Chapter: Acknowledgement
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
acknowledgementpublishereditionprescribeddistributioncurriculumaptitudecompetenceprosperousresourcepatriotismsuperstitiontechnologyobjectivechallengemotivatecommunicativeconventionalapproachcontextaccuracyfluencyacquisitionusagerevisedmeticulouslearner-friendlyerror-freeimprovementsuggestionappreciateconducive
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Add the suffix -ment to verbs to form nouns: acknowledge â acknowledgement, improve â improvement, develop â development.
âē Add the suffix -tion or -ation to verbs to form nouns: distribute â distribution, educate â education, motivate â motivation.
âē Add the suffix -ity to adjectives to form nouns: accurate â accuracy, prosperous â prosperity, inquisitive â inquisitiveness.
âē Add the suffix -ous to nouns to form adjectives: prosper â prosperous; danger â dangerous.
âē Add the suffix -ic to nouns to form adjectives: technology â technological, patriot â patriotic.
âē Add the suffix -ive to verbs or nouns to form adjectives: communicate â communicative, contribute â contributive.
âē Add the prefix un- to form opposites: skilled â unskilled, patriotic â unpatriotic, conventional â unconventional.
âē Add the prefix in- or im- to form opposites: accurate â inaccurate, moral â immoral, possible â impossible.
âē Use -er to form a person noun from a verb: publish â publisher, review â reviewer, contribute â contributor.
âē Use compound adjectives with a hyphen before a noun: learner-friendly and error-free.
1. Acknowledgement: Publication and Authority (8 words)
acknowledgement[/ÉkËnÉlÉĒdĘmÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The authors expressed their acknowledgement to the reviewers.
Syn: recognitionAnt: denial
đĄ Exam tip: Remember that acknowledgement may mean both recognition and thanks.
publisher[/ËpĘblÉĒĘÉ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻ
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: The publisher distributed the textbook among schools.
Syn: printerAnt: reader
đĄ Exam tip: Publisher is a person or organization; publish is the related verb.
edition[/ÉĒËdÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻā§ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Example: The revised edition contains updated information.
Syn: versionAnt: original
đĄ Exam tip: Use revised edition for an updated version of a book.
prescribed[/prÉĒËskraÉĒbd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: This book is prescribed for Classes Nine and Ten.
Syn: assignedAnt: forbidden
đĄ Exam tip: Prescribed often appears in questions about textbooks and courses.
reserved[/rÉĒËzÉËvd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: All rights are reserved by the publisher.
Syn: protectedAnt: relinquished
đĄ Exam tip: The phrase all rights reserved is common in book notices.
contributor[/kÉnËtrÉĒbjĘtÉ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§
Example: The contributors helped prepare the revised textbook.
Syn: participantAnt: opponent
đĄ Exam tip: Contributor comes from the verb contribute.
reviewer[/rÉĒËvjuËÉ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨
Example: The reviewer found and corrected several errors.
Syn: examinerAnt: neglector
đĄ Exam tip: Reviewer means a person who reviews; review can be a noun or verb.
distribution[/ËdÉĒstrÉĒËbjuËĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°āĻŖ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: The free distribution of books began in January.
Syn: deliveryAnt: collection
đĄ Exam tip: Distribution is the noun form of distribute.
2. Acknowledgement: Education and Curriculum (8 words)
education[/ËedĘĘËkeÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Example: Education is the backbone of a nation.
Syn: learningAnt: ignorance
đĄ Exam tip: Education is an uncountable noun in general use.
curriculum[/kÉËrÉĒkjĘlÉm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: The new curriculum focuses on practical skills.
Syn: syllabusAnt: disorder
đĄ Exam tip: The plural of curriculum can be curricula or curriculums.
textbook[/ËtekstbĘk/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ
Example: Students should read the textbook carefully.
Syn: manualAnt: fiction
đĄ Exam tip: Textbook is a compound noun formed from text and book.
academic[/ËÃĻkÉËdemÉĒk/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: The academic session starts in January.
Syn: educationalAnt: nonacademic
đĄ Exam tip: Academic can be an adjective or a noun meaning a scholar.
aptitude[/ËÃĻptÉĒtjuËd/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Example: The course is suitable for the aptitude of young learners.
Syn: abilityAnt: inability
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse aptitude with attitude; aptitude means ability.
inquisitiveness[/ÉĒnËkwÉĒzÉtÉĒvnÉs/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš
Alt: āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž
Example: Children learn quickly because of their inquisitiveness.
Syn: curiosityAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Inquisitive is the adjective form of inquisitiveness.
competence[/ËkÉmpÉĒtÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Practice develops grammatical competence.
Syn: proficiencyAnt: incompetence
đĄ Exam tip: Competence means ability, while competition means contest.
objective[/ÉbËdĘektÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻšā§
Example: The main objective of education is to develop responsible citizens.
Syn: aimAnt: aimlessness
đĄ Exam tip: Objective may also be an adjective meaning impartial.
3. Acknowledgement: Nation and Development (8 words)
prosperous[/ËprÉspÉrÉs/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛
Example: Education can build a prosperous nation.
Syn: wealthyAnt: poor
đĄ Exam tip: Prosperous is derived from prosper, meaning to succeed.
nation[/ËneÉĒĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§
Example: A nation needs skilled human resources.
Syn: countryAnt: individual
đĄ Exam tip: National and nationality are common derived forms.
resource[/rÉĒËsÉËs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯
Example: Young people are valuable human resources.
Syn: assetAnt: liability
đĄ Exam tip: Human resources refers to the people who contribute to development.
develop[/dÉĒËvelÉp/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻ° āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: Schools develop students' knowledge and skills.
Syn: improveAnt: deteriorate
đĄ Exam tip: Development and developed are important noun and adjective forms.
patriotism[/ËpeÉĒtriÉtÉĒzÉm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯
Example: Education should inspire patriotism among students.
Syn: nationalismAnt: disloyalty
đĄ Exam tip: Patriot is the person and patriotic is the adjective.
ethics[/ËeθÉĒks/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§-āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻž
Example: Professional ethics are essential for teachers.
Syn: moralityAnt: immorality
đĄ Exam tip: Ethics is usually treated as a plural noun.
superstition[/ËsuËpÉËstÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§
Example: Science helps create a society free from superstition.
Syn: irrationalityAnt: reason
đĄ Exam tip: Superstitious is the adjective form.
technology[/tekËnÉlÉdĘi/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§ā§āĻ
Example: Technology has changed modern education.
Syn: engineeringAnt: primitiveness
đĄ Exam tip: Technological is the adjective form of technology.
4. Acknowledgement: Goals and Qualities (8 words)
importance[/ÉĒmËpÉËtÉns/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯
Example: The importance of formal education is undeniable.
Syn: significanceAnt: insignificance
đĄ Exam tip: Important is the adjective form of importance.
diversified[/daÉĒËvÉËsÉĒfaÉĒd/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
Example: The benefits of education are diversified.
Syn: variedAnt: uniform
đĄ Exam tip: Diversified comes from diversify, meaning to make varied.
goal[/ÉĄÉĘl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ¯ā§ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻšā§
Example: The prime goal of education is human development.
Syn: purposeAnt: failure
đĄ Exam tip: Goal and aim are often interchangeable in composition writing.
skilled[/skÉĒld/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽ
Example: A country needs skilled workers for progress.
Syn: expertAnt: unskilled
đĄ Exam tip: Skilled is formed by adding -ed to skill.
challenge[/ËtĘÃĻlÉĒndĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Example: Education prepares learners to face the challenges of the age.
Syn: difficultyAnt: ease
đĄ Exam tip: Challenge can be used as both a noun and a verb.
motivate[/ËmÉĘtÉĒveÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Good teachers motivate students to work hard.
Syn: inspireAnt: discourage
đĄ Exam tip: Motivation is the noun and motivating is the present participle.
patriotic[/ËpeÉĒtriËÉtÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: A patriotic citizen obeys the laws of the country.
Syn: nationalisticAnt: unpatriotic
đĄ Exam tip: Use patriotic for a person or action showing love of country.
prospect[/ËprÉspekt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ
Example: Education improves the employment prospects of young people.
Syn: possibilityAnt: impossibility
đĄ Exam tip: Prospect is different from perspective, which means viewpoint.
5. Acknowledgement: Grammar and Language Learning (8 words)
communicative[/kÉËmjuËnÉĒkÉtÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Communicative grammar develops practical language skills.
Syn: interactiveAnt: inexpressive
đĄ Exam tip: Communicative is related to communicate and communication.
conventional[/kÉnËvenĘÉnÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: Conventional grammar often emphasizes rules.
Syn: traditionalAnt: unconventional
đĄ Exam tip: Conventional and traditional are frequent synonym pairs in exams.
approach[/ÉËprÉĘtĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžā§
Example: The communicative approach encourages language practice.
Syn: methodAnt: avoidance
đĄ Exam tip: Approach can function as both a noun and a verb.
context[/ËkÉntekst/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: New words are easier to understand in context.
Syn: settingAnt: isolation
đĄ Exam tip: In context means in the situation where a word or statement occurs.
accuracy[/ËÃĻkjÉrÉsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻžā§āĻž āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŖ
Example: Grammar practice improves accuracy in writing.
Syn: correctnessAnt: inaccuracy
đĄ Exam tip: Accurate is the adjective and accurately is the adverb.
fluency[/ËfluËÉnsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Regular conversation develops fluency in English.
Syn: readinessAnt: hesitation
đĄ Exam tip: Fluent is the adjective form of fluency.
acquisition[/ËÃĻkwÉĒËzÉĒĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ
Example: Language acquisition takes time and practice.
Syn: attainmentAnt: loss
đĄ Exam tip: Acquisition is the noun form of acquire.
usage[/ËjuËsÉĒdĘ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The lesson explains the usage of modal verbs.
Syn: applicationAnt: disuse
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse usage with use; usage often means a conventional way of using language.
6. Acknowledgement: Revision and Improvement (8 words)
revised[/rÉĒËvaÉĒzd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤
Example: The revised textbook is more learner-friendly.
Syn: amendedAnt: unchanged
đĄ Exam tip: Revised is the past participle of revise.
meticulous[/mÉËtÉĒkjĘlÉs/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§
Example: The editors gave meticulous attention to every chapter.
Syn: carefulAnt: careless
đĄ Exam tip: Meticulous is a strong adjective meaning very careful.
learner-friendly[/ËlÉËnÉ Ëfrendli/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŦ
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§
Example: The learner-friendly exercises make grammar enjoyable.
Syn: accessibleAnt: difficult
đĄ Exam tip: This is a hyphenated compound adjective used before a noun.
error-free[/ËerÉ friË/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¨ā§āĻ
Example: The final manuscript should be error-free.
Syn: correctAnt: faulty
đĄ Exam tip: Use a hyphen when error-free comes before a noun.
improvement[/ÉĒmËpruËvmÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Example: The board welcomed suggestions for further improvement.
Syn: progressAnt: decline
đĄ Exam tip: Improvement is the noun form of improve.
suggestion[/sÉËdĘestĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž
Example: The teacher gave a useful suggestion for writing summaries.
Syn: adviceAnt: rejection
đĄ Exam tip: Suggestion is countable; advice is generally uncountable.
appreciate[/ÉËpriËĘieÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻž
Example: We appreciate your suggestions for improving the book.
Syn: valueAnt: disregard
đĄ Exam tip: Appreciate is followed by a noun or gerund, not usually an infinitive.
conducive[/kÉnËdjuËsÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: A peaceful classroom is conducive to learning.
Syn: helpfulAnt: harmful
đĄ Exam tip: The correct structure is conducive to, followed by a noun or gerund.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Learn each word with its Bengali meaning, part of speech, synonym, antonym, and an example sentence.
âĸ Distinguish commonly confused pairs such as aptitude and attitude, usage and use, and prospect and perspective.
âĸ In completing sentences, identify the required part of speech before choosing a vocabulary item.
âĸ Use conducive with the preposition to: conducive to learning.
âĸ Remember that advice is generally uncountable, but suggestion is countable.
âĸ For transformation questions, practise changing verbs into nouns and adjectives with common suffixes.
âĸ Use all rights reserved as a fixed expression in publication-related passages.
âĸ In paragraph writing, use linking words such as moreover, therefore, however, and finally to organize ideas.
âĸ Revise spelling carefully: acknowledgement, curriculum, inquisitiveness, competence, and distribution are frequent exam words.
âĸ When writing about education, combine vocabulary accurately: quality education, skilled human resources, communicative grammar, and formal education.