English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Verbs: Modals - Vocabulary (Part 2) | Free Course

Chapter: Verbs: Modals

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

can — পারাcould — পারত বা ভদ্র অনুরোধmay — পারে বা অনুমতিmight — হতে পারেmust — অবশ্যই করতে হবেshould — উচিতought to — উচিতwill — করবেwould — করত বা ভদ্র অনুরোধshall — করব বা প্রস্তাবneed not — করার দরকার নেইdare — সাহস করাmust not — অবশ্যই করা যাবে নাhave to — করতে হয়could have — করতে পারতshould have — করা উচিত ছিলmust have — নিশ্চয়ই করেছেmight have — হয়তো করেছিলwould have — করতpermission — অনুমতিobligation — বাধ্যবাধকতাpossibility — সম্ভাবনাability — সক্ষমতাnecessity — প্রয়োজনীয়তাprohibition — নিষেধাজ্ঞা

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Modal + base verb: Subject + modal + verb-এর মূল রূপ; যেমন, She can sing.

► Modal negative: Subject + modal + not + base verb; যেমন, He should not waste time.

► Modal interrogative: Modal + subject + base verb + ?; যেমন, Can you help me?

► Past modal structure: modal + have + past participle; যেমন, They may have left.

► Must not means নিষেধাজ্ঞা, whereas need not means প্রয়োজন নেই.

► Have to is a semi-modal and changes according to tense and subject; যেমন, He has to work.

► Ought is followed by to, but ordinary modals such as can, may, and must are followed directly by the base verb.

► Be able to can replace can in some tenses; যেমন, He will be able to attend.

► Would like to is a polite form of want to; যেমন, I would like to speak.

► Used to expresses a past habit, while would can also express repeated past actions in suitable contexts.

1. Ability and Possibility Modals (8 words)

can[/kæn/]verbeasy

Meaning: পারা; সক্ষম হওয়া

Alt: সম্ভাবনা বোঝানো

Example: She can solve the problem.

Syn: be able toAnt: be unable to

💡 Exam tip: Use can for present ability and informal permission.

could[/kʊd/]verbeasy

Meaning: পারত; পারা

Alt: ভদ্র অনুরোধ বা সম্ভাবনা

Example: Could you lend me your pen?

Syn: was able toAnt: could not

💡 Exam tip: Could expresses past ability or a polite request.

may[/meɪ/]verbeasy

Meaning: পারে; হতে পারে

Alt: আনুষ্ঠানিক অনুমতি

Example: You may leave the room now.

Syn: might, be permitted toAnt: may not

💡 Exam tip: Use may for formal permission and present or future possibility.

might[/maɪt/]verbeasy

Meaning: হতে পারে

Alt: কম সম্ভাবনা

Example: It might rain tonight.

Syn: possiblyAnt: certainly will not

💡 Exam tip: Might generally shows a weaker possibility than may.

possible[/ˈpɒsəbl/]adjeasy

Meaning: সম্ভব

Alt: ঘটতে পারে এমন

Example: Is it possible to finish the work today?

Syn: feasibleAnt: impossible

💡 Exam tip: The modal form is may, might, or could before a base verb.

ability[/əˈbɪləti/]nounmedium

Meaning: সক্ষমতা

Alt: কোনো কাজ করার যোগ্যতা

Example: He has the ability to speak clearly.

Syn: capacity, skillAnt: inability

💡 Exam tip: Ability is often expressed by can or be able to.

chance[/tʃɑːns/]nounmedium

Meaning: সম্ভাবনা

Alt: সুযোগ

Example: There is a chance that he may win.

Syn: possibility, opportunityAnt: certainty

💡 Exam tip: Chance may be followed by of plus a gerund or that-clause.

perhaps[/pəˈhæps/]adveasy

Meaning: সম্ভবত

Alt: হয়তো

Example: Perhaps she will come tomorrow.

Syn: maybe, possiblyAnt: certainly

💡 Exam tip: Perhaps can replace may or might in many sentences.

2. Permission, Obligation and Necessity (8 words)

must[/mʌst/]verbeasy

Meaning: অবশ্যই করতে হবে

Alt: দৃঢ় প্রয়োজন বা বাধ্যবাধকতা

Example: Students must obey the rules.

Syn: have to, be obliged toAnt: need not

💡 Exam tip: Must expresses strong obligation or logical certainty.

have to[/ˈhæv tuː/]verbeasy

Meaning: করতে হয়

Alt: বাহ্যিক বাধ্যবাধকতা

Example: I have to attend the meeting.

Syn: must, be required toAnt: do not have to

💡 Exam tip: Have to changes form with tense and subject.

should[/ʃʊd/]verbeasy

Meaning: উচিত

Alt: প্রত্যাশা বা কর্তব্য

Example: You should respect your parents.

Syn: ought to, had betterAnt: should not

💡 Exam tip: Use should for advice, duty, and expected events.

ought to[/ɔːt tuː/]verbmedium

Meaning: উচিত

Alt: নৈতিক কর্তব্য

Example: We ought to help the poor.

Syn: should, be expected toAnt: ought not to

💡 Exam tip: Ought is always followed by to plus the base form.

need[/niːd/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রয়োজন হওয়া

Alt: করার দরকার থাকা

Example: You need not worry about it.

Syn: requireAnt: dispense with

💡 Exam tip: As a modal, need is commonly used in negative and interrogative sentences.

require[/rɪˈkwaɪə(r)/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রয়োজন হওয়া

Alt: দাবি করা

Example: The rule requires every student to wear a uniform.

Syn: need, demandAnt: waive

💡 Exam tip: Require is a main verb and usually takes to plus the base verb.

obligation[/ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বাধ্যবাধকতা

Alt: কর্তব্য

Example: It is our obligation to protect nature.

Syn: duty, responsibilityAnt: freedom

💡 Exam tip: Must, have to, and should can express different degrees of obligation.

necessary[/ˈnesəsəri/]adjeasy

Meaning: প্রয়োজনীয়

Alt: অপরিহার্য

Example: It is necessary to follow the instructions.

Syn: essential, requiredAnt: unnecessary

💡 Exam tip: Necessary is often followed by to plus the base verb.

3. Advice, Request and Invitation (8 words)

will[/wɪl/]verbeasy

Meaning: করবে

Alt: ইচ্ছা বা ভবিষ্যৎ বোঝানো

Example: I will help you with the project.

Syn: be willing toAnt: will not

💡 Exam tip: Will expresses future action, willingness, or determination.

would[/wʊd/]verbeasy

Meaning: করত; করবেন কি

Alt: ভদ্র অনুরোধ বা অতীতের অভ্যাস

Example: Would you like a cup of tea?

Syn: used to, was willing toAnt: would not

💡 Exam tip: Would is used for polite requests and conditional sentences.

shall[/ʃæl/]verbmedium

Meaning: করব; হবে

Alt: প্রস্তাব বা দৃঢ় ভবিষ্যৎ

Example: Shall we start the lesson?

Syn: will, let usAnt: shall not

💡 Exam tip: Shall is common in questions offering suggestions.

request[/rɪˈkwest/]nouneasy

Meaning: অনুরোধ

Alt: আবেদন

Example: He made a request for extra time.

Syn: appeal, pleaAnt: command

💡 Exam tip: Could you and would you make requests more polite.

suggestion[/səˈdʒestʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরামর্শ

Alt: প্রস্তাব

Example: She made a useful suggestion.

Syn: advice, proposalAnt: rejection

💡 Exam tip: Shall we and should are frequently used for suggestions.

advice[/ədˈvaɪs/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরামর্শ

Alt: উপদেশ

Example: My teacher gave me good advice.

Syn: guidance, counselAnt: misguidance

💡 Exam tip: Advice is uncountable; do not write advices.

polite[/pəˈlaɪt/]adjeasy

Meaning: ভদ্র

Alt: শিষ্ট

Example: Would you please open the window? This is a polite request.

Syn: courteous, civilAnt: rude

💡 Exam tip: Could, would, and may are useful for polite expressions.

invite[/ɪnˈvaɪt/]verbeasy

Meaning: আমন্ত্রণ জানানো

Alt: ডেকে পাঠানো

Example: We would like to invite you to our programme.

Syn: ask, welcomeAnt: exclude

💡 Exam tip: Would like to is more polite than want to.

4. Prohibition, Refusal and Permission (8 words)

must not[/mʌst nɒt/]verbeasy

Meaning: অবশ্যই করা যাবে না

Alt: কঠোর নিষেধাজ্ঞা

Example: You must not touch the electric wire.

Syn: be forbidden to, cannotAnt: must

💡 Exam tip: Must not means prohibition, not absence of necessity.

cannot[/ˈkænɒt/]verbeasy

Meaning: পারে না

Alt: অনুমতি নেই বা অসম্ভব

Example: You cannot enter without permission.

Syn: be unable to, may notAnt: can

💡 Exam tip: Cannot is written as one word in formal English.

may not[/meɪ nɒt/]verbmedium

Meaning: অনুমতি নেই

Alt: হয়তো নয়

Example: You may not use a mobile phone here.

Syn: be prohibited fromAnt: may

💡 Exam tip: May not can mean either prohibition or uncertain negative possibility.

dare[/deə(r)/]verbhard

Meaning: সাহস করা

Alt: চ্যালেঞ্জ করা

Example: How dare you speak to me like that?

Syn: challenge, ventureAnt: fear

💡 Exam tip: Dare can work as a modal in questions and negative sentences.

refuse[/rɪˈfjuːz/]verbeasy

Meaning: অস্বীকার করা

Alt: রাজি না হওয়া

Example: He refused to obey the order.

Syn: decline, rejectAnt: accept

💡 Exam tip: Refuse is followed by to plus the base verb.

forbidden[/fəˈbɪdn/]adjeasy

Meaning: নিষিদ্ধ

Alt: অনুমোদিত নয় এমন

Example: Smoking is forbidden in the hospital.

Syn: prohibited, bannedAnt: allowed

💡 Exam tip: Forbidden often appears with be and a place or activity.

permission[/pəˈmɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: অনুমতি

Alt: অনুমোদন

Example: You must obtain permission before entering.

Syn: consent, approvalAnt: prohibition

💡 Exam tip: May and can are used to ask for permission.

allow[/əˈlaʊ/]verbeasy

Meaning: অনুমতি দেওয়া

Alt: সুযোগ দেওয়া

Example: The teacher allowed us to leave early.

Syn: permit, letAnt: forbid

💡 Exam tip: Allow is followed by an object and to plus the base verb.

5. Past Modals and Deduction (8 words)

could have[/kʊd hæv/]verbhard

Meaning: করতে পারত

Alt: অতীতে সম্ভাবনা বা অপূর্ণ সুযোগ

Example: She could have won the race.

Syn: was able to haveAnt: could not have

💡 Exam tip: Use could have plus the past participle for an unrealized past possibility.

should have[/ʃʊd hæv/]verbhard

Meaning: করা উচিত ছিল

Alt: অতীতের অপূর্ণ কর্তব্য

Example: You should have told me the truth.

Syn: ought to haveAnt: should not have

💡 Exam tip: Should have plus past participle expresses regret or criticism.

must have[/mʌst hæv/]verbhard

Meaning: নিশ্চয়ই করেছে

Alt: অতীত সম্পর্কে দৃঢ় অনুমান

Example: He must have forgotten the appointment.

Syn: was certainly likely to haveAnt: cannot have

💡 Exam tip: Must have plus past participle shows a logical conclusion about the past.

might have[/maɪt hæv/]verbhard

Meaning: হয়তো করেছিল

Alt: অতীতের অনিশ্চিত সম্ভাবনা

Example: They might have missed the bus.

Syn: may haveAnt: might not have

💡 Exam tip: Might have plus past participle expresses uncertain past possibility.

would have[/wʊd hæv/]verbhard

Meaning: করত

Alt: শর্তসাপেক্ষ অতীত ফল

Example: I would have helped you if I had known.

Syn: was willing to haveAnt: would not have

💡 Exam tip: Use would have in the result clause of a third conditional.

deduction[/dɪˈdʌkʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: অনুমানভিত্তিক সিদ্ধান্ত

Alt: যুক্তিনির্ভর সিদ্ধান্ত

Example: The conclusion is a deduction from the evidence.

Syn: inference, conclusionAnt: guess

💡 Exam tip: Must and cannot often express present deductions.

regret[/rɪˈɡret/]nounmedium

Meaning: অনুশোচনা

Alt: দুঃখ

Example: He expressed regret for his mistake.

Syn: remorse, sorrowAnt: satisfaction

💡 Exam tip: Should have is commonly used to express regret.

evidence[/ˈevɪdəns/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রমাণ

Alt: সাক্ষ্য

Example: There is evidence that the door was forced open.

Syn: proof, indicationAnt: disproof

💡 Exam tip: Evidence helps form deductions with must, may, or cannot.

6. Modal Structures and Exam Terms (8 words)

modal[/ˈməʊdl/]nounmedium

Meaning: ভাবসূচক সহায়ক ক্রিয়া

Alt: ক্ষমতা, অনুমতি বা কর্তব্য প্রকাশকারী ক্রিয়া

Example: Can is a modal verb.

Syn: modal auxiliaryAnt: main verb

💡 Exam tip: A modal is followed by the base form of a verb.

auxiliary[/ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/]adjmedium

Meaning: সহায়ক

Alt: সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া

Example: A modal auxiliary helps express the speaker's attitude.

Syn: helpingAnt: main

💡 Exam tip: Modal auxiliaries do not take s, ed, or ing endings.

base form[/beɪs fɔːm/]nouneasy

Meaning: ক্রিয়ার মূল রূপ

Alt: ক্রিয়ার প্রথম রূপ

Example: After can, use the base form: He can swim.

Syn: root form, bare infinitiveAnt: past form

💡 Exam tip: Never write can swims or must went.

infinitive[/ɪnˈfɪnətɪv/]nounmedium

Meaning: ক্রিয়ার অনির্দিষ্ট রূপ

Alt: to-সহ বা to-বিহীন ক্রিয়ার রূপ

Example: To learn is important.

Syn: verb formAnt: finite verb

💡 Exam tip: Most modals take a bare infinitive without to.

affirmative[/əˈfɜːmətɪv/]adjeasy

Meaning: ইতিবাচক

Alt: সম্মতিসূচক

Example: She can sing is an affirmative sentence.

Syn: positiveAnt: negative

💡 Exam tip: In affirmative modal sentences, place the modal before the main verb.

negative[/ˈneɡətɪv/]adjeasy

Meaning: নেতিবাচক

Alt: না-বোধক

Example: He cannot drive is a negative sentence.

Syn: denyingAnt: affirmative

💡 Exam tip: Add not after the modal to form most negative sentences.

interrogative[/ˌɪntəˈrɒɡətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: প্রশ্নবোধক

Alt: প্রশ্নসূচক

Example: Can you swim? is an interrogative sentence.

Syn: questioningAnt: declarative

💡 Exam tip: In questions, place the modal before the subject.

certainty[/ˈsɜːtənti/]nounmedium

Meaning: নিশ্চয়তা

Alt: দৃঢ় বিশ্বাস

Example: Must can express certainty about a fact.

Syn: assurance, confidenceAnt: uncertainty

💡 Exam tip: Must shows stronger certainty than may or might.

💡 Exam Tips

• একটি modal-এর পরে verb-এর base form বসে; s, ed বা ing বসে না।

• Can-এর পরে কখনো to বসে না; সঠিক রূপ হলো can go, can read।

• Must not এবং need not-এর অর্থ এক নয়: must not = করা নিষেধ, need not = করার প্রয়োজন নেই।

• May সাধারণত formal permission বোঝায়, আর can সাধারণত ability বা informal permission বোঝায়।

• Could অতীতের ability এবং polite request—উভয় অর্থেই ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• Should ও ought to advice বা duty বোঝায়; ought-এর পরে অবশ্যই to বসে।

• Past possibility বা regret বোঝাতে modal + have + past participle ব্যবহার করো।

• প্রশ্নে modal subject-এর আগে বসে: Will you come?

• Negative sentence-এ not modal-এর পরে বসে: She may not attend.

• Must have অতীতের logical deduction বোঝায়, কিন্তু might have অনিশ্চিত possibility বোঝায়।

• শূন্যস্থান পূরণে বাক্যের অর্থ দেখে ability, permission, obligation, advice, possibility বা prohibition নির্ধারণ করো।

• Modal verb-এর subject অনুযায়ী s পরিবর্তন হয় না: He can, She must, It may।

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Verbs: Modals - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Verbs: Modals

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