Chapter: Sample Question
📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
abundanceancestorcourtesyjusticepatriotismreliableaccomplishadaptcontributeencouragemaintainovercomepreventassertionconsequencedespiteunlesstransformemphasisannounceadmitrequestpersuadeimmediatelyapplicationqualificationexperienceencloseregardingvacancyconsumptiondeclinefluctuateillustratesignificantmoralsummarizetrend
📃 Word Formation Rules
► Add the suffix -ness to many adjectives to form abstract nouns: kind → kindness, modest → modesty is an irregular formation.
► Add -tion or -sion to some verbs to form nouns: educate → education, conclude → conclusion.
► Add -ment to some verbs to form nouns: achieve → achievement, develop → development.
► Add -ly to many adjectives to form adverbs: careful → carefully, sincere → sincerely.
► Add the prefix un- to form opposites of many adjectives: reliable → unreliable, fair → unfair.
► Add the prefix dis- to form opposites or negative meanings: courage → discourage, agree → disagree.
► Add -ful or -less to nouns to form adjectives: care → careful/careless, hope → hopeful/hopeless.
► Some words change their form irregularly: speak → speech, strong → strength, true → truth.
1. The Noun, Pronouns and Adjectives (8 words)
abundance[/əˈbʌndəns/]nounmedium
Meaning: প্রাচুর্য
Alt: a large quantity of something
Example: The village has an abundance of natural beauty.
Syn: plentyAnt: scarcity
💡 Exam tip: Use abundance with of: an abundance of food.
ancestor[/ˈænsestər/]nounmedium
Meaning: পূর্বপুরুষ
Alt: a person from whom one is descended
Example: We should respect our ancestors.
Syn: forefatherAnt: descendant
💡 Exam tip: Ancestor means a forefather, while descendant means a later family member.
courtesy[/ˈkɜːrtəsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: সৌজন্য
Alt: polite behaviour or respect
Example: He showed courtesy to the elderly man.
Syn: politenessAnt: rudeness
💡 Exam tip: Courtesy is an abstract noun formed from courteous.
justice[/ˈdʒʌstɪs/]nouneasy
Meaning: ন্যায়বিচার
Alt: fair treatment according to law
Example: Everyone has the right to justice.
Syn: fairnessAnt: injustice
💡 Exam tip: The adjective form is just; the opposite noun is injustice.
modesty[/ˈmɒdəsti/]nounmedium
Meaning: বিনয়
Alt: the quality of being humble and not boastful
Example: Her modesty made her popular with everyone.
Syn: humilityAnt: vanity
💡 Exam tip: Modesty is the noun form of modest.
patriotism[/ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm/]nounmedium
Meaning: দেশপ্রেম
Alt: love and devotion to one's country
Example: Patriotism inspires citizens to serve their country.
Syn: nationalismAnt: disloyalty
💡 Exam tip: Use patriotism as an uncountable noun in most exam sentences.
reliable[/rɪˈlaɪəbl/]adjeasy
Meaning: নির্ভরযোগ্য
Alt: worthy of trust or confidence
Example: A reliable friend always keeps a promise.
Syn: dependableAnt: unreliable
💡 Exam tip: The noun form is reliability and the adverb form is reliably.
generous[/ˈdʒenərəs/]adjeasy
Meaning: উদার
Alt: willing to give or share
Example: The generous woman donated money to the poor.
Syn: liberalAnt: selfish
💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse generous with general; their meanings are different.
2. Verbs, Tenses and Modals (8 words)
accomplish[/əˈkʌmplɪʃ/]verbmedium
Meaning: সম্পন্ন করা
Alt: to succeed in doing something
Example: She accomplished her goal through hard work.
Syn: achieveAnt: fail
💡 Exam tip: Accomplish is usually followed by a task, aim, or goal.
adapt[/əˈdæpt/]verbmedium
Meaning: খাপ খাওয়ানো
Alt: to adjust to new conditions
Example: Students must adapt themselves to changing circumstances.
Syn: adjustAnt: resist
💡 Exam tip: The common structure is adapt oneself to something.
contribute[/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/]verbmedium
Meaning: অবদান রাখা
Alt: to give or add something to a cause
Example: Every citizen should contribute to national development.
Syn: donateAnt: withhold
💡 Exam tip: Use contribute to, not contribute for.
encourage[/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: উৎসাহিত করা
Alt: to give support or confidence
Example: Teachers encourage students to read regularly.
Syn: inspireAnt: discourage
💡 Exam tip: Encourage is followed by an object and often by to plus verb.
maintain[/meɪnˈteɪn/]verbmedium
Meaning: বজায় রাখা
Alt: to keep something in good condition or continue it
Example: We should maintain discipline in school.
Syn: preserveAnt: neglect
💡 Exam tip: Maintain has the same form in the present and past tense.
overcome[/ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/]verbmedium
Meaning: জয় করা
Alt: to defeat a difficulty or problem
Example: Hard work helped him overcome poverty.
Syn: conquerAnt: surrender
💡 Exam tip: Overcome is an irregular verb: overcome, overcame, overcome.
prevent[/prɪˈvent/]verbeasy
Meaning: প্রতিরোধ করা
Alt: to stop something from happening
Example: Trees prevent soil erosion.
Syn: stopAnt: allow
💡 Exam tip: Use prevent someone from doing something.
ought[/ɔːt/]verbeasy
Meaning: উচিত
Alt: used to express duty or expectation
Example: We ought to obey the rules.
Syn: shouldAnt: should not
💡 Exam tip: Ought is followed by to and the base form of a verb.
3. Sentences, Conditionals and the Passive (8 words)
assertion[/əˈsɜːrʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: দাবি বা বক্তব্য
Alt: a confident statement or declaration
Example: His assertion was supported by evidence.
Syn: statementAnt: denial
💡 Exam tip: In transformation questions, identify whether the sentence is an assertion or a question.
consequence[/ˈkɒnsɪkwens/]nounmedium
Meaning: পরিণতি
Alt: a result of an action or event
Example: Pollution has serious consequences for health.
Syn: resultAnt: cause
💡 Exam tip: The phrase as a consequence means as a result.
despite[/dɪˈspaɪt/]nounmedium
Meaning: সত্ত্বেও
Alt: used to show contrast
Example: Despite the rain, the match continued.
Syn: notwithstandingAnt: because of
💡 Exam tip: Despite is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund, not a finite clause.
unless[/ənˈles/]adveasy
Meaning: যদি না
Alt: if not
Example: You will fail unless you work hard.
Syn: if notAnt: if
💡 Exam tip: A clause with unless normally expresses a negative condition.
transform[/trænsˈfɔːrm/]verbmedium
Meaning: রূপান্তর করা
Alt: to change the form or character of something
Example: Education can transform society.
Syn: convertAnt: preserve
💡 Exam tip: For voice change, identify the object before transforming the sentence.
passive[/ˈpæsɪv/]adjeasy
Meaning: নিষ্ক্রিয়
Alt: not active or not showing action
Example: The sentence was changed into the passive form.
Syn: inactiveAnt: active
💡 Exam tip: The passive voice is formed with be plus the past participle.
condition[/kənˈdɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: শর্ত
Alt: something that must happen for another thing to occur
Example: Hard work is a condition of success.
Syn: requirementAnt: unconditionality
💡 Exam tip: In conditional sentences, check the tense in both the if-clause and the main clause.
emphasis[/ˈemfəsɪs/]nounhard
Meaning: গুরুত্বারোপ
Alt: special importance given to something
Example: The teacher placed emphasis on correct pronunciation.
Syn: stressAnt: neglect
💡 Exam tip: The plural form of emphasis is emphases.
4. Speech, Prepositions and Adverbs (8 words)
announce[/əˈnaʊns/]verbeasy
Meaning: ঘোষণা করা
Alt: to make information known publicly
Example: The head teacher announced the examination schedule.
Syn: declareAnt: conceal
💡 Exam tip: In indirect speech, announce often takes a that-clause.
admit[/ədˈmɪt/]verbmedium
Meaning: স্বীকার করা
Alt: to agree that something is true
Example: He admitted that he had made a mistake.
Syn: confessAnt: deny
💡 Exam tip: After admit, use a gerund when the object is an action: admit doing.
request[/rɪˈkwest/]nouneasy
Meaning: অনুরোধ
Alt: a polite or formal demand for something
Example: She made a request for financial help.
Syn: appealAnt: refusal
💡 Exam tip: In reported speech, request can be followed by an object and to-infinitive.
persuade[/pəˈsweɪd/]verbmedium
Meaning: রাজি করানো
Alt: to convince someone to do something
Example: The officer persuaded the villagers to leave the unsafe area.
Syn: convinceAnt: dissuade
💡 Exam tip: Use persuade someone to do something, not persuade someone doing something.
immediately[/ɪˈmiːdiətli/]adveasy
Meaning: অবিলম্বে
Alt: at once or without delay
Example: The patient was immediately taken to the hospital.
Syn: instantlyAnt: eventually
💡 Exam tip: Immediately may introduce a time clause in narration changes.
carefully[/ˈkeəfəli/]adveasy
Meaning: সাবধানে
Alt: with attention and caution
Example: Read the question carefully before answering.
Syn: cautiouslyAnt: carelessly
💡 Exam tip: Adverbs often answer the question how and modify verbs.
among[/əˈmʌŋ/]nouneasy
Meaning: মধ্যে
Alt: in or surrounded by more than two people or things
Example: The teacher distributed the books among the students.
Syn: amidAnt: outside
💡 Exam tip: Use among generally for more than two persons or things.
towards[/təˈwɔːrdz/]nouneasy
Meaning: দিকে
Alt: in the direction of or with regard to
Example: The boy walked towards the river.
Syn: toAnt: away from
💡 Exam tip: Towards may express direction, attitude, or relation.
5. Letters, CVs and E-mails (8 words)
application[/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: আবেদনপত্র
Alt: a formal written request
Example: He submitted an application for leave.
Syn: requestAnt: withdrawal
💡 Exam tip: A formal application should include a subject, polite language, and a proper closing.
qualification[/ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: যোগ্যতা
Alt: an examination or skill that makes someone suitable
Example: The job requires a higher academic qualification.
Syn: credentialAnt: incompetence
💡 Exam tip: Mention educational and professional qualifications separately in a CV.
experience[/ɪkˈspɪəriəns/]nouneasy
Meaning: অভিজ্ঞতা
Alt: knowledge gained through practical involvement
Example: She has three years of teaching experience.
Syn: practiceAnt: inexperience
💡 Exam tip: Experience is uncountable when it means general knowledge or skill.
enclose[/ɪnˈkləʊz/]verbmedium
Meaning: সংযুক্ত করা
Alt: to put something inside an envelope or package
Example: I enclose my CV with this application.
Syn: attachAnt: remove
💡 Exam tip: Use please find enclosed in formal letters when referring to an attached document.
regarding[/rɪˈɡɑːrdɪŋ/]prepmedium
Meaning: সম্পর্কে
Alt: concerning a particular matter
Example: I am writing regarding the school library.
Syn: concerningAnt: excluding
💡 Exam tip: Regarding is useful in formal letters and e-mails.
vacancy[/ˈveɪkənsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: শূন্যপদ
Alt: an unoccupied job or position
Example: The company advertised a vacancy for an assistant.
Syn: openingAnt: occupation
💡 Exam tip: A job application should clearly mention the advertised vacancy.
sincerely[/sɪnˈsɪəli/]adveasy
Meaning: আন্তরিকভাবে
Alt: in a genuine or honest manner
Example: Yours sincerely is used at the end of a formal letter.
Syn: honestlyAnt: insincerely
💡 Exam tip: Use Yours sincerely when the recipient's name is known.
promptly[/ˈprɒmptli/]advmedium
Meaning: দ্রুত বা সময়মতো
Alt: without delay
Example: Please reply promptly to this e-mail.
Syn: quicklyAnt: slowly
💡 Exam tip: Promptly is a useful formal adverb in official correspondence.
6. Paragraphs, Stories, Summaries and Graphs (8 words)
consumption[/kənˈsʌmpʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: ভোগ বা ব্যবহার
Alt: the act of using or eating something
Example: The graph shows the consumption of electricity.
Syn: useAnt: production
💡 Exam tip: Use consumption when describing data about food, fuel, or energy use.
decline[/dɪˈklaɪn/]verbeasy
Meaning: হ্রাস পাওয়া
Alt: to become lower or less
Example: The number of road accidents declined last year.
Syn: decreaseAnt: increase
💡 Exam tip: In graph descriptions, decline can be used as both a verb and a noun.
fluctuate[/ˈflʌktʃueɪt/]verbhard
Meaning: ওঠানামা করা
Alt: to rise and fall irregularly
Example: The price of vegetables fluctuates throughout the year.
Syn: varyAnt: remain stable
💡 Exam tip: Use fluctuate when a graph shows repeated increases and decreases.
illustrate[/ˈɪləstreɪt/]verbmedium
Meaning: চিত্রিত করা
Alt: to explain or show clearly
Example: The chart illustrates the sources of household income.
Syn: demonstrateAnt: confuse
💡 Exam tip: A graph or chart illustrates information; it does not tell a story.
significant[/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/]adjmedium
Meaning: তাৎপর্যপূর্ণ
Alt: important or noticeable
Example: There was a significant rise in literacy.
Syn: importantAnt: insignificant
💡 Exam tip: Use significant change for a large or meaningful change in data.
moral[/ˈmɒrəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: নৈতিক
Alt: related to principles of right and wrong
Example: The story has a clear moral lesson.
Syn: ethicalAnt: immoral
💡 Exam tip: A completed story usually ends with a suitable moral.
summarize[/ˈsʌməraɪz/]verbeasy
Meaning: সারসংক্ষেপ করা
Alt: to express the main points briefly
Example: Summarize the passage in your own words.
Syn: abridgeAnt: expand
💡 Exam tip: A summary should contain the main ideas, not unnecessary examples or repetition.
trend[/trend/]nounmedium
Meaning: প্রবণতা
Alt: a general direction of change or development
Example: The graph shows an upward trend in school attendance.
Syn: tendencyAnt: stability
💡 Exam tip: Use upward trend and downward trend to describe graph movement.
💡 Exam Tips
• Read the whole sentence before choosing a vocabulary item; the surrounding words usually indicate the required meaning.
• Check the part of speech carefully. A noun, verb, adjective, or adverb cannot be used interchangeably in every blank.
• Learn common preposition combinations such as contribute to, adapt to, prevent from, and regarding something.
• For synonyms and antonyms, consider the meaning used in the sentence rather than only the dictionary meaning.
• In graph descriptions, use precise verbs such as rise, decline, fluctuate, remain stable, and peak.
• In a summary, write only the central ideas in your own words and avoid copying lengthy sentences.
• For formal letters and e-mails, use polite expressions, clear subjects, correct paragraphing, and an appropriate closing.
• In completing stories, maintain the tense, use logical connectors, and conclude with a relevant moral.
• Revise irregular verb forms such as overcome–overcame–overcome and write–wrote–written.
• In passive voice, identify the object, use the correct form of be, and change the main verb into its past participle form.