English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Conditionals - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Conditionals

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

conditionconditionalifunlessprovided thatas long aseven ifin caseotherwisezero conditionalfirst conditionalsecond conditionalthird conditionalmixed conditionalpresent simplepast simplepast perfectwouldcouldmightresultclausepossibilityprobabilitycertaintyimaginaryunlikelyregretconsequenceopportunitynecessityabilityadviceprovidedwhether

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Conditional: condition + -al = conditional; condition means শর্ত and conditional means শর্তসাপেক্ষ.

► Possible: possibl(e) + -ity = possibility; possible means সম্ভব and possibility means সম্ভাবনা.

► Likely: un- + likely = unlikely; likely means সম্ভাব্য and unlikely means অসম্ভাব্য.

► Certain: certain + -ty = certainty; certain means নিশ্চিত and certainty means নিশ্চয়তা.

► Able: un- + able = unable; ability is formed from able with -ity and means সক্ষমতা.

► Decide: decide + -sion = decision; decision means সিদ্ধান্ত.

► Prevent: prevent + -ion = prevention; prevention means প্রতিরোধ.

► Regret: regret + -ful = regretful; regretful means অনুতপ্ত.

► Care: care + -ful = careful and care + -less = careless; careful means সতর্ক and careless means অসতর্ক.

► Use: use + -ful = useful and use + -less = useless; useful means উপকারী and useless means অপ্রয়োজনীয়.

► If-clause: A conditional sentence can be divided into an if-clause, which states the condition, and a main clause, which states the result.

► Past participle: Third conditional uses had + past participle in the condition and would have + past participle in the result.

1. Zero Conditional (8 words)

if[/ɪf/]conjeasy

Meaning: যদি

Alt: শর্ত বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত অব্যয়

Example: If you heat ice, it melts.

Syn: provided thatAnt: unless

💡 Exam tip: Zero conditional expresses general truths: If + present simple, present simple.

condition[/kənˈdɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: শর্ত

Alt: অবস্থা বা প্রয়োজনীয় নিয়ম

Example: A condition must be fulfilled before admission.

Syn: requirementAnt: freedom

💡 Exam tip: Remember that a conditional sentence contains a condition and a result.

heat[/hiːt/]verbeasy

Meaning: গরম করা

Alt: উত্তপ্ত করা

Example: If you heat water, it boils.

Syn: warmAnt: cool

💡 Exam tip: Use the present form after if in zero conditional sentences.

boil[/bɔɪl/]verbeasy

Meaning: ফোটা

Alt: ফুটিয়ে তোলা

Example: Water boils if it reaches 100 degrees Celsius.

Syn: bubbleAnt: freeze

💡 Exam tip: Use facts and scientific truths as examples of the zero conditional.

melt[/melt/]verbeasy

Meaning: গলে যাওয়া

Alt: তাপের কারণে তরল হওয়া

Example: Ice melts if the temperature rises.

Syn: liquefyAnt: freeze

💡 Exam tip: Both clauses generally take the present simple in this type.

freeze[/friːz/]verbeasy

Meaning: জমে যাওয়া

Alt: বরফে পরিণত হওয়া

Example: If water gets very cold, it freezes.

Syn: congealAnt: melt

💡 Exam tip: Do not use will in the result clause for a general fact.

evaporate[/ɪˈvæpəreɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: বাষ্পীভূত হওয়া

Alt: বাষ্পে পরিণত হওয়া

Example: If water is heated, it evaporates.

Syn: vaporizeAnt: condense

💡 Exam tip: This verb is useful in science-based conditional examples.

generally[/ˈdʒenərəli/]adveasy

Meaning: সাধারণত

Alt: অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রে

Example: If people exercise regularly, they generally remain healthy.

Syn: usuallyAnt: rarely

💡 Exam tip: Adverbs such as generally often introduce general results.

2. First Conditional (8 words)

possible[/ˈpɒsəbəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: সম্ভব

Alt: ঘটতে পারে এমন

Example: If it rains, it is possible that the match will be postponed.

Syn: feasibleAnt: impossible

💡 Exam tip: First conditional describes a real or likely future possibility.

likely[/ˈlaɪkli/]adjeasy

Meaning: সম্ভাব্য

Alt: ঘটার সম্ভাবনা আছে এমন

Example: If you study hard, you are likely to succeed.

Syn: probableAnt: unlikely

💡 Exam tip: Likely may be followed by to plus the base verb.

succeed[/səkˈsiːd/]verbeasy

Meaning: সফল হওয়া

Alt: কোনো লক্ষ্য অর্জন করা

Example: If she works hard, she will succeed.

Syn: achieveAnt: fail

💡 Exam tip: Pattern: If + present simple, subject + will + base verb.

fail[/feɪl/]verbeasy

Meaning: ব্যর্থ হওয়া

Alt: পরীক্ষায় অকৃতকার্য হওয়া

Example: If he does not practise, he may fail.

Syn: loseAnt: succeed

💡 Exam tip: Use may or might when the future result is uncertain.

postpone[/pəʊstˈpəʊn/]verbmedium

Meaning: স্থগিত করা

Alt: পরে করার জন্য পিছিয়ে দেওয়া

Example: If it rains tomorrow, the picnic will be postponed.

Syn: deferAnt: advance

💡 Exam tip: After will be, use the past participle in a passive result clause.

prepare[/prɪˈpeə/]verbeasy

Meaning: প্রস্তুত করা

Alt: প্রস্তুতি নেওয়া

Example: If you prepare well, you will perform confidently.

Syn: make readyAnt: neglect

💡 Exam tip: The if-clause normally uses present simple, not future simple.

unless[/ənˈles/]conjmedium

Meaning: যদি না

Alt: ব্যতিক্রমী শর্ত বোঝায়

Example: You will miss the train unless you hurry.

Syn: if notAnt: if

💡 Exam tip: Unless already means if not; avoid using another not after it.

provided[/prəˈvaɪdɪd/]conjmedium

Meaning: শর্ত থাকে যে

Alt: যদি এই শর্ত পূরণ হয়

Example: You may go provided that you finish your homework.

Syn: as long asAnt: without condition

💡 Exam tip: Provided that can replace if when the condition is specific.

3. Second Conditional (8 words)

imaginary[/ɪˈmædʒɪnəri/]adjeasy

Meaning: কাল্পনিক

Alt: বাস্তবে নেই এমন

Example: If I were rich, I would help the poor.

Syn: fictitiousAnt: real

💡 Exam tip: Second conditional commonly expresses imaginary or unlikely situations.

unlikely[/ʌnˈlaɪkli/]adjeasy

Meaning: অসম্ভাব্য

Alt: ঘটার সম্ভাবনা কম এমন

Example: If he were more careful, an accident would be unlikely.

Syn: improbableAnt: likely

💡 Exam tip: Use would plus the base verb in the result clause.

were[/wɜːr/]verbeasy

Meaning: ছিল

Alt: be verb-এর অতীত রূপ

Example: If I were you, I would accept the offer.

Syn: existedAnt: was not

💡 Exam tip: In formal English, use were with all subjects in If I were you.

would[/wʊd/]verbeasy

Meaning: করত বা হবে

Alt: কাল্পনিক ফল বোঝায়

Example: If I had time, I would read more books.

Syn: mightAnt: would not

💡 Exam tip: Structure: If + past simple, subject + would + base verb.

borrow[/ˈbɒrəʊ/]verbeasy

Meaning: ধার নেওয়া

Alt: সাময়িক ব্যবহারের জন্য নেওয়া

Example: If I had a bicycle, I would not borrow yours.

Syn: take on loanAnt: lend

💡 Exam tip: Borrow means take; lend means give temporarily.

lend[/lend/]verbeasy

Meaning: ধার দেওয়া

Alt: সাময়িক ব্যবহারের জন্য দেওয়া

Example: If I had an extra pen, I would lend it to you.

Syn: loanAnt: borrow

💡 Exam tip: Use lend when the subject gives something to another person.

wish[/wɪʃ/]verbeasy

Meaning: ইচ্ছা করা

Alt: কামনা করা

Example: I wish I were able to travel around the world.

Syn: desireAnt: reject

💡 Exam tip: Wish about the present often takes a past form: I wish I were rich.

advice[/ədˈvaɪs/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরামর্শ

Alt: করণীয় বিষয়ে মতামত

Example: If I were you, I would follow my teacher's advice.

Syn: guidanceAnt: misguidance

💡 Exam tip: Advice is an uncountable noun; do not write advices.

4. Third Conditional (8 words)

regret[/rɪˈɡret/]verbmedium

Meaning: অনুতপ্ত হওয়া

Alt: অতীত কাজের জন্য দুঃখিত হওয়া

Example: If I had listened to you, I would not regret my decision.

Syn: repentAnt: rejoice

💡 Exam tip: Third conditional often expresses regret about an unreal past event.

miss[/mɪs/]verbeasy

Meaning: হারানো বা ধরতে না পারা

Alt: অনুপস্থিত থাকা

Example: If she had hurried, she would not have missed the bus.

Syn: fail to catchAnt: catch

💡 Exam tip: Pattern: If + past perfect, would have + past participle.

notice[/ˈnəʊtɪs/]verbeasy

Meaning: লক্ষ্য করা

Alt: খেয়াল করা

Example: If I had noticed the sign, I would have taken another road.

Syn: observeAnt: ignore

💡 Exam tip: Use had plus past participle in the if-clause.

prevent[/prɪˈvent/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রতিরোধ করা

Alt: ঘটতে বাধা দেওয়া

Example: If they had acted earlier, they could have prevented the accident.

Syn: stopAnt: allow

💡 Exam tip: Could have and might have are also possible in the result clause.

discover[/dɪˈskʌvə/]verbeasy

Meaning: আবিষ্কার করা

Alt: খুঁজে বের করা

Example: If we had checked the map, we would have discovered the shortest route.

Syn: findAnt: lose

💡 Exam tip: The past participle of discover is discovered.

opportunity[/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: সুযোগ

Alt: কোনো কাজ করার অনুকূল সময় বা অবস্থা

Example: If he had used the opportunity, he would have improved his skills.

Syn: chanceAnt: obstacle

💡 Exam tip: Opportunity is countable: an opportunity, several opportunities.

consequence[/ˈkɒnsɪkwens/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিণতি

Alt: কোনো কাজের ফল

Example: If she had ignored the warning, the consequence would have been serious.

Syn: resultAnt: cause

💡 Exam tip: Use consequence for a usually important or negative result.

apologize[/əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/]verbmedium

Meaning: ক্ষমা চাওয়া

Alt: ভুলের জন্য দুঃখ প্রকাশ করা

Example: If I had hurt you, I would have apologized.

Syn: say sorryAnt: offend

💡 Exam tip: British spelling is apologize; apologised is also common in British English.

5. Mixed Conditionals and Modals (8 words)

present[/ˈprezənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: বর্তমান

Alt: এখনকার সময়ের

Example: If he had studied medicine, he would be a doctor now.

Syn: currentAnt: past

💡 Exam tip: Mixed conditionals connect an unreal past condition with a present result.

past[/pɑːst/]adjmedium

Meaning: অতীত

Alt: আগের সময়ের

Example: If I were more organized, I would have finished the work yesterday.

Syn: formerAnt: future

💡 Exam tip: A present condition may produce an unreal past result in a mixed conditional.

might[/maɪt/]verbeasy

Meaning: হয়তো

Alt: কম নিশ্চিত সম্ভাবনা বোঝায়

Example: If you leave now, you might catch the train.

Syn: mayAnt: cannot

💡 Exam tip: Might shows less certainty than will in a conditional result.

could[/kʊd/]verbeasy

Meaning: পারত বা পারবে

Alt: সম্ভাবনা বা সামর্থ্য বোঝায়

Example: If we had more time, we could visit the museum.

Syn: would be able toAnt: could not

💡 Exam tip: Could may express ability or a possible result.

should[/ʃʊd/]verbmedium

Meaning: উচিত

Alt: পরামর্শ বা সম্ভাবনা বোঝায়

Example: If you should need help, call me.

Syn: ought toAnt: should not

💡 Exam tip: If you should is a formal way to express a possible condition.

necessity[/nəˈsesəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রয়োজনীয়তা

Alt: অপরিহার্যতা

Example: If necessity arises, we will change the plan.

Syn: needAnt: optional choice

💡 Exam tip: Necessity is often used with arise or become clear.

ability[/əˈbɪləti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সক্ষমতা

Alt: কোনো কাজ করার দক্ষতা

Example: If you practise, your ability will improve.

Syn: capacityAnt: inability

💡 Exam tip: Could in conditional sentences can refer to ability.

certainty[/ˈsɜːtənti/]nounmedium

Meaning: নিশ্চয়তা

Alt: নিশ্চিত হওয়ার অবস্থা

Example: If the evidence is clear, the result will be accepted with certainty.

Syn: assuranceAnt: uncertainty

💡 Exam tip: Will expresses a more certain result than may or might.

6. Conditional Connectors and Exam Terms (8 words)

otherwise[/ˈʌðəwaɪz/]adveasy

Meaning: তা না হলে

Alt: অন্যথায়

Example: Study regularly; otherwise, you may fail.

Syn: or elseAnt: similarly

💡 Exam tip: Otherwise can replace an if-not clause in sentence transformation.

even if[/ˈiːvən ɪf/]conjmedium

Meaning: এমনকি যদি

Alt: শর্ত সত্য হলেও

Example: Even if it rains, we will attend the অনুষ্ঠান.

Syn: whether or notAnt: only if

💡 Exam tip: Even if emphasizes that the result will remain unchanged.

whether[/ˈweðə/]conjmedium

Meaning: কিনা

Alt: দুই সম্ভাবনার যেকোনোটি বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত

Example: Whether you agree or not, the rule must be followed.

Syn: ifAnt: certainly

💡 Exam tip: Whether or not means regardless of the condition.

as long as[/əz lɒŋ əz/]conjmedium

Meaning: যতক্ষণ বা যদি এই শর্তে

Alt: নির্দিষ্ট শর্ত পূরণ সাপেক্ষে

Example: You can use my computer as long as you handle it carefully.

Syn: provided thatAnt: unless

💡 Exam tip: As long as may express a condition, not only duration.

in case[/ɪn keɪs/]conjmedium

Meaning: যদি এমন হয়

Alt: সম্ভাব্য ঘটনার প্রস্তুতি বোঝায়

Example: Take an umbrella in case it rains.

Syn: if it happens thatAnt: without preparation

💡 Exam tip: In case usually means precaution; it is not always interchangeable with if.

result[/rɪˈzʌlt/]nouneasy

Meaning: ফলাফল

Alt: কোনো কাজের পরিণতি

Example: The result will improve if you work harder.

Syn: outcomeAnt: cause

💡 Exam tip: The result clause states what happens when the condition is fulfilled.

clause[/klɔːz/]nounmedium

Meaning: উপবাক্য

Alt: বাক্যের অংশ যাতে subject ও verb থাকে

Example: The if-clause gives the condition of the sentence.

Syn: sentence partAnt: phrase

💡 Exam tip: A conditional sentence usually has an if-clause and a main clause.

invert[/ɪnˈvɜːt/]verbhard

Meaning: বিপরীত ক্রমে সাজানো

Alt: স্থান পরিবর্তন করা

Example: Had I known the truth, I would have acted differently.

Syn: reverseAnt: maintain

💡 Exam tip: In formal inversion, omit if: Had I known equals If I had known.

💡 Exam Tips

• Zero conditional: If + present simple, present simple. Example: If you heat ice, it melts.

• First conditional: If + present simple, will + base verb. Example: If you study, you will pass.

• Second conditional: If + past simple, would + base verb. Example: If I were rich, I would help the poor.

• Third conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle. Example: If she had come, we would have welcomed her.

• Use were instead of was in formal second conditional expressions such as If I were you.

• Do not use will immediately after if in ordinary first conditional sentences.

• Unless means if not, so avoid double negatives such as unless you do not work.

• When the if-clause comes first, use a comma before the main clause; when it comes second, a comma is usually unnecessary.

• In conditional sentence transformation, otherwise can replace or else and if not.

• Could, may, and might can replace would when the result expresses ability or uncertain possibility.

• In third conditional questions, check carefully for had + past participle and would have + past participle.

• In formal writing, provided that, as long as, and on condition that can express specific conditions.

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Conditionals - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Conditionals

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