Chapter: Short Composition
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
backbone â āĻŽā§āϰā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ; āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋvital â āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ; āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝcontribute â āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžeradicate â āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāϰāĻžalleviate â āϞāĻžāĻāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻžensure â āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻžinspire â āĻ
āύā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻžpreserve â āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžpromote â āĻāύā§āύā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻžprevent â āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻžawareness â āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻžconsequence â āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋinitiative â āĻāĻĻā§āϝā§āĻopportunity â āϏā§āϝā§āĻresource â āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻsolution â āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύchallenge â āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžresponsible â āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻļā§āϞessential â āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝremarkable â āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Add -tion or -sion to some verbs to form nouns: educate â education, prevent â prevention, communicate â communication.
âē Add -ment to some verbs to form nouns: develop â development, employ â employment, achieve â achievement.
âē Add -ness to many adjectives to form abstract nouns: honest â honesty, happy â happiness, kind â kindness.
âē Add -ity to some adjectives to form nouns: equal â equality, responsible â responsibility, prosperous â prosperity.
âē Add -ful to nouns to form adjectives meaning âfull ofâ: care â careful, help â helpful, success â successful.
âē Add -less to nouns to form adjectives meaning âwithoutâ: care â careless, hope â hopeless, use â useless.
âē Add -al to some nouns to form adjectives: environment â environmental, technology â technological, nation â national.
âē Use prefixes to form opposites: un- (equal â unequal), im- (possible â impossible), dis- (honest â dishonest), non- (renewable â non-renewable).
âē Use -er or -or to form people nouns from verbs: teach â teacher, invent â inventor, volunteer â volunteer.
âē Many words change part of speech through suffixes: tolerate â tolerance â tolerant; innovate â innovation â innovative.
1. Education and Student Life (8 words)
education[/ËedĘuËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž
Example: Education is the backbone of a nation.
Syn: learning, instructionAnt: ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: Use it as an uncountable noun when referring to education in general.
discipline[/ËdÉĒsÉplÉĒn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞāĻž
Alt: āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŽā§āύ⧠āĻāϞāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Example: Discipline is essential for success in student life.
Syn: order, self-controlAnt: disorder, indiscipline
đĄ Exam tip: A common collocation is âmaintain disciplineâ.
diligent[/ËdÉĒlÉĒdĘÉnt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽā§
Alt: āĻŽāύā§āϝā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻ
āϧā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžā§ā§
Example: A diligent student can achieve a brilliant result.
Syn: hardworking, industriousAnt: lazy, idle
đĄ Exam tip: Use âdiligent inâ before a noun or gerund.
knowledge[/ËnÉlÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž
Example: Books are a great source of knowledge.
Syn: information, wisdomAnt: ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: Knowledge is generally uncountable; write âa piece of knowledgeâ.
achievement[/ÉËtĘiËvmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āϰā§āĻāύ
Alt: āϏāĻĢāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Passing the examination was a great achievement for her.
Syn: accomplishment, successAnt: failure
đĄ Exam tip: The verb form is âachieveâ, not âachievementâ.
punctual[/ËpĘÅktĘuÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻžāύā§āĻŦāϰā§āϤā§
Alt: āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: A punctual student never misses the first class.
Syn: prompt, timelyAnt: late, unpunctual
đĄ Exam tip: Use âpunctual in doingâ or âpunctual for an appointmentâ.
curriculum[/kÉËrÉĒkjÉlÉm/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: The new curriculum focuses on practical learning.
Syn: syllabus, course of studyAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: The plural form is âcurriculaâ or âcurriculumsâ.
perseverance[/ËpÉËsÉËvÉĒÉrÉns/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āϧā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋā§ā§ āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Perseverance is the key to success.
Syn: persistence, determinationAnt: inconstancy, giving up
đĄ Exam tip: A useful phrase is âwith perseveranceâ.
2. Environment and Nature (8 words)
environment[/ÉĒnËvaÉĒÉrÉnmÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: We should protect the environment for future generations.
Syn: surroundings, ecosystemAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: Use âenvironmentalâ as the adjective form.
pollution[/pÉËluËĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āύā§āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: Air pollution causes many diseases.
Syn: contamination, degradationAnt: purification, cleanliness
đĄ Exam tip: Common compounds include air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.
deforestation[/diËËfÉrÉĒËsteÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāύ āĻāĻāĻžā§
Alt: āĻŦāύāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āϞāĻž
Example: Deforestation increases the risk of floods.
Syn: forest destruction, loggingAnt: afforestation, reforestation
đĄ Exam tip: The opposite is often written as âafforestationâ.
conservation[/ËkÉnsÉËveÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Example: Wildlife conservation is our moral responsibility.
Syn: preservation, protectionAnt: destruction, waste
đĄ Exam tip: Use âconservation ofâ before a resource or species.
biodiversity[/ËbaÉĒÉĘdaÉĒËvÉËsÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ
Example: The Sundarbans is rich in biodiversity.
Syn: biological diversity, variety of lifeAnt: uniformity
đĄ Exam tip: It is normally used as an uncountable noun.
climate[/ËklaÉĒmÉt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻŦāĻžā§ā§
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§ā§āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻžāϰ āϧāϰāύ
Example: Climate change is a global concern.
Syn: weather pattern, atmospheric conditionAnt: â
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse climate with weather; climate is long-term.
renewable[/rÉĒËnjuËÉbl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŦāĻžā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Solar energy is a renewable source of power.
Syn: replenishable, sustainableAnt: non-renewable, exhaustible
đĄ Exam tip: Common examples are solar, wind and tidal energy.
hazardous[/ËhÃĻzÉdÉs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻā§āĻāύāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϤ
Example: Plastic waste is hazardous to aquatic life.
Syn: dangerous, riskyAnt: safe, harmless
đĄ Exam tip: Use âhazardous toâ before the affected person or thing.
3. Health and Hygiene (8 words)
hygiene[/ËhaÉĒdĘiËn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ
Alt: āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ
Example: Personal hygiene prevents many diseases.
Syn: cleanliness, sanitationAnt: uncleanliness, dirtiness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is âhygienicâ, meaning āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§āĻāύā§āύ.
nutrition[/njuËËtrÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ
Example: Proper nutrition is necessary for healthy growth.
Syn: nourishment, sustenanceAnt: malnutrition
đĄ Exam tip: Use ânutritiousâ for food that provides good nourishment.
immunity[/ÉĒËmjuËnÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āϰā§āĻāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Alt: āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Example: A balanced diet helps to increase immunity.
Syn: resistance, defenceAnt: susceptibility, vulnerability
đĄ Exam tip: Common collocations are âboost immunityâ and âstrong immunityâ.
prevention[/prÉĒËvenĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž āĻāĻāϤ⧠āύāĻž āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Prevention is better than cure.
Syn: avoidance, hindranceAnt: promotion, encouragement
đĄ Exam tip: The standard structure is âprevention of diseaseâ.
sanitation[/ËsÃĻnÉĒËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻāύāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻļāύ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻž āĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž
Example: Safe water and sanitation are basic human needs.
Syn: hygiene, waste managementAnt: filth, contamination
đĄ Exam tip: It is frequently used in paragraphs about public health.
disease[/dÉĒËziËz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϰā§āĻ
Alt: āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϤ
Example: Many diseases spread through contaminated water.
Syn: illness, sicknessAnt: health, wellness
đĄ Exam tip: The plural is âdiseasesâ; do not spell it as âdeseasesâ.
balanced[/ËbÃĻlÉnst/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏā§āώāĻŽ
Alt: āϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϝā§āĻā§āϤ
Example: Everyone should eat a balanced diet.
Syn: well-proportioned, wholesomeAnt: unbalanced, deficient
đĄ Exam tip: The common phrase is âa balanced dietâ.
exercise[/ËeksÉsaÉĒz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžā§āĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻļāϰā§āϰ āϏā§āϏā§āĻĨ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ
Example: Regular exercise keeps the body fit.
Syn: workout, physical activityAnt: inactivity, idleness
đĄ Exam tip: As a verb, exercise means âāĻŦā§āϝāĻžā§āĻžāĻŽ āĻāϰāĻžâ or âāĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻžâ.
4. Society and Values (8 words)
honesty[/ËÉnÉsti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāϤāϤāĻž
Alt: āϏāϤā§āϝ āĻŦāϞāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: Honesty is the best policy.
Syn: truthfulness, integrityAnt: dishonesty, deceit
đĄ Exam tip: Use âhonestyâ as an uncountable abstract noun.
patriotism[/ËpeÉĒtriÉtÉĒzÉm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž
Example: Patriotism inspires people to serve their country.
Syn: nationalism, love of countryAnt: treason, disloyalty
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse patriotism with aggressive nationalism.
equality[/iËkwÉlÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽāϤāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ
Example: Equality is essential for a just society.
Syn: fairness, parityAnt: inequality, discrimination
đĄ Exam tip: Use âequality betweenâ or âequality of opportunityâ.
cooperation[/kÉĘËÉpÉËreÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: Cooperation among citizens can solve social problems.
Syn: collaboration, teamworkAnt: conflict, opposition
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is âcooperateâ; write âcooperate withâ.
responsibility[/rÉĒËspÉnsÉËbÉĒlÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāϞāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāϧāĻāϤāĻž
Example: Protecting public property is our responsibility.
Syn: duty, obligationAnt: irresponsibility, neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Use âresponsibility forâ before a noun.
generosity[/ËdĘenÉËrÉsÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž
Example: His generosity helped many poor families.
Syn: charity, bountifulnessAnt: selfishness, greed
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is âgenerousâ.
tolerance[/ËtÉlÉrÉns/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻšāύāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻŽāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻŽā§āύ⧠āύā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Example: Religious tolerance promotes peace.
Syn: forbearance, acceptanceAnt: intolerance, hatred
đĄ Exam tip: Use âtolerance ofâ or âtolerance towardsâ.
voluntary[/ËvÉlÉntÉri/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Many young people joined the voluntary relief work.
Syn: willing, unpaidAnt: compulsory, forced
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is âvolunteerâ for a person and âvoluntarinessâ for the quality.
5. Technology and Modern Life (8 words)
technology[/tekËnÉlÉdĘi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ
Example: Technology has changed the way we communicate.
Syn: innovation, applied scienceAnt: primitiveness
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is âtechnologicalâ.
internet[/ËÉĒntÉnet/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāύā§āĻāĻžāϰāύā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āύā§āĻāĻā§āĻžāϰā§āĻ
Example: The internet provides quick access to information.
Syn: web, online networkAnt: offline state
đĄ Exam tip: Write âon the internetâ, not usually âin the internetâ.
communication[/kÉËmjuËnÉĒËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϝā§āĻāĻžāϝā§āĻ
Alt: āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž
Example: Modern communication has made the world smaller.
Syn: interaction, exchangeAnt: silence, miscommunication
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is âcommunicate withâ, not âcommunicate toâ in every context.
innovation[/ËÉĒnÉËveÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āύāĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ
Alt: āύāϤā§āύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Example: Innovation can improve the quality of education.
Syn: invention, noveltyAnt: stagnation, tradition
đĄ Exam tip: Use âinnovation inâ before a field of activity.
digital[/ËdÉĒdĘÉĒtl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞ
Alt: āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϤāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ
Example: Digital resources make learning more interesting.
Syn: electronic, computerisedAnt: analogue, manual
đĄ Exam tip: Common phrases include digital literacy and digital device.
cybersecurity[/ËsaÉĒbÉsÉĒËkjĘÉrÉti/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āύāϞāĻžāĻāύ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āĻāĻā§āĻžāϰā§āĻ āϏā§āϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Cybersecurity is important for protecting personal data.
Syn: online security, digital protectionAnt: cyber vulnerability
đĄ Exam tip: Use it in compositions about responsible internet use.
addiction[/ÉËdÉĒkĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϏāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖāĻšā§āύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāϤāĻž
Example: Mobile phone addiction can harm studentsâ studies.
Syn: dependence, obsessionAnt: self-control, independence
đĄ Exam tip: The correct phrase is âaddiction toâ something.
beneficial[/ËbenÉĒËfÉĒĘÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāϰā§
Alt: āĻāϞā§āϝāĻžāĻŖāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻĢāϞāĻĻāĻžā§āĻ
Example: Proper use of technology is beneficial to students.
Syn: useful, advantageousAnt: harmful, detrimental
đĄ Exam tip: Use âbeneficial toâ, not generally âbeneficial forâ in formal writing.
6. Disaster, Development and Nation (8 words)
disaster[/dÉĒËzÉËstÉ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āϰā§āϝā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦā§ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻž
Example: Bangladesh is vulnerable to natural disasters.
Syn: catastrophe, calamityAnt: blessing, fortune
đĄ Exam tip: Common compounds are natural disaster and disaster management.
vulnerable[/ËvĘlnÉrÉbl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Coastal communities are vulnerable to cyclones.
Syn: exposed, susceptibleAnt: protected, secure
đĄ Exam tip: Use âvulnerable toâ before the source of danger.
rehabilitation[/ËriËÉbÉĒlÉĒËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύ
Alt: āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāϏā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻā§ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: The government started a rehabilitation programme for the victims.
Syn: recovery, restorationAnt: destruction, displacement
đĄ Exam tip: It is useful in compositions about disaster management.
development[/dÉĒËvelÉpmÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāύā§āύā§āύ
Alt: āĻ
āĻā§āϰāĻāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž
Example: Education plays a vital role in national development.
Syn: progress, advancementAnt: decline, underdevelopment
đĄ Exam tip: Use âdevelopment ofâ or âdevelopment inâ according to context.
poverty[/ËpÉvÉti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āϝ
Alt: āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: Poverty is a major social problem.
Syn: indigence, destitutionAnt: wealth, prosperity
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is âpoorâ; poverty is an uncountable noun.
employment[/ÉĒmËplÉÉĒmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϏāĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ
Example: Skill development can create employment opportunities.
Syn: work, occupationAnt: unemployment, joblessness
đĄ Exam tip: A common phrase is âemployment opportunityâ.
prosperity[/prÉËsperÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻŋ
Example: Peace and education bring prosperity to a country.
Syn: wealth, successAnt: poverty, adversity
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is âprosperousâ.
sustainable[/sÉËsteÉĒnÉbl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāϏāĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: We need sustainable development to protect future generations.
Syn: viable, eco-friendlyAnt: unsustainable, wasteful
đĄ Exam tip: Use âsustainable developmentâ as a high-value composition phrase.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Begin a short composition with a clear topic sentence and develop the main idea logically.
âĸ Use linking words such as firstly, moreover, besides, however, therefore, finally and consequently.
âĸ Prefer formal vocabulary in examination writing; use âchildrenâ instead of âkidsâ and âpurchaseâ instead of âbuyâ when appropriate.
âĸ Maintain one tense throughout a composition unless a change of time is necessary.
âĸ Use specific collocations such as âraise awarenessâ, âprotect the environmentâ, âensure safetyâ and âplay a vital roleâ.
âĸ Avoid repetition by replacing repeated words with suitable synonyms, but do not use an unfamiliar synonym incorrectly.
âĸ For cause-and-effect topics, use because, since, due to, as a result, consequently and therefore accurately.
âĸ For problem-solution compositions, present the problem first, then suggest realistic solutions.
âĸ Check subject-verb agreement, article use, spelling, punctuation and the singular or plural form of nouns.
âĸ End with a concluding sentence that restates the main idea or gives a useful recommendation.