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English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Sentences - Vocabulary

SSC (Class 9-10) ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

🎯 SSC (Class 9-10)🌐 English📅 14 Aug 2026📖 Course 34 of 82
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SSC (Class 9-10)English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Sentences - Vocabulary

Chapter: Sentences

📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
sentence — āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝsubject — āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžpredicate — āĻŦāĻŋāϧ⧇āϝāĻŧclause — āωāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝphrase — āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻļassertive — āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•interrogative — āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ•imperative — āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•exclamatory — āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•optative — āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•affirmative — āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ-āϏ⧂āϚāĻ•negative — āύāĻž-āϏ⧂āϚāĻ•simple — āϏāϰāϞcomplex — āϜāϟāĻŋāϞcompound — āϝ⧌āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•principal clause — āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝsubordinate clause — āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ āωāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝconjunction — āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧtransformation — āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰpunctuation — āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻŽāϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Assertive sentence → Interrogative sentence: āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
â–ē Affirmative → Negative: not āĻŦāĻž never āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
â–ē Simple → Complex: phrase-āϕ⧇ subordinate clause-āĻ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋; āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ 'Being ill' → 'As he was ill'āĨ¤
â–ē Complex → Compound: subordinate conjunction-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ coordinating conjunction āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â–ē Compound → Simple: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ clause-āϕ⧇ participial phrase, infinitive phrase āĻŦāĻž prepositional phrase-āĻ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â–ē Positive degree → Comparative degree: 'No other' āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāχ 'than any other' āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϤ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â–ē Comparative degree → Superlative degree: 'than all other' āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ 'the ...-est' āĻŦāĻž 'the most ...' āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â–ē Question tag formation: affirmative statement-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ negative tag āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ negative statement-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ affirmative tag āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
1. Sentence Basics: āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž (8 words)
sentence[/ˈsentəns/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϏāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ
Example: A sentence expresses a complete thought.
Syn: expression, statementAnt: fragment
💡 Exam tip: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ subject āĻ“ predicate āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
subject[/ˈsƌbdʒÉĒkt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻž
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: Rahim reads a book.
Syn: doer, actorAnt: object
💡 Exam tip: Who āĻŦāĻž what āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ subjectāĨ¤
predicate[/ˈpredÉĒkeÉĒt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāϧ⧇āϝāĻŧ
Alt: subject āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ
Example: In 'Birds fly', 'fly' is the predicate.
Syn: statement, commentAnt: subject
💡 Exam tip: Subject āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ predicate āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
clause[/klɔːz/]nounmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ
Alt: subject āĻ“ finite verb-āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϏāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ
Example: I know that he is honest.
Syn: subdivision, sectionAnt: phrase
💡 Exam tip: Clause-āĻ subject āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇; phrase-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
phrase[/freÉĒz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ
Alt: āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϏāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ
Example: The boy in the room is my brother.
Syn: expression, group of wordsAnt: clause
💡 Exam tip: Phrase-āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ subject āĻ“ finite verb āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
finite[/ˈfaÉĒnaÉĒt/]adjhard
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ•āĻž
Alt: āϝ⧇ verb subject āĻ“ tense āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ
Example: She goes to school every day.
Syn: limited, conjugatedAnt: non-finite
💡 Exam tip: Finite verb subject āĻ“ tense āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
complete[/kəmˈpliːt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Alt: āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻž āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: This is a complete sentence.
Syn: whole, finishedAnt: incomplete
💡 Exam tip: Complete sentence-āĻ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
fragment[/ˈfrÃĻÉĄmənt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ
Alt: āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ
Example: Because he was ill is a sentence fragment.
Syn: piece, partAnt: sentence, whole
💡 Exam tip: Fragment āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ subject āĻŦāĻž verb āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
2. Kinds of Sentences: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ (8 words)
assertive[/əˈsɜːrtÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The sun rises in the east.
Syn: declarative, affirmativeAnt: interrogative
💡 Exam tip: Assertive sentence āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ full stop āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
interrogative[/ˌÉĒntəˈrɒɡətÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ•
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: Where do you live?
Syn: questioning, inquisitiveAnt: assertive
💡 Exam tip: Interrogative sentence question mark āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
imperative[/ÉĒmˈperətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Alt: āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Example: Please open the door.
Syn: commanding, directiveAnt: optional
💡 Exam tip: Imperative sentence-āĻ subject you āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āωāĻšā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
exclamatory[/ÉĒkˈsklÃĻmətəri/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Alt: āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Example: What a beautiful flower!
Syn: emotional, impassionedAnt: calm
💡 Exam tip: Exclamatory sentence-āĻ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ exclamation mark āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
optative[/ˈɒptətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Alt: āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āφāĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Example: May you live long!
Syn: desiderative, wishfulAnt: unwilling
💡 Exam tip: Optative sentence-āĻ May āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϤāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ wish āĻŦāĻž prayer āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
affirmative[/əˈfɜːrmətÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ-āϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āχāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Example: He is an honest man.
Syn: positive, assentingAnt: negative
💡 Exam tip: Negative sentence-āϕ⧇ affirmative āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ not āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
negative[/ˈneɡətÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āύāĻž-āϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Example: She does not tell lies.
Syn: denying, adverseAnt: affirmative, positive
💡 Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ not, never, no āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ negative markerāĨ¤
declarative[/dÉĒˈklÃĻrətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•
Alt: āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Example: The earth moves round the sun.
Syn: assertive, statement-makingAnt: interrogative
💡 Exam tip: Declarative sentence assertive sentence-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•āĨ¤
3. Sentence Transformation: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ (8 words)
transform[/trÃĻnsˈfɔːrm/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Transform the sentence into a negative one.
Syn: convert, changeAnt: preserve
💡 Exam tip: Transformation-āĻ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
affirmation[/ˌÃĻfərˈmeÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āχāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ
Example: The sentence expresses affirmation.
Syn: confirmation, approvalAnt: denial
💡 Exam tip: Negative āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ affirmative āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
negation[/nÉĒˈɥeÉĒʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āύāĻž-āĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: The word 'not' introduces negation.
Syn: denial, rejectionAnt: affirmation
💡 Exam tip: Auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ not āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• affirmative āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ negative āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
interchange[/ˌÉĒntəˈtʃeÉĒndʒ/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Interchange the assertive and interrogative forms.
Syn: exchange, convertAnt: retain
💡 Exam tip: Interchange āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ“ tense āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
degree[/dÉĒˈɥriː/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž
Alt: āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϰ grammatical form
Example: Change the degree of comparison.
Syn: level, extentAnt: uniformity
💡 Exam tip: Positive, comparative āĻ“ superlative—āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϰ āϤāĻŋāύ degreeāĨ¤
comparison[/kəmˈpÃĻrÉĒsən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧈āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ
Example: This sentence shows a comparison between two boys.
Syn: contrast, analogyAnt: difference
💡 Exam tip: Comparative-āĻ than āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ superlative-āĻ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
equivalent[/ÉĒˈkwÉĒvələnt/]adjhard
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāϤ⧁āĻ˛ā§āϝ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ
Example: Write an equivalent negative sentence.
Syn: equal, correspondingAnt: different
💡 Exam tip: Equivalent transformation-āĻ form āĻŦāĻĻāϞāĻžāϞ⧇āĻ“ meaning āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
retain[/rÉĒˈteÉĒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž
Alt: āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž
Example: Retain the original meaning of the sentence.
Syn: preserve, keepAnt: discard, change
💡 Exam tip: Transformation-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ retain āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĨ¤
4. Simple, Complex and Compound: āϏāϰāϞ, āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻ“ āϝ⧌āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ (8 words)
simple[/ˈsÉĒmpəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāϰāϞ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ principal clause-āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ
Example: He worked hard to succeed.
Syn: easy, plainAnt: complex
💡 Exam tip: Simple sentence-āĻ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ finite verb āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ phrase āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
complex[/kəmˈpleks/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ principal āĻ“ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• subordinate clause-āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ
Example: When the rain stopped, we went outside.
Syn: complicated, subordinateAnt: simple
💡 Exam tip: Complex sentence-āĻ who, which, because, although āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ connector āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
compound[/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϝ⧌āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ• independent clause-āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ
Example: He tried hard, but he failed.
Syn: combined, compositeAnt: simple
💡 Exam tip: Compound sentence-āĻ and, but, or, so āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ coordinating conjunction āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
principal[/ˈprÉĒnsəpəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ
Example: The principal clause can stand alone.
Syn: main, chiefAnt: subordinate
💡 Exam tip: Principal clause āĻāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
subordinate[/səˈbɔːrdÉĒnət/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ clause-āĻāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞ
Example: Because he was ill is a subordinate clause.
Syn: dependent, secondaryAnt: principal, independent
💡 Exam tip: Subordinate clause āĻāĻ•āĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
coordinate[/koʊˈɔːrdÉĒneÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: And coordinates two independent clauses.
Syn: combine, linkAnt: separate
💡 Exam tip: Coordinating conjunction āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϕ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
conjunction[/kənˈdĘ’ĘŒÅ‹kʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ, phrase āĻŦāĻž clause āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: But is a conjunction.
Syn: connector, linkAnt: separator
💡 Exam tip: FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so—compound sentence-āĻ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
independent[/ˌÉĒndÉĒˈpendənt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ clause-āĻāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞ āύāϝāĻŧ
Example: An independent clause expresses a complete idea.
Syn: autonomous, freeAnt: dependent
💡 Exam tip: Independent clause-āϕ⧇ principal clause-āĻ“ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
5. Connectors and Clauses: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ (8 words)
relative[/ˈrelətÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāϏ⧂āϚāĻ•
Alt: āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ noun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: The man who came here is my uncle.
Syn: related, associatedAnt: unrelated
💡 Exam tip: Who, which, that āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāχ relative clause āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
condition[/kənˈdÉĒʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: If you work hard, you will succeed.
Syn: requirement, termAnt: result
💡 Exam tip: If āĻŦāĻž unless-āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ clause āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ condition āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
cause[/kɔːz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ
Example: He stayed home because he was sick.
Syn: reason, sourceAnt: effect, result
💡 Exam tip: Because, since, as āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
purpose[/ˈpɜːrpəs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ
Example: He studies hard so that he can pass.
Syn: aim, objectiveAnt: aimlessness
💡 Exam tip: So that, in order that āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
contrast[/ˈkɒntrÃĻst/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦ⧈āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ¤ā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ
Example: Although he is poor, he is honest.
Syn: difference, oppositionAnt: similarity
💡 Exam tip: Though, although, but, whereas contrast āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
result[/rÉĒˈzƌlt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ
Example: He worked hard, so he succeeded.
Syn: outcome, consequenceAnt: cause
💡 Exam tip: So, therefore, consequently āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
connector[/kəˈnektər/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ
Example: However is a sentence connector.
Syn: linker, conjunctionAnt: separator
💡 Exam tip: Connector-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ sentence transformation-āĻ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
relative-clause[/ˈrelətÉĒv klɔːz/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ
Alt: noun āĻŦāĻž pronoun-āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž clause
Example: The book which I bought is interesting.
Syn: adjective clause, descriptive clauseAnt: main clause
💡 Exam tip: Relative clause āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ who, whom, whose, which āĻŦāĻž that āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
6. Sentence Correction and Punctuation: āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻŽāϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (8 words)
correct[/kəˈrekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Correct the grammatical errors.
Syn: rectify, amendAnt: wrong, miscorrect
💡 Exam tip: Correction-āĻ subject-verb agreement āĻ“ tense āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
error[/ˈerər/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϭ⧁āϞ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ
Example: There is an error in the sentence.
Syn: mistake, faultAnt: accuracy
💡 Exam tip: Error detection-āĻ article, preposition, number āĻ“ verb āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
agreement[/əˈɡriːmənt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ
Alt: subject āĻ“ verb-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ
Example: The subject and verb must show agreement.
Syn: concord, harmonyAnt: disagreement
💡 Exam tip: Singular subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ singular verb āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ plural subject-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ plural verb āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
punctuation[/ˌpĘŒÅ‹ktʃuˈeÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻŽāϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Alt: āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ
Example: Proper punctuation makes writing clear.
Syn: pointing, notationAnt: disorder
💡 Exam tip: Capital letter, comma, full stop, question mark āĻ“ exclamation mark āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
comma[/ˈkɒmə/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āĻŽāĻž
Alt: āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ
Example: Use a comma after the introductory phrase.
Syn: pause mark, punctuation markAnt: continuation
💡 Exam tip: Compound sentence-āĻ coordinating conjunction-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ comma āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
capitalization[/ˌkÃĻpÉĒtəlaÉĒˈzeÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϰ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Capitalization is necessary at the beginning of a sentence.
Syn: uppercasing, initial capitalizationAnt: lowercasing
💡 Exam tip: āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁, proper noun āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ I āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ capital letter āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
clarity[/ˈklÃĻrəti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāϤāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖ
Example: Short sentences improve clarity.
Syn: clearness, lucidityAnt: confusion
💡 Exam tip: āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ clarity āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤
ambiguity[/ˌÃĻmbÉĒˈɥjuːəti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž
Example: The faulty construction creates ambiguity.
Syn: uncertainty, equivocationAnt: clarity, certainty
💡 Exam tip: Ambiguity āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ pronoun-āĻāϰ clear antecedent āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϧāϰāύ āĻļāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧋: assertive, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory āĻŦāĻž optativeāĨ¤
â€ĸ Transformation āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ tense, subject, number āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
â€ĸ Simple, complex āĻ“ compound āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ clause-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ connector āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ Subject-verb agreement āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ each, every, either, neither āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ collective noun-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āĨ¤
â€ĸ Interrogative āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ auxiliary verb-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ wh-word-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ Imperative sentence-āĻ āωāĻšā§āϝ subject āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ you; passive āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ 'let' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
â€ĸ Punctuation āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ capital letter, comma, full stop, question mark āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ exclamation mark āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
â€ĸ Relative pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ antecedent-āĻāϰ person āĻ“ number āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ, āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ, āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧈āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ connector āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāχ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

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