English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Our Neighbours - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Our Neighbours

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

sublimescenictemperateethnicpilgrimageelegantmultilingualinhabitantarchaeologicalazureaboundatollsettlerconquersultanateidyllicvulnerableemissiondiversityboundedflourishunificationsupremacydisintegrationindependencelandlockedpristinebiodiversitymandatoryintrusionhappinessconservationheritagemonumentaccommodationsightseeingresettlerecreationsustainable

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix -ness to an adjective to form a noun: happy → happiness, modest → modesty.

► Add the suffix -tion or -ation to a verb to form a noun: unify → unification, conserve → conservation, accommodate → accommodation.

► Add the suffix -er to a verb to form a person noun: settle → settler, inhabit → inhabitant.

► Use the prefix multi- to mean many: multilingual, multi-religious, multi-racial.

► Use the prefix re- to mean again: settle → resettle, establish → re-establish.

► Use the prefix dis- to show separation or opposition: integrate → disintegrate, unity → disunity.

► Use the suffix -al to form adjectives related to nouns: culture → cultural, nature → natural, archaeology → archaeological.

► Use the prefix un- to form opposites: bounded → unbounded, protected → unprotected, happy → unhappy.

1. Nepal: The Land of Everest (8 words)

sublime[/səˈblaɪm/]adjhard

Meaning: অত্যন্ত চমৎকার; মহিমান্বিত

Alt: উচ্চমানের বা মহৎ

Example: Nepal is a country of sublime beauty.

Syn: exalted, magnificentAnt: ordinary

💡 Exam tip: Use sublime to describe extraordinary beauty or greatness.

scenic[/ˈsiːnɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: প্রাকৃতিক দৃশ্যপূর্ণ

Alt: দৃশ্যাবলিতে সমৃদ্ধ

Example: Nepal is famous for its scenic beauty.

Syn: picturesque, beautifulAnt: unattractive

💡 Exam tip: Scenic beauty means natural beauty of a place.

tropical[/ˈtrɒpɪkəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: ক্রান্তীয়

Alt: উষ্ণমণ্ডলীয়

Example: Southern Nepal has a tropical climate.

Syn: equatorial, hotAnt: polar

💡 Exam tip: Tropical lowland means a hot low-lying region.

temperate[/ˈtempərət/]adjmedium

Meaning: নাতিশীতোষ্ণ

Alt: মধ্যম উষ্ণতার

Example: The central hills have a temperate climate.

Syn: moderate, mildAnt: extreme

💡 Exam tip: Temperate climate = moderate climate; it is a common MCQ answer.

ethnic[/ˈeθnɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: জাতিগত

Alt: কোনো জাতি বা সংস্কৃতিসংক্রান্ত

Example: Nepal has many ethnic groups.

Syn: racial, culturalAnt: universal

💡 Exam tip: Ethnic groups have distinct racial and cultural features.

pilgrimage[/ˈpɪlɡrɪmɪdʒ/]nounmedium

Meaning: তীর্থযাত্রা

Alt: ধর্মীয় উদ্দেশ্যে ভ্রমণ

Example: Lumbini is an important pilgrimage destination.

Syn: holy journey, religious journeyAnt: secular trip

💡 Exam tip: Pilgrimage destination means a sacred place visited for religious purposes.

elegant[/ˈelɪɡənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: রুচিশীল; মার্জিত

Alt: সুন্দর ও সুশোভিত

Example: The city is known for its elegant architecture.

Syn: graceful, refinedAnt: awkward

💡 Exam tip: Elegant architecture means graceful and well-designed building work.

dazzling[/ˈdæzlɪŋ/]adjmedium

Meaning: চমকপ্রদ

Alt: অত্যন্ত উজ্জ্বল বা আকর্ষণীয়

Example: Many festivals add dazzling colour to Nepalese culture.

Syn: brilliant, stunningAnt: dull

💡 Exam tip: Dazzling can describe light, colour, beauty or success.

2. Sri Lanka: The Pearl of the Indian Ocean (8 words)

modest[/ˈmɒdɪst/]adjmedium

Meaning: মাঝারি; সীমিত

Alt: নম্র বা সংযত

Example: Despite its modest size, Sri Lanka has a large population.

Syn: moderate, limitedAnt: large

💡 Exam tip: In the passage, modest size means comparatively small size.

multilingual[/ˌmʌltɪˈlɪŋɡwəl/]adjhard

Meaning: বহুভাষিক

Alt: অনেক ভাষায় ব্যবহৃত

Example: Sri Lanka is a multi-religious, multi-racial and multilingual country.

Syn: polyglotAnt: monolingual

💡 Exam tip: Multi- means many; lingual relates to language.

inhabitant[/ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/]nounmedium

Meaning: অধিবাসী

Alt: কোনো স্থানে বসবাসকারী ব্যক্তি

Example: The Veddhas are the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka.

Syn: resident, dwellerAnt: visitor

💡 Exam tip: Inhabitant is a useful synonym for resident or dweller.

archaeological[/ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/]adjhard

Meaning: প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক

Alt: প্রাচীন নিদর্শন-সম্পর্কিত

Example: Sri Lanka has many archaeological treasures.

Syn: historic, ancientAnt: modern

💡 Exam tip: Archaeological treasures are valuable remains of ancient civilizations.

civilization[/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: সভ্যতা

Alt: উন্নত সামাজিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক ব্যবস্থা

Example: Sri Lanka had contact with several ancient civilizations.

Syn: culture, societyAnt: barbarism

💡 Exam tip: Civilization is often used with ancient, advanced or past.

azure[/ˈæʒə/]adjhard

Meaning: আকাশি নীল

Alt: উজ্জ্বল নীল রঙের

Example: The island is surrounded by azure seas.

Syn: sky-blue, blueAnt: dark

💡 Exam tip: Azure seas means bright blue seas.

abound[/əˈbaʊnd/]verbhard

Meaning: প্রচুর পরিমাণে থাকা

Alt: ভরপুর হওয়া

Example: Sri Lanka abounds with coconut groves and spice gardens.

Syn: overflow, teemAnt: lack

💡 Exam tip: Abound with means to be full of something.

leisure[/ˈleʒə/]nounmedium

Meaning: অবসর

Alt: কাজের বাইরে আরাম বা বিনোদনের সময়

Example: Tourists enjoy leisure activities on the beaches.

Syn: recreation, free timeAnt: work

💡 Exam tip: Leisure activities include swimming, sailing and sightseeing.

3. The Maldives: Islands and Climate Change (8 words)

atoll[/ˈætɒl/]nounhard

Meaning: প্রবাল দ্বীপমালা

Alt: বৃত্তাকার প্রবালপ্রাচীর বা দ্বীপের সমষ্টি

Example: An atoll is a ring-shaped coral reef.

Syn: coral island group

💡 Exam tip: Remember the definition: a ring-shaped coral reef or closely spaced coral islands.

cluster[/ˈklʌstə/]verbmedium

Meaning: গুচ্ছাকারে থাকা

Alt: দলবদ্ধভাবে জমায়েত হওয়া

Example: The islands are clustered into twenty-six major atolls.

Syn: group, gatherAnt: scatter

💡 Exam tip: Clustered into means arranged in groups.

settler[/ˈsetlə/]nounmedium

Meaning: বসতিস্থাপনকারী

Alt: নতুন স্থানে বসবাস শুরু করা ব্যক্তি

Example: The earliest settlers probably came from southern India and Sri Lanka.

Syn: colonist, pioneerAnt: nomad

💡 Exam tip: Settler is formed from settle by adding -er.

conquer[/ˈkɒŋkə/]verbmedium

Meaning: জয় করা

Alt: শক্তি প্রয়োগ করে দখল করা

Example: The Portuguese conquered the Maldives in the sixteenth century.

Syn: defeat, occupyAnt: liberate

💡 Exam tip: Conquer means to take control of a country by force.

sultanate[/ˈsʌltənət/]nounhard

Meaning: সুলতানশাসিত দেশ

Alt: সুলতানের শাসনব্যবস্থা

Example: The Maldives was an independent Islamic sultanate for centuries.

Syn: kingdom, monarchyAnt: republic

💡 Exam tip: The sultanate was abolished in 1968 and replaced by a republic.

idyllic[/ɪˈdɪlɪk/]adjhard

Meaning: স্বপ্নময় সুন্দর

Alt: শান্ত ও মনোরম

Example: The Maldives has idyllic natural beauty.

Syn: picturesque, peacefulAnt: dreadful

💡 Exam tip: Idyllic is suitable for describing perfect natural surroundings.

vulnerable[/ˈvʌlnərəbəl/]adjhard

Meaning: অরক্ষিত; ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ

Alt: সহজে ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত হতে পারে এমন

Example: The low-lying islands are vulnerable to rising sea levels.

Syn: exposed, unprotectedAnt: secure

💡 Exam tip: Use vulnerable to explain why the Maldives is threatened by climate change.

emission[/ɪˈmɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: নির্গমন

Alt: গ্যাস বা দূষক পদার্থ বের হওয়া

Example: The cabinet called on nations to cut carbon emissions.

Syn: discharge, releaseAnt: absorption

💡 Exam tip: Carbon emissions contribute to global warming.

4. India: Unity in Diversity (8 words)

diversity[/daɪˈvɜːsəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: বৈচিত্র্য

Alt: বিভিন্নতা বা নানা ধরনের সমন্বয়

Example: India is famous for its cultural diversity.

Syn: variety, multiplicityAnt: uniformity

💡 Exam tip: Unity in diversity means harmony among people with differences.

bounded[/ˈbaʊndɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: সীমাবদ্ধ; বেষ্টিত

Alt: চারদিকে সীমা দ্বারা নির্ধারিত

Example: India is bounded by oceans and neighbouring countries.

Syn: bordered, surroundedAnt: unbounded

💡 Exam tip: Bounded by is commonly followed by geographical features or countries.

civilization[/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: সভ্যতা

Alt: উন্নত মানবসমাজের ব্যবস্থা

Example: India is a land of ancient civilization.

Syn: culture, heritageAnt: savagery

💡 Exam tip: The Indus Valley Civilization is an important historical reference.

flourish[/ˈflʌrɪʃ/]verbmedium

Meaning: বিকশিত হওয়া

Alt: সমৃদ্ধি লাভ করা

Example: Aryan culture flourished in ancient India.

Syn: thrive, prosperAnt: decline

💡 Exam tip: Flourish means grow or develop successfully.

unification[/ˌjuːnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: একত্রীকরণ

Alt: বিভিন্ন অংশকে এক করা

Example: Ashoka brought about the unification of India.

Syn: integration, unionAnt: division

💡 Exam tip: Unification is the noun form of unify.

supremacy[/suːˈpreməsi/]nounhard

Meaning: প্রাধান্য; আধিপত্য

Alt: সর্বোচ্চ ক্ষমতা বা কর্তৃত্ব

Example: The English gained supremacy over India.

Syn: dominance, authorityAnt: inferiority

💡 Exam tip: Gain or establish supremacy means become dominant.

disintegration[/dɪsˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: বিচ্ছিন্নতা; ভাঙন

Alt: একটি ব্যবস্থা ভেঙে পড়া

Example: The disintegration of the Mughal Empire helped the Europeans.

Syn: breakdown, collapseAnt: unity

💡 Exam tip: Disintegration is the opposite of integration or unity.

independence[/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/]nouneasy

Meaning: স্বাধীনতা

Alt: অন্যের নিয়ন্ত্রণমুক্ত অবস্থা

Example: India achieved its independence in 1947.

Syn: freedom, libertyAnt: dependence

💡 Exam tip: Independence is the key answer for India in 1947.

5. Bhutan: The Land of Happiness (8 words)

landlocked[/ˈlændlɒkt/]adjmedium

Meaning: স্থলবেষ্টিত

Alt: সমুদ্রপথহীন

Example: Bhutan is a small landlocked country.

Syn: inland, continentalAnt: coastal

💡 Exam tip: A landlocked country has no direct access to the sea.

evolve[/ɪˈvɒlv/]verbmedium

Meaning: বিকশিত হওয়া

Alt: ধীরে ধীরে পরিবর্তিত বা উন্নত হওয়া

Example: A unique culture evolved in Bhutan over time.

Syn: develop, emergeAnt: stagnate

💡 Exam tip: Evolve is often followed by over time.

pristine[/ˈprɪstiːn/]adjhard

Meaning: অকলুষিত

Alt: দূষণমুক্ত ও নির্মল

Example: Bhutan has pristine vegetation and clean mountain air.

Syn: unspoiled, pureAnt: polluted

💡 Exam tip: Pristine is a strong adjective for an untouched natural environment.

biodiversity[/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/]nounhard

Meaning: জীববৈচিত্র্য

Alt: বিভিন্ন প্রজাতির জীবের বৈচিত্র্য

Example: The government has taken steps to protect biodiversity.

Syn: biological diversity, variety of lifeAnt: uniformity

💡 Exam tip: Bio means life and diversity means variety.

mandatory[/ˈmændətəri/]adjmedium

Meaning: বাধ্যতামূলক

Alt: আইন বা নিয়ম অনুযায়ী অবশ্যপালনীয়

Example: It is mandatory for Bhutanese people to wear national dress in public.

Syn: compulsory, obligatoryAnt: optional

💡 Exam tip: Mandatory is the opposite of optional.

intrusion[/ɪnˈtruːʒən/]nounhard

Meaning: অনধিকার প্রবেশ

Alt: জোর করে বা অনাকাঙ্ক্ষিতভাবে প্রবেশ

Example: Bhutan protects its culture against the intrusion of foreign values.

Syn: invasion, interferenceAnt: withdrawal

💡 Exam tip: Intrusion of foreign culture means unwanted influence from outside.

happiness[/ˈhæpinəs/]nouneasy

Meaning: সুখ; আনন্দ

Alt: মানসিক তৃপ্তির অবস্থা

Example: Bhutan measures national success by Gross National Happiness.

Syn: joy, contentmentAnt: sadness

💡 Exam tip: Gross National Happiness is Bhutan's distinctive national indicator.

conservation[/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: সংরক্ষণ

Alt: প্রকৃতি ও সম্পদ রক্ষার কাজ

Example: Forest conservation is a constitutional duty in Bhutan.

Syn: preservation, protectionAnt: destruction

💡 Exam tip: Conservation is used for forests, wildlife and natural resources.

6. Travel, Culture and Environment (8 words)

heritage[/ˈherɪtɪdʒ/]nounmedium

Meaning: ঐতিহ্য

Alt: পূর্বপুরুষদের কাছ থেকে পাওয়া সাংস্কৃতিক সম্পদ

Example: The Kathmandu Valley is a rich cultural heritage centre.

Syn: legacy, traditionAnt: novelty

💡 Exam tip: Cultural heritage includes monuments, customs, art and traditions.

monument[/ˈmɒnjʊmənt/]nounmedium

Meaning: স্মৃতিস্তম্ভ; ঐতিহাসিক স্থাপনা

Alt: গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ব্যক্তি বা ঘটনার স্মারক

Example: The valley contains several important monument zones.

Syn: memorial, landmark

💡 Exam tip: Monument zones may be declared World Heritage Sites.

pilgrimage[/ˈpɪlɡrɪmɪdʒ/]nounmedium

Meaning: তীর্থযাত্রা

Alt: পবিত্র স্থানে ধর্মীয় ভ্রমণ

Example: Lumbini is a Buddhist pilgrimage destination.

Syn: holy journey, religious travel

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse pilgrimage with ordinary tourism.

accommodation[/əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: থাকার ব্যবস্থা

Alt: বাসস্থান বা আবাসনের সুবিধা

Example: The package includes two nights' accommodation in Kathmandu.

Syn: lodging, housing

💡 Exam tip: Accommodation is usually uncountable when it means lodging.

sightseeing[/ˈsaɪtsiːɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: দর্শনীয় স্থান পরিদর্শন

Alt: ভ্রমণের সময় গুরুত্বপূর্ণ স্থান দেখা

Example: The tour includes half-day sightseeing in Kathmandu Valley.

Syn: touring, excursion

💡 Exam tip: Sightseeing is commonly used in travel advertisements.

resettle[/ˌriːˈsetəl/]verbhard

Meaning: পুনর্বাসিত করা

Alt: নতুন স্থানে বসবাসের ব্যবস্থা করা

Example: The Maldives may resettle people if the islands go under water.

Syn: relocate, rehouseAnt: displace

💡 Exam tip: Resettle = re- plus settle; re- means again.

recreation[/ˌrekriˈeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিনোদন

Alt: আনন্দ বা অবসর কাটানোর কাজ

Example: The Maldives offers excellent facilities for recreation.

Syn: entertainment, leisureAnt: labour

💡 Exam tip: Recreation may include swimming, fishing, sailing and snorkelling.

sustainable[/səˈsteɪnəbəl/]adjhard

Meaning: টেকসই

Alt: দীর্ঘমেয়াদে বজায় রাখা সম্ভব এমন

Example: Sustainable development can protect island countries from environmental damage.

Syn: viable, eco-friendlyAnt: unsustainable

💡 Exam tip: Use sustainable when discussing environment, resources or development.

💡 Exam Tips

• Learn each word with its Bengali meaning, part of speech and an example sentence.

• For synonym questions, remember: temperate = moderate, scenic = picturesque, inhabitant = resident and mandatory = compulsory.

• For antonym questions, remember: independence ≠ dependence, diversity ≠ uniformity, pristine ≠ polluted and vulnerable ≠ secure.

• In passage-heading questions, identify the paragraph's central idea rather than a single detail.

• For True/False questions, check numbers, dates, places and comparison words carefully.

• In gap filling, use the exact word or phrase from the passage and observe the required word limit.

• Remember key facts: Nepal has 103 castes and ethnic groups; the Maldives has 1,199 islands; India achieved independence in 1947; Bhutan measures success by Gross National Happiness.

• Use geographical vocabulary accurately: landlocked means without a sea coast, atoll means a ring-shaped coral reef, and tropical lowland means a hot low-lying region.

• In travel advertisements, distinguish included services from extra costs such as visas, lunches, personal expenses and additional sightseeing.

• For paragraph and letter writing, organize ideas with linking words such as besides, moreover, however, therefore and finally.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Our Neighbours - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Our Neighbours

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