include â inclusion; inclusive; inclusivity; inclusively
âē connect â connection; interconnected; interconnectedness
âē create â creative; creativity; creatively
âē express â expression; expressive; expressively
âē remember â remembrance; memorable; memory
âē responsible â responsibility; responsibly; irresponsible
âē anonymous â anonymity; anonymously
âē organize â organization; organized; organizer
âē endure â endurance; enduring; endurable
1. Graffiti and Art (8 words)
graffiti[/ÉĄrÉËfiËti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻšā§
Alt: āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ˛āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ¨; āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ
Example: Graffiti can express the feelings of ordinary people.
Syn: wall writing, inscriptionAnt: erasure
đĄ Exam tip: Graffiti is usually treated as an uncountable noun when referring to wall art in general.
art[/ÉËrt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ; āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ
Alt: āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻž
Example: Graffiti is a form of public art.
Syn: creativity, artistryAnt: inartistry
đĄ Exam tip: Use a form of art to describe a particular artistic expression.
wall art[/wÉËl ÉËrt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Example: The wall art displayed an iconic moment of the uprising.
Syn: mural, wall paintingAnt: blank wall
đĄ Exam tip: Wall art is generally more organized and sanctioned than graffiti.
mural[/ËmjĘÉrÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Example: The mural honoured the heroes of the movement.
Syn: wall painting, frescoAnt: miniature
đĄ Exam tip: Mural is a useful synonym for large wall art.
expression[/ÉĒkËspreĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ; āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Graffiti became an expression of public anger.
Syn: manifestation, communicationAnt: suppression
đĄ Exam tip: Expression of is commonly followed by an emotion, idea, or opinion.
spontaneity[/ËspÉntÉËniËÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻž; āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: The spontaneity of graffiti makes it powerful.
Syn: impulsiveness, naturalnessAnt: planning
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is spontaneous and the adverb is spontaneously.
symbolism[/ËsÉĒmbÉlÉĒzÉm/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Example: The colours of the graffiti had strong symbolism.
Syn: representation, imageryAnt: literalness
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse symbolism with symbol; symbolism means the use or meaning of symbols.
creative[/kriËeÉĒtÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ
Example: The students prepared a creative wall design.
Syn: imaginative, inventiveAnt: uncreative
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: creativity; adverb form: creatively.
2. Resistance and Protest (8 words)
resistance[/rÉĒËzÉĒstÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Graffiti became a symbol of resistance to oppression.
Syn: opposition, defianceAnt: submission
đĄ Exam tip: Resistance to is the common prepositional phrase.
dissent[/dÉĒËsent/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¤āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ
Alt: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž
Example: The slogans expressed dissent against the regime.
Syn: disagreement, protestAnt: agreement
đĄ Exam tip: Dissent can be both a noun and a verb; dissent against means oppose.
defiance[/dÉĒËfaÉĒÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§ āĻ
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: The message was written in defiance of censorship.
Syn: disobedience, resistanceAnt: obedience
đĄ Exam tip: In defiance of means openly resisting or disobeying something.
uprising[/ËĘpraÉĒzÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŖāĻ
āĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻš
Alt: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻŖāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨
Example: The July uprising created new forms of public expression.
Syn: rebellion, revoltAnt: submission
đĄ Exam tip: Uprising is countable when referring to a particular revolt.
movement[/ËmuËvmÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
Example: Students used graffiti during the democratic movement.
Syn: campaign, mobilizationAnt: stagnation
đĄ Exam tip: Political movement means an organized effort to achieve social change.
slogan[/ËsloĘÉĄÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖā§ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§
Example: The slogan demanded justice for the victims.
Syn: motto, catchphraseAnt: silence
đĄ Exam tip: A slogan is usually short, memorable, and persuasive.
protester[/prÉËtestÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: The protester painted a message on the wall.
Syn: demonstrator, activistAnt: supporter
đĄ Exam tip: Protester comes from protest + er; protest can be a noun or a verb.
activist[/ËÃĻktÉĒvÉĒst/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ
Example: The student activist opposed the unjust policy.
Syn: campaigner, advocateAnt: passivist
đĄ Exam tip: An activist actively works for a political or social cause.
3. Power, Censorship and Conflict (8 words)
oppression[/ÉËpreĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Art can challenge oppression in society.
Syn: persecution, tyrannyAnt: freedom
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is oppress, the adjective is oppressive, and the person is an oppressor.
repressive[/rÉĒËpresÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: People protested against the repressive regime.
Syn: authoritarian, tyrannicalAnt: liberal
đĄ Exam tip: Repressive describes a government, law, or system that suppresses freedom.
regime[/reÉĒËĘiËm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻˇ
Example: The regime tried to silence its critics.
Syn: government, administrationAnt: anarchy
đĄ Exam tip: Regime often has a negative meaning when it refers to an oppressive government.
censorship[/ËsensÉrĘÉĒp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Graffiti can resist censorship by appearing in public spaces.
Syn: suppression, restrictionAnt: freedom of expression
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is censor and the noun for the person is censor.
surveillance[/sÉrËveÉĒlÉns/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻāĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Example: Anonymity helps artists avoid surveillance.
Syn: monitoring, observationAnt: privacy
đĄ Exam tip: Surveillance is uncountable in most exam sentences.
persecution[/ËpÉËrsÉĒËkjuËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§ā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°
Example: The artist worked quickly because of the risk of persecution.
Syn: harassment, victimizationAnt: protection
đĄ Exam tip: Persecution is different from prosecution, which means legal action against someone.
subversive[/sÉbËvÉËrsÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻšāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§
Example: Graffiti is often viewed as a subversive form of communication.
Syn: rebellious, revolutionaryAnt: conformist
đĄ Exam tip: Subversive means challenging an established system, not merely unusual.
power[/ËpaĘÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Graffiti challenges the power of those who control public narratives.
Syn: authority, strengthAnt: powerlessness
đĄ Exam tip: Power over means control of someone or something; power to means ability to act.
4. Actions and Methods (8 words)
spray-paint[/ËspreÉĒ peÉĒnt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The activists spray-painted slogans on the walls.
Syn: paint, inscribeAnt: erase
đĄ Exam tip: Use spray-painted as the past participle before a noun.
inscribe[/ÉĒnËskraÉĒb/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: They inscribed a message of solidarity on the wall.
Syn: write, engraveAnt: erase
đĄ Exam tip: Inscribe something on a surface; the noun is inscription.
disguise[/dÉĒsËÉĄaÉĒz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The activists disguised their actions from the approaching forces.
Syn: conceal, camouflageAnt: reveal
đĄ Exam tip: Disguise can be a noun or verb; disguise something as something else.
counter[/ËkaĘntÉr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Graffiti can counter official propaganda.
Syn: oppose, combatAnt: support
đĄ Exam tip: Counter can function as a verb, noun, adjective, or preposition.
suppress[/sÉËpres/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻĒā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Authorities tried to suppress the protest messages.
Syn: repress, silenceAnt: encourage
đĄ Exam tip: Suppress forms suppression, suppressive, and suppressed.
evade[/ÉĒËveÉĒd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Anonymous artists may evade immediate punishment.
Syn: avoid, escapeAnt: confront
đĄ Exam tip: Evade is followed by an object; do not write evade from.
erase[/ÉĒËreÉĒz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Authorities may erase graffiti, but they cannot erase its message.
Syn: remove, deleteAnt: preserve
đĄ Exam tip: Erase can be used literally for writing and figuratively for memories.
organize[/ËÉËrÉĄÉnaÉĒz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Artists organized a sanctioned wall-art project.
Syn: arrange, coordinateAnt: disorganize
đĄ Exam tip: British spelling is organise; both forms may be accepted depending on the question.
5. Justice, Inclusion and Society (8 words)
justice[/ËdĘĘstÉĒs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž
Example: The graffiti called for justice for the victims.
Syn: fairness, equityAnt: injustice
đĄ Exam tip: The common phrase is demand justice for someone.
marginalized[/ËmÉËrdĘÉĒnÉlaÉĒzd/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Example: Graffiti gives marginalized communities a public voice.
Syn: disadvantaged, excludedAnt: privileged
đĄ Exam tip: The British spelling marginalised is also correct.
minoritized[/maÉĒËnÉrÉĒtaÉĒzd/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻļā§āĻ˛
Example: The artwork highlighted the struggles of minoritized people.
Syn: underrepresented, disadvantagedAnt: dominant
đĄ Exam tip: Minoritized emphasizes a social process, not only numerical minority status.
inclusivity[/ËÉĒnkluËËsÉĒvÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The wall art expressed inclusivity and unity.
Syn: openness, integrationAnt: exclusion
đĄ Exam tip: Adjective form: inclusive; adverb form: inclusively.
solidarity[/ËsÉlÉĒËdÃĻrÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻšāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨
Example: The slogans created solidarity among different communities.
Syn: unity, supportAnt: division
đĄ Exam tip: Solidarity with someone means shared support for that person or group.
liberation[/ËlÉĒbÉËreÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Example: The message demanded liberation for all communities.
Syn: freedom, emancipationAnt: captivity
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is liberate and the adjective is liberated or liberating.
community[/kÉËmjuËnÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ˛
Example: Every community deserves respect and equal rights.
Syn: society, groupAnt: individual
đĄ Exam tip: Plural form: communities; change y to ies.
interconnected[/ËÉĒntÉrkÉËnektÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Example: The protests showed that different struggles are interconnected.
Syn: linked, interrelatedAnt: separate
đĄ Exam tip: Use interconnected with struggles, issues, communities, or systems.
6. Memory, Identity and Civic Responsibility (8 words)
memory[/ËmemÉri/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨
Example: Graffiti preserves the memory of historic movements.
Syn: recollection, remembranceAnt: forgetfulness
đĄ Exam tip: Collective memory means the shared remembrance of a group or nation.
legacy[/ËleÉĄÉsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖā§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: The July slogans echoed the legacy of earlier movements.
Syn: heritage, inheritanceAnt: oblivion
đĄ Exam tip: Legacy of is commonly used before a historical person, event, or movement.
consciousness[/ËkÉnĘÉsnÉs/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ
Example: Graffiti can awaken political consciousness.
Syn: awareness, perceptionAnt: unawareness
đĄ Exam tip: Consciousness is uncountable when it means awareness.
identity[/aÉĒËdentÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯
Example: Public art can celebrate the identity of a community.
Syn: selfhood, characterAnt: anonymity
đĄ Exam tip: Plural form: identities; change y to ies.
responsibility[/rÉĒËspÉnsÉËbÉĒlÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāĻŋāĻšāĻŋ
Example: Citizens have a responsibility to protect public spaces.
Syn: duty, obligationAnt: irresponsibility
đĄ Exam tip: Responsibility for something and responsibility to do something are common patterns.
citizen[/ËsÉĒtÉĒzÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯
Example: A responsible citizen respects both rights and public property.
Syn: national, residentAnt: foreigner
đĄ Exam tip: Adjective form: civic; phrase: civic responsibility.
endure[/ÉĒnËdjĘÉr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: A powerful message can endure despite censorship.
Syn: persist, surviveAnt: perish
đĄ Exam tip: Endure may mean tolerate a hardship or continue to exist.
anonymity[/ËÃĻnÉËnÉĒmÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ-āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Anonymity protects graffiti artists from immediate detection.
Syn: namelessness, privacyAnt: identification
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is anonymous and the adverb is anonymously.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Distinguish graffiti from wall art: graffiti is generally spontaneous, anonymous, quick, and risky, while wall art is usually organized and sanctioned.
âĸ Use resistance to describe opposition to power and dissent to describe disagreement with an official policy or authority.
âĸ Remember the common phrases resistance to oppression, demand for justice, call for liberation, and solidarity with marginalized communities.
âĸ Use the passive structure Graffiti was used to express dissent when describing historical movements.
âĸ Compare past and present with from the 1960s to the July uprising of 2024.
âĸ Use although or whereas to show contrast: Although wall art is organized, graffiti is often spontaneous and anonymous.
âĸ For cause and effect, use because, therefore, as a result, and consequently.
âĸ In a paragraph, support the main idea with examples such as Down with Ayub Khan, Down with Autocracy, and the slogans of the July uprising.
âĸ Do not confuse persecution with prosecution, or conscious with conscience.
âĸ For a strong conclusion, explain that graffiti preserves collective memory and gives marginalized people a public voice.
âĸ Use collective memory, revolutionary solidarity, and civic responsibility as advanced expressions in composition answers.
âĸ Remember that anonymity protects artists, while immediacy allows messages to respond quickly to political events.