Chapter: SSC Model Test
📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
puritycultivateecologicalplantationdeforestationprosperitycivilizationinfluencepreciousexploitwelfareself-confidencedeterminationhonestyresponsibleinferiorityoverpopulationlivelihoodtraffic jamcongestedphilanthropistpovertyilliteracyrebelinspireprominentbrilliantrecognizeintellectreputationvacancyapplicationpermissionfacilityvacationdestinationpleasantcomposition
📃 Word Formation Rules
► Use dis- to form opposites: honest → dishonest, honesty → dishonesty.
► Use im- before words beginning with m: moral → immoral.
► Use in- or related negative prefixes to form opposites: secure → insecure, comfort → discomfort.
► Add -ness to adjectives to form abstract nouns: honest → honesty, happy → happiness.
► Add -ity to suitable adjectives to form nouns: pure → purity, prosperous → prosperity.
► Add -tion or -ation to verbs to form nouns: cultivate → cultivation, recognize → recognition.
► Add -ful to nouns to form adjectives: beauty → beautiful, success → successful.
► Add -less to nouns to mean ‘without’: hope → hopeless, care → careless.
► Add -er or -ist to form names of persons: teach → teacher, philanthropy → philanthropist.
► Change y to i before suffixes where necessary: happy → happiness, prosperous → prosperity.
1. Nature, Environment and Tree Plantation (8 words)
purity[/ˈpjʊərəti/]nounmedium
Meaning: পবিত্রতা
Alt: freedom from pollution or impurity
Example: The white flower is a symbol of purity.
Syn: cleanliness, innocenceAnt: impurity, dirtiness
💡 Exam tip: Use purity as an uncountable noun after ‘of’.
cultivate[/ˈkʌltɪveɪt/]verbmedium
Meaning: চাষ করা; লালন করা
Alt: to grow plants or develop a quality
Example: Farmers cultivate flowers for profit.
Syn: grow, developAnt: neglect, destroy
💡 Exam tip: Passive form: flowers are cultivated.
ecological[/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/]adjhard
Meaning: পরিবেশগত
Alt: related to the relationship between living things and their environment
Example: Trees help maintain ecological balance.
Syn: environmental, naturalAnt: unnatural, harmful
💡 Exam tip: Common phrase: ecological balance.
plantation[/plænˈteɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: বৃক্ষরোপণ; বাগান
Alt: the act or place of planting trees or crops
Example: Tree plantation can reduce soil erosion.
Syn: tree planting, cultivationAnt: deforestation
💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse plantation with plant; plantation is a noun.
deforestation[/diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: বন উজাড়
Alt: the destruction or removal of forests
Example: Deforestation causes serious environmental problems.
Syn: forest destruction, clearingAnt: afforestation, reforestation
💡 Exam tip: Prefix de- often indicates removal or reversal.
prosperity[/prɒˈsperəti/]nounmedium
Meaning: সমৃদ্ধি
Alt: the state of being successful and wealthy
Example: Honesty can lead a person to prosperity.
Syn: success, wealthAnt: poverty, failure
💡 Exam tip: Adjective form: prosperous.
disaster[/dɪˈzɑːstə/]nounmedium
Meaning: বিপর্যয়
Alt: a sudden event causing great damage
Example: The absence of trees may bring environmental disaster.
Syn: catastrophe, calamityAnt: success, blessing
💡 Exam tip: Use a disaster, not an disaster.
shelter[/ˈʃeltə/]nouneasy
Meaning: আশ্রয়
Alt: a place giving protection from danger or weather
Example: Trees provide shelter for birds and animals.
Syn: refuge, protectionAnt: exposure, danger
💡 Exam tip: Shelter can also be used as a verb: trees shelter animals.
2. Science, Time and Modern Life (8 words)
civilization[/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: সভ্যতা
Alt: an advanced stage of human society
Example: Modern civilization is a gift of science.
Syn: culture, societyAnt: barbarism
💡 Exam tip: Spelling: civilization, not civilation.
influence[/ˈɪnfluəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: প্রভাব
Alt: the power to affect people or events
Example: We can see the influence of science everywhere.
Syn: effect, impactAnt: powerlessness
💡 Exam tip: As a verb, influence means ‘প্রভাবিত করা’.
precious[/ˈpreʃəs/]adjeasy
Meaning: মূল্যবান
Alt: having great value or importance
Example: Time is more precious than money.
Syn: valuable, pricelessAnt: worthless, cheap
💡 Exam tip: Common collocation: precious time.
exploit[/ɪkˈsplɔɪt/]verbhard
Meaning: সদ্ব্যবহার করা; শোষণ করা
Alt: to use something effectively or unfairly
Example: Science should be exploited for the welfare of mankind.
Syn: utilize, useAnt: waste, neglect
💡 Exam tip: In welfare contexts, exploit usually means ‘সদ্ব্যবহার করা’.
invention[/ɪnˈvenʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: আবিষ্কার
Alt: a new device, method or idea
Example: The telephone is a useful invention.
Syn: discovery, creationAnt: destruction
💡 Exam tip: Verb: invent; person: inventor.
journey[/ˈdʒɜːni/]nouneasy
Meaning: ভ্রমণ
Alt: an act of travelling from one place to another
Example: Our journey by train was enjoyable.
Syn: trip, voyageAnt: stay
💡 Exam tip: Use by train, by bus and by air after journey.
ancient[/ˈeɪnʃənt/]adjeasy
Meaning: প্রাচীন
Alt: belonging to a very old period
Example: In ancient times, travelling was difficult.
Syn: old, antiqueAnt: modern, new
💡 Exam tip: Common phrase: in ancient times.
welfare[/ˈwelfeə/]nounmedium
Meaning: কল্যাণ
Alt: health, happiness and well-being
Example: We should work for the welfare of humanity.
Syn: well-being, benefitAnt: harm, suffering
💡 Exam tip: Common phrase: for the welfare of mankind.
3. Education, Honesty and Success (8 words)
honesty[/ˈɒnəsti/]nouneasy
Meaning: সততা
Alt: the quality of being truthful
Example: Honesty is the best policy.
Syn: truthfulness, integrityAnt: dishonesty, deceit
💡 Exam tip: Honesty takes the article ‘the’ in the proverb.
dishonest[/dɪsˈɒnɪst/]adjeasy
Meaning: অসৎ
Alt: not truthful or fair
Example: A dishonest person loses the trust of others.
Syn: deceitful, fraudulentAnt: honest, truthful
💡 Exam tip: Prefix dis- changes honest into its opposite.
immoral[/ɪˈmɒrəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: অনৈতিক
Alt: not conforming to accepted moral standards
Example: He feels uncomfortable after doing an immoral act.
Syn: unethical, wickedAnt: moral, ethical
💡 Exam tip: Prefix im- is used before words beginning with m.
responsible[/rɪˈspɒnsəbəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: দায়িত্বশীল
Alt: having a duty and being dependable
Example: An honest student is responsible for his duties.
Syn: reliable, accountableAnt: irresponsible, careless
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: responsibility.
self-confidence[/ˌself ˈkɒnfɪdəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: আত্মবিশ্বাস
Alt: belief in one’s own abilities
Example: Self-confidence helps a person reach the goal of life.
Syn: assurance, self-beliefAnt: doubt, insecurity
💡 Exam tip: Use self-confidence as a compound noun.
determination[/dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: দৃঢ়সংকল্প
Alt: firmness of purpose
Example: Determination is necessary for success.
Syn: resolution, willpowerAnt: indecision, weakness
💡 Exam tip: Adjective form: determined.
inferiority[/ɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrəti/]nounhard
Meaning: হীনমন্যতা
Alt: the feeling of being less important or capable
Example: Failure may cause an inferiority complex.
Syn: inadequacy, subordinationAnt: superiority, confidence
💡 Exam tip: Common phrase: inferiority complex.
success[/səkˈses/]nouneasy
Meaning: সাফল্য
Alt: the achievement of a desired result
Example: Hard work is the key to success.
Syn: achievement, victoryAnt: failure, defeat
💡 Exam tip: Verb: succeed; adjective: successful.
4. Society, Traffic and Human Values (8 words)
overpopulation[/ˌəʊvəˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: অতিরিক্ত জনসংখ্যা
Alt: a population larger than available resources can support
Example: Overpopulation creates many social problems.
Syn: population explosion, crowdingAnt: depopulation
💡 Exam tip: Use overpopulation as an uncountable noun.
livelihood[/ˈlaɪvlihʊd/]nounmedium
Meaning: জীবিকা
Alt: a means of earning money to live
Example: Many people earn their livelihood by flower cultivation.
Syn: income, occupationAnt: unemployment
💡 Exam tip: Common phrase: earn one’s livelihood.
traffic jam[/ˈtræfɪk dʒæm/]nouneasy
Meaning: যানজট
Alt: a line of vehicles unable to move freely
Example: Traffic jam causes great suffering in cities.
Syn: traffic congestion, gridlockAnt: free flow
💡 Exam tip: Traffic jam is singular when treated as one problem.
congested[/kənˈdʒestɪd/]adjmedium
Meaning: ঘনবসতিপূর্ণ; যানজটপূর্ণ
Alt: too crowded or blocked
Example: Traffic jams often occur in congested areas.
Syn: crowded, overloadedAnt: uncrowded, clear
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: congestion.
ambulance[/ˈæmbjələns/]nouneasy
Meaning: অ্যাম্বুলেন্স
Alt: a vehicle used to carry sick or injured people
Example: Traffic jams delay ambulances carrying patients.
Syn: 救急 vehicle, medical van
💡 Exam tip: Use an ambulance because the word begins with a vowel sound.
philanthropist[/fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/]nounhard
Meaning: দরদী দাতা
Alt: a person who gives money or help for charitable purposes
Example: Muhsin was a great philanthropist.
Syn: benefactor, humanitarianAnt: miser, selfish person
💡 Exam tip: Related noun: philanthropy; adjective: philanthropic.
poverty[/ˈpɒvəti/]nouneasy
Meaning: দারিদ্র্য
Alt: the state of being very poor
Example: Population growth may increase poverty.
Syn: destitution, needAnt: wealth, prosperity
💡 Exam tip: Adjective form: poor; not povertyful.
illiteracy[/ɪˈlɪtərəsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: নিরক্ষরতা
Alt: the inability to read and write
Example: The government should take steps to remove illiteracy.
Syn: ignorance, lack of educationAnt: literacy, education
💡 Exam tip: Prefix il- forms the opposite of literacy.
5. Biography, Literature and Character (8 words)
rebel[/ˈrebəl/]nounmedium
Meaning: বিদ্রোহী
Alt: a person who resists authority or tradition
Example: Kazi Nazrul Islam was known as a rebel poet.
Syn: revolutionary, insurgentAnt: loyalist, conformist
💡 Exam tip: Rebel can be both a noun and a verb.
inspire[/ɪnˈspaɪə/]verbeasy
Meaning: অনুপ্রাণিত করা
Alt: to encourage someone to act or feel positively
Example: His poems inspired the people during the Liberation War.
Syn: motivate, encourageAnt: discourage, depress
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: inspiration; adjective: inspiring or inspired.
prominent[/ˈprɒmɪnənt/]adjmedium
Meaning: বিশিষ্ট
Alt: important, famous or easily noticed
Example: He was a prominent statesman of Bangladesh.
Syn: famous, notableAnt: unknown, insignificant
💡 Exam tip: Use prominent before a singular countable noun.
brilliant[/ˈbrɪljənt/]adjeasy
Meaning: মেধাবী; উজ্জ্বল
Alt: very intelligent or impressive
Example: He was an extraordinarily brilliant student.
Syn: intelligent, excellentAnt: dull, stupid
💡 Exam tip: Adverb form: brilliantly.
recognize[/ˈrekəɡnaɪz/]verbmedium
Meaning: স্বীকৃতি দেওয়া; চিনতে পারা
Alt: to identify or acknowledge someone or something
Example: His teachers recognized him as a precious child.
Syn: identify, acknowledgeAnt: ignore, deny
💡 Exam tip: British spelling: recognise; both forms may be accepted.
intellect[/ˈɪntəlekt/]nounhard
Meaning: বুদ্ধিমত্তা
Alt: the ability to think and understand
Example: The society failed to appreciate his intellect.
Syn: intelligence, reasonAnt: ignorance, stupidity
💡 Exam tip: Adjective form: intellectual.
reputation[/ˌrepjəˈteɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: সুনাম; খ্যাতি
Alt: the opinion generally held about a person or thing
Example: The king’s reputation spread throughout the world.
Syn: fame, 名誉Ant: disgrace, disrepute
💡 Exam tip: Spelling: reputation, not repution.
poverty-stricken[/ˈpɒvəti ˌstrɪkən/]adjhard
Meaning: দারিদ্র্যপীড়িত
Alt: extremely poor
Example: The poet was born in a poverty-stricken family.
Syn: destitute, impoverishedAnt: wealthy, prosperous
💡 Exam tip: This compound adjective is usually used before a noun.
6. Composition and Everyday Academic Vocabulary (8 words)
vacancy[/ˈveɪkənsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: শূন্যপদ
Alt: an unfilled job or position
Example: The company published an advertisement for a vacancy.
Syn: opening, postAnt: occupation, employment
💡 Exam tip: Common phrase: vacancy for the post of.
application[/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: আবেদন
Alt: a formal request for something
Example: I submitted an application to the headmaster.
Syn: request, petitionAnt: withdrawal, refusal
💡 Exam tip: Formal letters often begin with ‘I beg to state that’.
permission[/pəˈmɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: অনুমতি
Alt: consent to do something
Example: We need the headmaster’s permission for the study tour.
Syn: consent, approvalAnt: prohibition, refusal
💡 Exam tip: Use permission to, not permission for, before a verb.
facility[/fəˈsɪləti/]nounmedium
Meaning: সুবিধা
Alt: a service or equipment provided for a purpose
Example: Our common room lacks modern facilities.
Syn: amenity, convenienceAnt: inconvenience, difficulty
💡 Exam tip: Facilities is often used in the plural for rooms and equipment.
vacation[/vəˈkeɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: ছুটি
Alt: a period when an institution is closed or a person is away from work
Example: Our summer vacation starts on 30 May.
Syn: holiday, breakAnt: work, school time
💡 Exam tip: In Bangladesh, vacation and holiday are both common.
destination[/ˌdestɪˈneɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: গন্তব্য
Alt: the place to which someone is travelling
Example: Madhabkunda was our destination.
Syn: endpoint, goalAnt: starting point, origin
💡 Exam tip: Use destination after the verb reach without a preposition.
pleasant[/ˈplezənt/]adjeasy
Meaning: আনন্দদায়ক
Alt: giving a sense of enjoyment or satisfaction
Example: A journey by train is often pleasant.
Syn: enjoyable, delightfulAnt: unpleasant, disagreeable
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: pleasure; adverb: pleasantly.
composition[/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: রচনা
Alt: a piece of writing on a particular topic
Example: The students wrote a composition on their future plan.
Syn: essay, article
💡 Exam tip: Organize a composition into introduction, body and conclusion.
💡 Exam Tips
• For fill-in-the-blanks, identify the required part of speech before choosing a word.
• In verb-form questions, check the subject, tense, voice and whether the verb follows an auxiliary.
• Learn common collocations such as earn a livelihood, maintain ecological balance, take steps and for the welfare of mankind.
• For tag questions, use the auxiliary verb from the statement and change positive to negative or negative to positive.
• With nobody, no one, hardly, scarcely and few, the statement is grammatically negative, so use a positive tag.
• In narration, change present forms to past forms when the reporting verb is in the past, and change pronouns according to the speaker and listener.
• For transformation, preserve the original meaning while changing only the required structure.
• Use although or though for contrast, because or since for reason, so that for purpose and unless for ‘if not’.
• In formal applications, include the subject, respectful salutation, clear request, closing phrase and signature.
• In paragraphs and compositions, use topic sentences, linking words and a concluding sentence.