English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Describing Graphs and Charts - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Describing Graphs and Charts

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

graphchartdiagramdatafigureaxisscaleincreaserisedecreasefallsurgeplummetgradualsteadysharpsignificantapproximatelycomparecontrastproportionpercentagemajorityminorityshowillustrateindicaterevealrepresenttrendfluctuation

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix -tion to some verbs to form nouns: fluctuate → fluctuation, represent → representation, compare → comparison.

► Add the suffix -ment to verbs to form nouns: improve → improvement, develop → development, measure → measurement.

► Add the suffix -al to nouns to form adjectives: proportion → proportional, category → categorical, statistic → statistical.

► Add the suffix -ly to adjectives to form adverbs: gradual → gradually, sharp → sharply, significant → significantly, approximate → approximately.

► Add the prefix in- to form the opposite of some adjectives: significant → insignificant, direct → indirect.

► Add the prefix de- to indicate removal or reduction: crease → decrease, value → devalue.

► Use comparative forms for two items: high → higher, low → lower, significant → more significant.

► Use superlative forms for three or more items: high → highest, low → lowest, significant → most significant.

1. Basic Graph and Chart Terms (8 words)

graph[/ɡrɑːf/]nouneasy

Meaning: লেখচিত্র বা রেখাচিত্র

Alt: তথ্য প্রদর্শনের চিত্র

Example: The graph shows the changes in rainfall over ten years.

Syn: chart, diagram

💡 Exam tip: Use graph when data are presented visually, especially through lines or curves.

chart[/tʃɑːt/]nouneasy

Meaning: ছক বা চিত্র

Alt: তথ্য সাজানোর সারণি

Example: The chart presents the monthly expenses of a family.

Syn: table, graph

💡 Exam tip: A chart may present data in bars, columns, circles, or tables.

diagram[/ˈdaɪəɡræm/]nouneasy

Meaning: নকশা বা চিত্র

Alt: কোনো প্রক্রিয়ার দৃশ্যমান উপস্থাপন

Example: The diagram illustrates the process of recycling paper.

Syn: figure, illustration

💡 Exam tip: Use illustrate or show when describing what a diagram presents.

figure[/ˈfɪɡə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: সংখ্যা বা চিত্র

Alt: পরিসংখ্যানগত তথ্য

Example: The figure for female students was higher than that for male students.

Syn: number, statistic

💡 Exam tip: The phrase the figure for is useful in formal descriptions.

data[/ˈdeɪtə/]nouneasy

Meaning: উপাত্ত বা তথ্য

Alt: সংগৃহীত পরিসংখ্যান

Example: The data indicate a steady rise in internet users.

Syn: information, statistics

💡 Exam tip: Data is commonly followed by show, indicate, or reveal in school writing.

category[/ˈkætəɡəri/]nouneasy

Meaning: শ্রেণি বা বিভাগ

Alt: একই ধরনের বিষয়সমূহের দল

Example: The chart divides household income into five categories.

Syn: class, group

💡 Exam tip: Use category when comparing different groups in a chart.

scale[/skeɪl/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিমাপকাঠি

Alt: চিত্রে ব্যবহৃত সংখ্যার ধাপ

Example: The vertical scale ranges from zero to one hundred.

Syn: range, gradation

💡 Exam tip: Mention the scale when explaining the horizontal or vertical axis.

axis[/ˈæksɪs/]nounhard

Meaning: অক্ষ

Alt: গ্রাফের অনুভূমিক বা উল্লম্ব রেখা

Example: The horizontal axis represents the years.

Syn: coordinate, line

💡 Exam tip: Remember: axis is singular and axes is plural.

2. Types of Visual Representation (9 words)

bar[/bɑː(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: দণ্ড

Alt: তথ্য দেখানোর আয়তাকার রেখা

Example: The bar for 2020 is the tallest in the chart.

Syn: column, strip

💡 Exam tip: Use bar chart for comparisons among separate categories.

line[/laɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: রেখা

Alt: গ্রাফে তথ্য নির্দেশকারী রেখা

Example: The line rises sharply after January.

Syn: curve, mark

💡 Exam tip: A line graph is especially suitable for showing changes over time.

pie[/paɪ/]nouneasy

Meaning: বৃত্তাকার চিত্র

Alt: অংশের অনুপাত দেখানো গোলাকার চিত্র

Example: The pie chart shows how students spend their leisure time.

Syn: circle, sector chart

💡 Exam tip: Use proportion or percentage when describing sections of a pie chart.

sector[/ˈsektə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: খণ্ড বা অংশ

Alt: বৃত্তের একটি নির্দিষ্ট অংশ

Example: The largest sector represents food expenditure.

Syn: section, segmentAnt: whole

💡 Exam tip: Sector is a useful word for describing a part of a pie chart.

column[/ˈkɒləm/]nouneasy

Meaning: স্তম্ভ বা উল্লম্ব দণ্ড

Alt: সারণির উল্লম্ব ঘর

Example: The final column gives the total number of visitors.

Syn: pillar, barAnt: row

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse column with row; a column is vertical and a row is horizontal.

table[/ˈteɪbəl/]nouneasy

Meaning: সারণি বা ছক

Alt: সারি ও স্তম্ভে সাজানো তথ্য

Example: The table contains the population figures of six districts.

Syn: chart, schedule

💡 Exam tip: Introduce a table with phrases such as the table shows or the table presents.

curve[/kɜːv/]nounmedium

Meaning: বক্ররেখা

Alt: ধীরে বাঁকানো রেখা

Example: The curve reaches its peak in July.

Syn: arc, lineAnt: straight line

💡 Exam tip: Use curve when the line graph has a smooth or irregular shape.

horizontal[/ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl/]adjmedium

Meaning: অনুভূমিক

Alt: সমান্তরালভাবে বিস্তৃত

Example: The horizontal axis shows the names of the months.

Syn: level, parallelAnt: vertical

💡 Exam tip: Horizontal is often used with axis, line, and scale.

vertical[/ˈvɜːtɪkəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: উল্লম্ব

Alt: উপর-নিচমুখী

Example: The vertical axis indicates the number of participants.

Syn: upright, perpendicularAnt: horizontal

💡 Exam tip: Use vertical axis for the numerical measurement in most graphs.

3. Verbs for Describing Change (8 words)

increase[/ɪnˈkriːs/]verbeasy

Meaning: বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া বা করা

Alt: পরিমাণে বেশি হওয়া

Example: The number of mobile users increased significantly in 2024.

Syn: rise, growAnt: decrease, decline

💡 Exam tip: Use increased by for the amount of change and increased to for the final figure.

rise[/raɪz/]verbeasy

Meaning: বেড়ে ওঠা

Alt: উপরে উঠা

Example: The price of rice rose gradually during the year.

Syn: increase, climbAnt: fall, drop

💡 Exam tip: Rise is an intransitive verb; do not write rise the price.

grow[/ɡrəʊ/]verbeasy

Meaning: বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া

Alt: ক্রমে বড় বা বেশি হওয়া

Example: The number of online learners grew rapidly.

Syn: increase, expandAnt: shrink, decline

💡 Exam tip: Grow is suitable for describing a gradual long-term increase.

climb[/klaɪm/]verbmedium

Meaning: উর্ধ্বমুখী হওয়া

Alt: দ্রুত বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া

Example: The graph shows that production climbed from 50 to 80 tonnes.

Syn: rise, soarAnt: plunge, fall

💡 Exam tip: Climb suggests a noticeable upward movement.

surge[/sɜːdʒ/]verbhard

Meaning: হঠাৎ বেড়ে যাওয়া

Alt: দ্রুত ও তীব্রভাবে বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া

Example: The demand for masks surged during the health crisis.

Syn: soar, leapAnt: plummet, collapse

💡 Exam tip: Use surge only for a sudden and strong increase.

decrease[/dɪˈkriːs/]verbeasy

Meaning: কমে যাওয়া বা করা

Alt: পরিমাণে হ্রাস পাওয়া

Example: The unemployment rate decreased slightly in the final quarter.

Syn: decline, reduceAnt: increase, rise

💡 Exam tip: Decreased by describes the amount of reduction; decreased to describes the final figure.

fall[/fɔːl/]verbeasy

Meaning: কমে যাওয়া

Alt: নিচে নেমে যাওয়া

Example: The temperature fell sharply after sunset.

Syn: drop, declineAnt: rise, increase

💡 Exam tip: Fall is commonly used with prices, rates, numbers, and temperatures.

plummet[/ˈplʌmɪt/]verbhard

Meaning: হঠাৎ প্রচণ্ডভাবে কমে যাওয়া

Alt: দ্রুত নিচে নেমে যাওয়া

Example: The company’s sales plummeted in the last month.

Syn: plunge, collapseAnt: soar, surge

💡 Exam tip: Plummet expresses a very sharp decrease and is stronger than fall.

4. Adverbs and Adjectives of Degree (8 words)

slight[/slaɪt/]adjeasy

Meaning: সামান্য

Alt: অল্প পরিমাণের

Example: There was a slight increase in the number of visitors.

Syn: small, minorAnt: substantial, considerable

💡 Exam tip: Use slight before a noun: a slight rise or a slight decline.

gradual[/ˈɡrædʒuəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: ক্রমাগত

Alt: ধীরে ধীরে সংঘটিত

Example: The graph indicates a gradual growth in population.

Syn: steady, slowAnt: sudden, abrupt

💡 Exam tip: Gradual commonly describes changes that occur over a long period.

steady[/ˈstedi/]adjmedium

Meaning: স্থিতিশীল

Alt: নিয়মিত ও অবিচল

Example: There was a steady rise in literacy throughout the decade.

Syn: constant, stableAnt: unstable, irregular

💡 Exam tip: Steady can describe both an increase and a decrease.

sharp[/ʃɑːp/]adjeasy

Meaning: তীব্র বা আকস্মিক

Alt: দ্রুত ও বড় মাত্রার

Example: The chart shows a sharp fall in exports.

Syn: steep, drasticAnt: gradual, slight

💡 Exam tip: Sharp is often used before rise, fall, increase, or decrease.

significant[/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: উল্লেখযোগ্য

Alt: গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বা লক্ষণীয়

Example: A significant difference can be seen between the two groups.

Syn: considerable, notableAnt: insignificant, negligible

💡 Exam tip: Use significant for an important difference or change.

slightly[/ˈslaɪtli/]adveasy

Meaning: সামান্যভাবে

Alt: অল্প পরিমাণে

Example: The figure increased slightly in the second year.

Syn: marginally, a littleAnt: considerably, greatly

💡 Exam tip: Slightly is an adverb and should modify a verb or adjective.

dramatically[/drəˈmætɪkli/]advmedium

Meaning: নাটকীয়ভাবে

Alt: অত্যন্ত দ্রুত বা লক্ষণীয়ভাবে

Example: The number of passengers rose dramatically after 2020.

Syn: sharply, remarkablyAnt: gradually, slightly

💡 Exam tip: Use dramatically for a very noticeable change.

approximately[/əˈprɒksɪmətli/]advmedium

Meaning: প্রায়

Alt: আনুমানিকভাবে

Example: Approximately forty percent of the students use bicycles.

Syn: about, roughlyAnt: exactly, precisely

💡 Exam tip: Use approximately when the value is not exact.

5. Comparison and Proportion Vocabulary (8 words)

compare[/kəmˈpeə(r)/]verbeasy

Meaning: তুলনা করা

Alt: দুই বা ততোধিক বিষয় বিচার করা

Example: The graph compares the literacy rates of rural and urban people.

Syn: contrast, matchAnt: differentiate

💡 Exam tip: Use compare A with B when examining similarities and differences.

contrast[/kənˈtrɑːst/]verbmedium

Meaning: পার্থক্য দেখানো

Alt: বৈসাদৃশ্য তুলে ধরা

Example: The chart contrasts the spending habits of two age groups.

Syn: differentiate, opposeAnt: compare, resemble

💡 Exam tip: In a contrast paragraph, use whereas, while, or on the other hand.

similar[/ˈsɪmɪlə(r)/]adjeasy

Meaning: অনুরূপ

Alt: প্রায় একই রকম

Example: The two figures are similar in the first quarter.

Syn: alike, comparableAnt: different, dissimilar

💡 Exam tip: Similar is followed by to, not than.

different[/ˈdɪfrənt/]adjeasy

Meaning: ভিন্ন

Alt: একই নয় এমন

Example: The results for boys and girls are quite different.

Syn: distinct, unlikeAnt: similar, same

💡 Exam tip: Use different from in formal examination writing.

proportion[/prəˈpɔːʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: অনুপাত

Alt: মোটের একটি অংশ

Example: A large proportion of the budget is spent on education.

Syn: ratio, shareAnt: whole

💡 Exam tip: Proportion is useful for describing parts of a total.

percentage[/pəˈsentɪdʒ/]nouneasy

Meaning: শতকরা হার

Alt: একশতাংশে প্রকাশিত পরিমাণ

Example: The percentage of literate people reached seventy percent.

Syn: rate, fraction

💡 Exam tip: Write percentage with of when followed by a noun: the percentage of students.

majority[/məˈdʒɒrəti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সংখ্যাগরিষ্ঠ অংশ

Alt: অধিকাংশ

Example: The majority of respondents preferred public transport.

Syn: most, greater partAnt: minority

💡 Exam tip: The majority of can take a plural noun and a plural verb in common usage.

minority[/maɪˈnɒrəti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সংখ্যালঘু অংশ

Alt: অল্পসংখ্যক অংশ

Example: Only a minority of households had access to the internet.

Syn: few, smaller partAnt: majority

💡 Exam tip: Use minority to refer to the smaller part of a group.

6. Summarising and Interpreting Data (8 words)

show[/ʃəʊ/]verbeasy

Meaning: দেখানো

Alt: উপস্থাপন করা

Example: The graph shows the annual production of rice.

Syn: present, displayAnt: hide, conceal

💡 Exam tip: Show is the safest verb for introducing information in a graph or chart.

illustrate[/ˈɪləstreɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: চিত্রের মাধ্যমে বোঝানো

Alt: উদাহরণসহ প্রকাশ করা

Example: The chart illustrates the causes of air pollution.

Syn: demonstrate, explainAnt: obscure, confuse

💡 Exam tip: Illustrate is a formal alternative to show in exam answers.

indicate[/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: নির্দেশ করা

Alt: ইঙ্গিত বা প্রমাণ করা

Example: The figures indicate that rural education is improving.

Syn: suggest, signalAnt: deny, contradict

💡 Exam tip: Use indicate when the data provide evidence of a trend.

reveal[/rɪˈviːl/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রকাশ করা

Alt: অজানা তথ্য দেখানো

Example: The survey reveals a growing interest in online learning.

Syn: disclose, exposeAnt: conceal, hide

💡 Exam tip: Reveal is suitable for presenting an important finding.

represent[/ˌreprɪˈzent/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রতিনিধিত্ব করা

Alt: কোনো অংশ বা সংখ্যাকে বোঝানো

Example: The blue section represents the percentage of female workers.

Syn: symbolise, denoteAnt: misrepresent

💡 Exam tip: Use represent when explaining what a colour, bar, or sector means.

indicate[/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: নির্দেশ করা

Alt: কোনো প্রবণতা বোঝানো

Example: The final column indicates the total expenditure.

Syn: show, point outAnt: conceal

💡 Exam tip: Avoid repeating show too often; replace it with indicate where appropriate.

trend[/trend/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রবণতা

Alt: পরিবর্তনের সাধারণ ধারা

Example: The overall trend is upward despite a few fluctuations.

Syn: tendency, directionAnt: randomness

💡 Exam tip: Use overall trend when giving the main idea of a graph.

fluctuation[/ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: ওঠানামা

Alt: বারবার বৃদ্ধি ও হ্রাস

Example: The graph shows fluctuations in the price of vegetables.

Syn: variation, instabilityAnt: stability, constancy

💡 Exam tip: Use fluctuation when data move up and down irregularly.

💡 Exam Tips

• Begin with an introductory sentence stating what the graph or chart presents.

• Mention the time period, units, categories, and scale before discussing details.

• Describe the overall trend first, then provide important comparisons and figures.

• Use the past tense when the graph describes completed years or events.

• Use increased by for the amount of change and increased to for the final value.

• Use decreased by for the amount of reduction and decreased to for the final value.

• Use whereas, while, compared with, and in contrast to when comparing data.

• Use approximately, about, nearly, and almost when the figures are not exact.

• Avoid listing every figure; select the highest, lowest, major changes, and notable similarities.

• Conclude with a brief summary of the most important trend or finding.

• Do not confuse rise and raise: rise is usually intransitive, while raise needs an object.

• Check subject-verb agreement: The graph shows, The figures show, and The data indicate.

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Describing Graphs and Charts - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Describing Graphs and Charts

Similar word lists

AlphaGenEdu-তে ফ্রি অ্যাকাউন্ট খুলুন