English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Pastimes - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Pastimes

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

pastimerecreationmeditationanxietyflexibilityathleteunprecedentedlegacydeclineconsequencesurveypercentagepreferencetrendurbanizationdependenceunderprivileged

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add -er to a verb to form a person noun: sprint → sprinter, swim → swimmer, photograph → photographer.

► Add -ing to a verb to form an activity noun or present participle: garden → gardening, watch → watching, meditate → meditating.

► Add -ness or -ity to form abstract nouns: fit → fitness, flexible → flexibility, anxious → anxiety.

► Add -tion or -sion to verbs to form nouns: meditate → meditation, prefer → preference, urbanize → urbanization.

► Use the prefix un- to form opposites: precedent → unprecedented, privileged → underprivileged is formed with under-.

► Use the prefix semi- to mean partly: urban → semi-urban.

► Add -al to form adjectives from nouns: nature → natural, tradition → traditional, profession → professional.

► Add -ive to form adjectives expressing a quality: effect → effective, attract → attractive, educate → educative.

1. Pastimes and Leisure Activities (8 words)

pastime[/ˈpɑːstaɪm/]nouneasy

Meaning: অবসর বিনোদন বা অবসর সময়ের কাজ

Alt: শখের কাজ

Example: Reading books is one of my favourite pastimes.

Syn: hobby, recreationAnt: work, duty

💡 Exam tip: Pastime means an activity done for pleasure during free time.

leisure[/ˈleʒə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: অবসর সময়

Alt: কাজমুক্ত সময়

Example: She listens to music in her leisure.

Syn: free time, recreationAnt: occupation, busyness

💡 Exam tip: Use leisure before activities: leisure activities.

recreation[/ˌrekriˈeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিনোদন

Alt: শরীর ও মন সতেজ করার কাজ

Example: Games and sports provide healthy recreation.

Syn: amusement, entertainmentAnt: boredom, labour

💡 Exam tip: Recreation is usually an uncountable noun.

hobby[/ˈhɒbi/]nouneasy

Meaning: শখ

Alt: অবসর সময়ে নিয়মিত করা পছন্দের কাজ

Example: Photography is his favourite hobby.

Syn: pastime, interestAnt: disinterest, dislike

💡 Exam tip: The plural form is hobbies, not hobbys.

gym[/dʒɪm/]nouneasy

Meaning: ব্যায়ামাগার

Alt: শরীরচর্চার স্থান

Example: Anusha goes to the gym twice a week.

Syn: fitness centre, health clubAnt: resting place

💡 Exam tip: Gym is short for gymnasium.

gardening[/ˈɡɑːdənɪŋ/]nouneasy

Meaning: বাগান করা

Alt: গাছপালা পরিচর্যার কাজ

Example: Gardening is a peaceful pastime.

Syn: cultivation, plantingAnt: neglect

💡 Exam tip: Gardening is generally used as an uncountable noun.

photography[/fəˈtɒɡrəfi/]nounmedium

Meaning: আলোকচিত্র গ্রহণের শিল্প

Alt: ছবি তোলার কাজ

Example: Shyam hopes to make photography his pastime.

Syn: photo-taking, image-makingAnt: obscurity

💡 Exam tip: Photograph is a noun, photograph is also a verb, and photographic is an adjective.

amateur[/ˈæmətə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: শখের চর্চাকারী ব্যক্তি

Alt: অপেশাদার

Example: He wants to become an amateur photographer.

Syn: non-professional, beginnerAnt: professional, expert

💡 Exam tip: Amateur may function as both a noun and an adjective.

2. Yoga, Exercise and Health (8 words)

posture[/ˈpɒstʃə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: দেহভঙ্গি

Alt: বসা বা দাঁড়ানোর ভঙ্গি

Example: Yoga improves body posture.

Syn: position, stanceAnt: movement, disorder

💡 Exam tip: Posture is often used with body, sitting, or standing.

discipline[/ˈdɪsəplɪn/]nounmedium

Meaning: শৃঙ্খলা

Alt: নিয়মিত অনুশীলন বা নিয়ন্ত্রণ

Example: Yoga combines physical and mental disciplines.

Syn: control, trainingAnt: disorder, indiscipline

💡 Exam tip: Discipline can mean both self-control and a branch of study.

meditation[/ˌmedɪˈteɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: ধ্যান

Alt: মনোসংযোগের অনুশীলন

Example: Traditional yoga places emphasis on meditation.

Syn: reflection, contemplationAnt: distraction, restlessness

💡 Exam tip: Meditation is related to the verb meditate.

anxiety[/æŋˈzaɪəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: উদ্বেগ

Alt: দুশ্চিন্তা বা উৎকণ্ঠা

Example: Yoga can help manage stress and anxiety.

Syn: worry, uneasinessAnt: calmness, peace

💡 Exam tip: The adjective form is anxious.

flexibility[/ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/]nounmedium

Meaning: নমনীয়তা

Alt: সহজে বাঁকতে বা পরিবর্তিত হতে পারার ক্ষমতা

Example: Regular exercise increases flexibility.

Syn: suppleness, adaptabilityAnt: rigidity, stiffness

💡 Exam tip: Flexibility is a common benefit of yoga and exercise.

chronic[/ˈkrɒnɪk/]adjhard

Meaning: দীর্ঘস্থায়ী

Alt: দীর্ঘদিন ধরে চলমান

Example: Yoga may help manage chronic health conditions.

Syn: persistent, long-termAnt: temporary, acute

💡 Exam tip: Chronic is usually used before a noun such as disease or pain.

insomnia[/ɪnˈsɒmniə/]nounhard

Meaning: অনিদ্রা

Alt: ঘুমাতে না পারার সমস্যা

Example: Meditation may reduce insomnia.

Syn: sleeplessness, wakefulnessAnt: sleep, drowsiness

💡 Exam tip: Insomnia is an uncountable noun.

fatigue[/fəˈtiːɡ/]nounhard

Meaning: অবসাদ

Alt: অতিরিক্ত ক্লান্তি

Example: Exercise can reduce fatigue and improve mood.

Syn: tiredness, wearinessAnt: energy, vigour

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse fatigue with the adjective fatigued.

3. Sports and Olympic Achievements (8 words)

athlete[/ˈæθliːt/]nouneasy

Meaning: ক্রীড়াবিদ

Alt: খেলাধুলায় দক্ষ ব্যক্তি

Example: Shyam's father was an athlete in his student life.

Syn: sportsman, competitorAnt: non-player, spectator

💡 Exam tip: Athlete refers to a person; athletic is the adjective.

sprint[/sprɪnt/]nouneasy

Meaning: দ্রুত দৌড়ের প্রতিযোগিতা

Alt: স্বল্প দূরত্বের দৌড়

Example: Usain Bolt is famous for sprint events.

Syn: dash, raceAnt: walk, stroll

💡 Exam tip: Sprint can be used as both a noun and a verb.

sprinter[/ˈsprɪntə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: দ্রুত দৌড়বিদ

Alt: স্প্রিন্টে অংশগ্রহণকারী ক্রীড়াবিদ

Example: Bolt is considered the most successful Olympic sprinter.

Syn: runner, racerAnt: swimmer, walker

💡 Exam tip: Sprinter is formed from sprint with the suffix -er.

swimmer[/ˈswɪmə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: সাঁতারু

Alt: সাঁতারে দক্ষ ব্যক্তি

Example: Michael Phelps is a celebrated American swimmer.

Syn: aquatic athlete, batherAnt: non-swimmer, runner

💡 Exam tip: Swimmer is formed from swim with the suffix -er.

unprecedented[/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/]adjhard

Meaning: নজিরবিহীন

Alt: আগে কখনও না ঘটেছে এমন

Example: Bolt achieved an unprecedented double in the Olympics.

Syn: unparalleled, uniqueAnt: ordinary, common

💡 Exam tip: The prefix un- gives the meaning not or opposite.

legacy[/ˈleɡəsi/]nounhard

Meaning: কীর্তি বা উত্তরাধিকার

Alt: ভবিষ্যৎ প্রজন্মের জন্য রেখে যাওয়া খ্যাতি

Example: Phelps and Bolt cemented their Olympic legacies.

Syn: heritage, reputationAnt: obscurity, forgetfulness

💡 Exam tip: Legacy often refers to achievements remembered after a person's career.

medal[/ˈmedl/]nouneasy

Meaning: পদক

Alt: ক্রীড়া বা সম্মানের পুরস্কার

Example: Phelps won eighteen Olympic gold medals.

Syn: award, prizeAnt: penalty, loss

💡 Exam tip: Medal is different from meddle, which means to interfere.

retire[/rɪˈtaɪə(r)/]verbmedium

Meaning: অবসর গ্রহণ করা

Alt: কাজ বা প্রতিযোগিতা থেকে সরে যাওয়া

Example: Phelps said that he would retire from racing.

Syn: withdraw, resignAnt: continue, join

💡 Exam tip: Retire from is the usual phrase for leaving a profession or sport.

4. Nature and Outdoor Pastimes (8 words)

decline[/dɪˈklaɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: হ্রাস বা পতন

Alt: কমে যাওয়ার প্রবণতা

Example: Traditional outdoor pastimes are in decline.

Syn: decrease, dropAnt: increase, rise

💡 Exam tip: Decline can be both a noun and a verb.

conker[/ˈkɒŋkə(r)/]nounhard

Meaning: ঘোড়াবাদামের খেলা

Alt: ঘোড়াবাদামের বীজ দিয়ে খেলা একটি প্রচলিত ব্রিটিশ খেলা

Example: Playing conkers was once a popular childhood pastime.

Syn: horse-chestnut gameAnt: indoor game

💡 Exam tip: Conkers is a culture-specific word connected with British childhood.

den[/den/]nounmedium

Meaning: লুকানোর ঘর বা আশ্রয়

Alt: শিশুদের বানানো ছোট আশ্রয়স্থল

Example: The children enjoyed making dens in the garden.

Syn: shelter, hideoutAnt: open space, exposure

💡 Exam tip: The plural form is dens.

highlight[/ˈhaɪlaɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: গুরুত্ব তুলে ধরা

Alt: বিশেষভাবে দেখানো

Example: The survey highlighted the value of contact with nature.

Syn: emphasize, stressAnt: conceal, ignore

💡 Exam tip: Highlight can be both a verb and a noun.

impact[/ˈɪmpækt/]nouneasy

Meaning: প্রভাব

Alt: কোনো কাজের শক্তিশালী ফল

Example: Nature has a positive impact on children's health.

Syn: effect, influenceAnt: cause, insignificance

💡 Exam tip: Impact on is a common examination phrase.

consequence[/ˈkɒnsɪkwens/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিণতি

Alt: কোনো কাজের ফলাফল

Example: The decline has negative consequences for society.

Syn: result, outcomeAnt: cause, source

💡 Exam tip: Consequence may be positive or negative, but it often implies a serious result.

disorder[/dɪsˈɔːdə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: ব্যাধি বা অস্বাভাবিক অবস্থা

Alt: বিশৃঙ্খলা

Example: Nature deficit disorder may affect children's wellbeing.

Syn: illness, disturbanceAnt: order, health

💡 Exam tip: Meaning depends on context: medical disorder or lack of order.

urge[/ɜːdʒ/]verbmedium

Meaning: জোরালোভাবে অনুরোধ করা

Alt: উৎসাহিত করা

Example: The organisation urged the government to protect nature.

Syn: encourage, persuadeAnt: discourage, dissuade

💡 Exam tip: Use urge someone to do something.

5. Surveys, Statistics and Comparison (8 words)

survey[/ˈsɜːveɪ/]nouneasy

Meaning: জরিপ

Alt: তথ্য সংগ্রহের পদ্ধতি

Example: The students conducted a survey on pastime habits.

Syn: poll, investigationAnt: guess, assumption

💡 Exam tip: Conduct a survey is a useful collocation.

percentage[/pəˈsentɪdʒ/]nouneasy

Meaning: শতকরা হার

Alt: একশ ভাগের অনুপাত

Example: The percentage of students playing sports was 22.3 percent.

Syn: proportion, rateAnt: whole, total

💡 Exam tip: Use percent after a number and percentage with of.

figure[/ˈfɪɡə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরিসংখ্যান বা সংখ্যা

Alt: চিত্র বা আকৃতি

Example: The figure rose from 41% to 52%.

Syn: number, statisticAnt: approximation, uncertainty

💡 Exam tip: In graphs, figure means a particular number or statistic.

ratio[/ˈreɪʃiəʊ/]nounmedium

Meaning: অনুপাত

Alt: দুটি পরিমাণের তুলনামূলক সম্পর্ক

Example: The ratio declined from 20.9% to 8.2%.

Syn: proportion, relationshipAnt: imbalance, inequality

💡 Exam tip: Ratio is often followed by to: the ratio of A to B.

preference[/ˈprefərəns/]nounmedium

Meaning: পছন্দ

Alt: একটি জিনিসকে অন্যটির চেয়ে বেশি পছন্দ করা

Example: The graph shows a preference for watching television.

Syn: choice, likingAnt: dislike, rejection

💡 Exam tip: Preference for is a common phrase.

trend[/trend/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রবণতা

Alt: পরিবর্তনের সাধারণ দিক

Example: The survey shows an upward trend in television viewing.

Syn: tendency, directionAnt: stability, reverse

💡 Exam tip: Use upward trend for increase and downward trend for decrease.

increase[/ɪnˈkriːs/]nouneasy

Meaning: বৃদ্ধি

Alt: পরিমাণ বা সংখ্যার বেড়ে যাওয়া

Example: There was a sharp increase in online activities.

Syn: rise, growthAnt: decrease, decline

💡 Exam tip: As a noun, increase is pronounced /ˈɪŋkriːs/; as a verb, /ɪnˈkriːs/.

decrease[/dɪˈkriːs/]nouneasy

Meaning: হ্রাস

Alt: পরিমাণ বা সংখ্যার কমে যাওয়া

Example: The chart indicates a decrease in outdoor games.

Syn: fall, reductionAnt: increase, growth

💡 Exam tip: Use a decrease in something in graph descriptions.

6. Change, Technology and Society (8 words)

generation[/ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: প্রজন্ম

Alt: প্রায় একই সময়ে জন্মগ্রহণকারী মানুষের দল

Example: Pastimes vary from generation to generation.

Syn: age group, eraAnt: ancestor, predecessor

💡 Exam tip: The phrase from generation to generation means over successive generations.

urbanization[/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: নগরায়ণ

Alt: শহর ও শহুরে জনসংখ্যার বৃদ্ধি

Example: Urbanization has reduced the number of open fields.

Syn: urban development, city growthAnt: ruralization, decentralization

💡 Exam tip: Urbanization is formed from urban and the suffix -ization.

dependence[/dɪˈpendəns/]nounmedium

Meaning: নির্ভরতা

Alt: কোনো কিছুর ওপর ভরসা বা আশ্রয়

Example: People's dependence on technology is increasing.

Syn: reliance, trustAnt: independence, self-reliance

💡 Exam tip: Dependence on is the correct prepositional phrase.

aggression[/əˈɡreʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: আক্রমণাত্মকতা

Alt: জোরালোভাবে প্রভাব বিস্তারের প্রবণতা

Example: The aggression of satellite television has changed lifestyles.

Syn: hostility, forcefulnessAnt: peacefulness, friendliness

💡 Exam tip: Aggression is related to the adjective aggressive.

urban[/ˈɜːbən/]adjeasy

Meaning: শহুরে

Alt: শহর-সম্পর্কিত

Example: Urban children often have fewer open fields.

Syn: city-based, metropolitanAnt: rural, village-based

💡 Exam tip: Urban is the adjective form of city-related ideas.

semi-urban[/ˌsemiˈɜːbən/]adjmedium

Meaning: আংশিক শহুরে

Alt: শহর ও গ্রামের বৈশিষ্ট্যযুক্ত

Example: Technology is popular in urban and semi-urban areas.

Syn: suburban, partly urbanAnt: rural, remote

💡 Exam tip: The prefix semi- means partly or half.

fascination[/ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: মুগ্ধতা

Alt: তীব্র আকর্ষণ

Example: Young children have a fascination for computer games.

Syn: attraction, interestAnt: boredom, indifference

💡 Exam tip: Fascination with or fascination for may be used depending on context.

underprivileged[/ˌʌndəˈprɪvəlɪdʒd/]adjhard

Meaning: সুবিধাবঞ্চিত

Alt: সামাজিক বা অর্থনৈতিক সুযোগ থেকে বঞ্চিত

Example: Television has reached even the underprivileged section of society.

Syn: disadvantaged, deprivedAnt: privileged, advantaged

💡 Exam tip: The prefix under- indicates less than what is needed.

💡 Exam Tips

• For a vocabulary question, write the Bengali meaning according to the context, not only the dictionary meaning.

• Remember common collocations: favourite pastime, physical exercise, mental discipline, chronic condition, Olympic medal, positive impact, conduct a survey, upward trend, and dependence on technology.

• In graph descriptions, use rise, increase, grow, and climb for upward movement; use fall, decrease, decline, and drop for downward movement.

• Use comparative structures correctly: fewer experiences than, more interested in, higher than, and lower than.

• For a paragraph on pastimes, include the activity, time, frequency, reason, benefits, and personal opinion.

• Distinguish athlete from athletic, anxiety from anxious, preference from prefer, and recreation from recreational.

• When describing statistics, mention exact figures and compare the groups clearly.

• Use evidence from the text in comprehension answers, but express the answer in complete sentences.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Pastimes - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Pastimes

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