English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Short Composition: Paragraphs - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Short Composition: Paragraphs

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

paragraphtopicintroductiondevelopmentconclusioncoherenceunityrelevantfirstlymoreoverhoweverthereforebecausealthoughfinallysimilarlyenvironmentpollutiondeforestationafforestationbiodiversityconservationclimatesustainablehealthhygieneeducationliteracydisciplinehonestycooperationresponsibilitytechnologyinternetcommunicationinnovationconvenientaddictionprivacycybercrimecauseeffectimpactproblemremedyawarenesspreventionimplement

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix -tion to many verbs to form nouns: educate → education, communicate → communication, prevent → prevention.

► Add the suffix -ness to adjectives to form nouns: aware → awareness, relevant → relevance.

► Add the suffix -ity to adjectives or nouns to form abstract nouns: responsible → responsibility, diverse → diversity.

► Add the prefix un- to form opposites: relevant → irrelevant, convenient → inconvenient, aware → unaware.

► Add the prefix dis- to form opposites: honest → dishonest, similar → dissimilar.

► Use the suffix -able to form adjectives meaning capable of being: sustain → sustainable, convenience → convenient.

► Use the suffix -less to form adjectives meaning without: harm → harmless, care → careless.

► Use the suffix -ful to form adjectives meaning full of: care → careful, meaning → meaningful.

► Use noun compounds in common topics: tree plantation, road accident, air pollution, social media, cybercrime.

► Change noun to verb where appropriate: communication → communicate, development → develop, protection → protect.

1. Paragraph Structure and Organization (8 words)

paragraph[/ˈpærəɡrɑːf/]nouneasy

Meaning: অনুচ্ছেদ

Alt: একটি বিষয়ের উপর সংক্ষিপ্ত রচনা

Example: A good paragraph develops one central idea.

Syn: sectionAnt: fragment

💡 Exam tip: Begin with a clear topic sentence.

topic[/ˈtɒpɪk/]nouneasy

Meaning: বিষয়

Alt: আলোচনার বিষয়বস্তু

Example: The topic of the paragraph is tree plantation.

Syn: subjectAnt: irrelevance

💡 Exam tip: Understand the topic before starting to write.

introduction[/ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: ভূমিকা

Alt: প্রারম্ভিক আলোচনা

Example: The introduction should attract the reader's attention.

Syn: openingAnt: conclusion

💡 Exam tip: Use two or three sentences to introduce the subject.

development[/dɪˈveləpmənt/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিস্তার

Alt: ধারণার ক্রমবর্ধমান ব্যাখ্যা

Example: The development of the paragraph explains the causes of pollution.

Syn: expansionAnt: neglect

💡 Exam tip: Support the main idea with facts and explanations.

conclusion[/kənˈkluːʒən/]nouneasy

Meaning: উপসংহার

Alt: শেষ বক্তব্য

Example: The conclusion summarizes the importance of honesty.

Syn: endingAnt: introduction

💡 Exam tip: End with a suitable concluding sentence.

coherence[/kəʊˈhɪərəns/]nounhard

Meaning: সংগতি

Alt: ভাবের যৌক্তিক সংযোগ

Example: Coherence makes a paragraph easy to understand.

Syn: consistencyAnt: confusion

💡 Exam tip: Arrange ideas logically from beginning to end.

unity[/ˈjuːnəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: ঐক্য

Alt: একটি কেন্দ্রীয় ভাবের সঙ্গে সামঞ্জস্য

Example: Unity is necessary for an effective paragraph.

Syn: harmonyAnt: disunity

💡 Exam tip: Do not include ideas unrelated to the topic.

relevant[/ˈreləvənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: প্রাসঙ্গিক

Alt: বিষয়ের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত

Example: Every sentence should contain relevant information.

Syn: pertinentAnt: irrelevant

💡 Exam tip: Avoid unnecessary details in a short composition.

2. Linking Words and Transitions (8 words)

firstly[/ˈfɜːstli/]adveasy

Meaning: প্রথমত

Alt: প্রথম বক্তব্য হিসেবে

Example: Firstly, we should identify the causes of the problem.

Syn: firstAnt: finally

💡 Exam tip: Use it to introduce the first point.

moreover[/mɔːˈrəʊvə/]advmedium

Meaning: তদুপরি

Alt: অতিরিক্তভাবে

Example: Moreover, trees provide shelter for birds.

Syn: besidesAnt: nevertheless

💡 Exam tip: Use it to add an important supporting idea.

however[/haʊˈevə/]adveasy

Meaning: তবে

Alt: বিপরীতভাবে

Example: The city has many facilities; however, it suffers from pollution.

Syn: neverthelessAnt: similarly

💡 Exam tip: Place a comma after however when it begins a sentence.

therefore[/ˈðeəfɔː/]advmedium

Meaning: অতএব

Alt: ফলস্বরূপ

Example: Water is essential; therefore, we must not waste it.

Syn: consequentlyAnt: nevertheless

💡 Exam tip: Use it before a result or logical conclusion.

because[/bɪˈkɒz/]conjeasy

Meaning: কারণ

Alt: কারণ নির্দেশকারী সংযোজক

Example: We should plant trees because they protect the environment.

Syn: sinceAnt: although

💡 Exam tip: Use because to introduce a reason.

although[/ɔːlˈðəʊ/]conjmedium

Meaning: যদিও

Alt: বিপরীত ভাব প্রকাশকারী সংযোজক

Example: Although exercise is tiring, it keeps us healthy.

Syn: thoughAnt: because

💡 Exam tip: Do not use but in the same clause with although.

finally[/ˈfaɪnəli/]adveasy

Meaning: পরিশেষে

Alt: সবশেষে

Example: Finally, everyone should work together to solve the problem.

Syn: ultimatelyAnt: initially

💡 Exam tip: Use it for the last point or concluding idea.

similarly[/ˈsɪmələli/]advmedium

Meaning: একইভাবে

Alt: অনুরূপভাবে

Example: Similarly, regular reading improves both vocabulary and writing.

Syn: likewiseAnt: differently

💡 Exam tip: Use it to compare similar ideas.

3. Environment and Nature (8 words)

environment[/ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরিবেশ

Alt: জীবজগতের চারপাশের প্রাকৃতিক অবস্থা

Example: We must protect the environment for future generations.

Syn: surroundingsAnt: 污染

💡 Exam tip: Common paragraph topic; mention air, water, soil, and noise pollution.

pollution[/pəˈluːʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: দূষণ

Alt: পরিবেশের ক্ষতিকর পরিবর্তন

Example: Air pollution causes serious health problems.

Syn: contaminationAnt: purification

💡 Exam tip: Explain causes, effects, and solutions in order.

deforestation[/diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: বন উজাড়

Alt: বনভূমি ধ্বংস

Example: Deforestation increases the risk of soil erosion.

Syn: forest destructionAnt: afforestation

💡 Exam tip: Connect it with climate change and loss of biodiversity.

afforestation[/əˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: বনায়ন

Alt: নতুন বন সৃষ্টি

Example: Afforestation can reduce global warming.

Syn: tree plantingAnt: deforestation

💡 Exam tip: Mention roadside, coastal, and social forestation.

biodiversity[/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/]nounhard

Meaning: জীববৈচিত্র্য

Alt: বিভিন্ন জীবের বৈচিত্র্য

Example: Pollution threatens the biodiversity of rivers and forests.

Syn: biological diversityAnt: uniformity

💡 Exam tip: Use it in paragraphs about forests, wildlife, and conservation.

conservation[/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: সংরক্ষণ

Alt: প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ রক্ষার কাজ

Example: Wildlife conservation is essential for ecological balance.

Syn: preservationAnt: destruction

💡 Exam tip: Suggest conservation as a practical solution.

climate[/ˈklaɪmət/]nounmedium

Meaning: জলবায়ু

Alt: কোনো অঞ্চলের দীর্ঘমেয়াদি আবহাওয়া

Example: Climate change is affecting agriculture in Bangladesh.

Syn: weather patternAnt: ไม่มี

💡 Exam tip: Distinguish climate from weather in explanatory paragraphs.

sustainable[/səˈsteɪnəbəl/]adjhard

Meaning: টেকসই

Alt: দীর্ঘদিন বজায় রাখা যায় এমন

Example: We need sustainable development to protect natural resources.

Syn: long-lastingAnt: unsustainable

💡 Exam tip: Use it with development, energy, agriculture, and environment.

4. Health, Education and Social Values (8 words)

health[/helθ/]nouneasy

Meaning: স্বাস্থ্য

Alt: শারীরিক ও মানসিক সুস্থতা

Example: Good health is necessary for a happy life.

Syn: well-beingAnt: illness

💡 Exam tip: Support the topic with diet, exercise, sleep, and hygiene.

hygiene[/ˈhaɪdʒiːn/]nounmedium

Meaning: স্বাস্থ্যবিধি

Alt: পরিচ্ছন্ন থাকার অভ্যাস

Example: Personal hygiene prevents many diseases.

Syn: cleanlinessAnt: uncleanness

💡 Exam tip: Use examples such as washing hands and drinking safe water.

education[/ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: শিক্ষা

Alt: জ্ঞান ও দক্ষতা অর্জনের প্রক্রিয়া

Example: Education removes ignorance and superstition.

Syn: learningAnt: ignorance

💡 Exam tip: Explain its importance for individuals and national development.

literacy[/ˈlɪtərəsi/]nounmedium

Meaning: স্বাক্ষরতা

Alt: পড়তে ও লিখতে পারার ক্ষমতা

Example: Literacy helps people become aware of their rights.

Syn: reading abilityAnt: illiteracy

💡 Exam tip: Relate literacy to poverty reduction and social progress.

discipline[/ˈdɪsəplɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: শৃঙ্খলা

Alt: নিয়ম মেনে চলার অভ্যাস

Example: Discipline is essential for success in student life.

Syn: self-controlAnt: disorder

💡 Exam tip: Give examples from school, traffic, and daily life.

honesty[/ˈɒnəsti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সততা

Alt: সত্যবাদিতা ও ন্যায়পরায়ণতা

Example: Honesty builds trust among people.

Syn: truthfulnessAnt: dishonesty

💡 Exam tip: A moral paragraph should end with a clear lesson.

cooperation[/kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: সহযোগিতা

Alt: একসঙ্গে কাজ করার মানসিকতা

Example: Cooperation is necessary to overcome a national crisis.

Syn: teamworkAnt: conflict

💡 Exam tip: Use it when discussing social problems and community work.

responsibility[/rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/]nounmedium

Meaning: দায়িত্ব

Alt: কর্তব্য পালনের বাধ্যবাধকতা

Example: It is our responsibility to keep our surroundings clean.

Syn: dutyAnt: irresponsibility

💡 Exam tip: Use both individual and collective responsibility in the answer.

5. Technology, Communication and Modern Life (8 words)

technology[/tekˈnɒlədʒi/]nouneasy

Meaning: প্রযুক্তি

Alt: বৈজ্ঞানিক জ্ঞানভিত্তিক ব্যবহারিক পদ্ধতি

Example: Technology has made communication faster and easier.

Syn: applied scienceAnt: primitiveness

💡 Exam tip: Mention both benefits and possible misuse.

internet[/ˈɪntənet/]nouneasy

Meaning: ইন্টারনেট

Alt: বিশ্বব্যাপী কম্পিউটার নেটওয়ার্ক

Example: The internet provides access to information within seconds.

Syn: online networkAnt: offline

💡 Exam tip: Write balanced points about education, communication, and risks.

communication[/kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: যোগাযোগ

Alt: তথ্য আদান-প্রদান

Example: Modern communication has connected people across the world.

Syn: interactionAnt: silence

💡 Exam tip: Use it in paragraphs about mobile phones, media, and globalization.

innovation[/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: উদ্ভাবন

Alt: নতুন ধারণা বা পদ্ধতি

Example: Innovation can create better solutions to social problems.

Syn: inventionAnt: stagnation

💡 Exam tip: Pair it with science, technology, and development.

convenient[/kənˈviːniənt/]adjeasy

Meaning: সুবিধাজনক

Alt: ব্যবহার করা সহজ

Example: Online learning is convenient for many students.

Syn: handyAnt: inconvenient

💡 Exam tip: Use it to describe positive effects of modern technology.

addiction[/əˈdɪkʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: আসক্তি

Alt: কোনো কিছুর প্রতি ক্ষতিকর নির্ভরতা

Example: Excessive mobile-phone use may lead to addiction.

Syn: dependenceAnt: self-control

💡 Exam tip: Include causes, harmful effects, and remedies.

privacy[/ˈprɪvəsi/]nounmedium

Meaning: গোপনীয়তা

Alt: ব্যক্তিগত তথ্য সুরক্ষার অধিকার

Example: Users should protect their privacy on social media.

Syn: confidentialityAnt: publicity

💡 Exam tip: Use it in paragraphs about the internet and cyber safety.

cybercrime[/ˈsaɪbəkraɪm/]nounhard

Meaning: সাইবার অপরাধ

Alt: কম্পিউটার বা ইন্টারনেটভিত্তিক অপরাধ

Example: Strong passwords can help prevent cybercrime.

Syn: online crimeAnt: cybersecurity

💡 Exam tip: Mention hacking, fraud, awareness, and legal action.

6. Problems, Causes, Effects and Solutions (8 words)

cause[/kɔːz/]nouneasy

Meaning: কারণ

Alt: কোনো ঘটনার উৎস

Example: One major cause of traffic congestion is the growing population.

Syn: reasonAnt: effect

💡 Exam tip: Use cause of, not cause for, when identifying a reason.

effect[/ɪˈfekt/]nouneasy

Meaning: প্রভাব

Alt: কোনো কাজের ফল

Example: The effect of air pollution on health is alarming.

Syn: resultAnt: cause

💡 Exam tip: Clearly separate causes from effects in your paragraph.

impact[/ˈɪmpækt/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রভাব

Alt: শক্তিশালী প্রভাব বা প্রতিক্রিয়া

Example: Climate change has a serious impact on coastal communities.

Syn: influenceAnt: insignificance

💡 Exam tip: Use have an impact on, not impact to.

problem[/ˈprɒbləm/]nouneasy

Meaning: সমস্যা

Alt: সমাধানের প্রয়োজন এমন অসুবিধা

Example: Drug addiction is a serious social problem.

Syn: difficultyAnt: solution

💡 Exam tip: State the problem directly in the opening sentence.

remedy[/ˈremədi/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রতিকার

Alt: সমস্যা সমাধানের উপায়

Example: Public awareness is an effective remedy for many social problems.

Syn: solutionAnt: cause

💡 Exam tip: Use it in the solution section of a paragraph.

awareness[/əˈweənəs/]nounmedium

Meaning: সচেতনতা

Alt: কোনো বিষয় সম্পর্কে জ্ঞান ও উপলব্ধি

Example: Awareness can encourage people to obey traffic rules.

Syn: consciousnessAnt: unawareness

💡 Exam tip: A common solution is to raise public awareness.

prevention[/prɪˈvenʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রতিরোধ

Alt: কোনো ক্ষতি ঘটার আগে তা রোধ করা

Example: Prevention is better than cure.

Syn: protectionAnt: promotion

💡 Exam tip: Use preventive measures when writing about diseases or accidents.

implement[/ˈɪmplɪment/]verbhard

Meaning: বাস্তবায়ন করা

Alt: পরিকল্পনা কার্যকর করা

Example: The authorities should implement strict laws against pollution.

Syn: executeAnt: abandon

💡 Exam tip: Use implement with laws, plans, policies, and measures.

💡 Exam Tips

• Read the topic carefully and identify its main idea before writing.

• Write a suitable title if the question requires one.

• Begin with a clear topic sentence and maintain one central idea.

• Organize the paragraph in a logical order: introduction, explanation, examples, and conclusion.

• Use linking words such as firstly, moreover, however, therefore, and finally.

• For problem-based topics, discuss causes, effects, and remedies.

• Use simple, accurate sentences rather than memorized or unnecessarily difficult expressions.

• Maintain correct subject-verb agreement, tense, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.

• Avoid repetition, irrelevant information, and very long sentences.

• Write in formal English and check the paragraph for grammatical errors before submitting.

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Short Composition: Paragraphs - Vocabulary

Chapter: Short Composition: Paragraphs

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