English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Vocabulary | Free Course

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

achievementknowledgehonestyresponsibilityenvironmentdiligentessentialpreventencouragemustconditionalauxiliarypassiveapplicationqualificationsummarytrendconclusion

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add -ness to many adjectives to form abstract nouns: honest → honesty, kind → kindness.

► Add -ment to verbs to form nouns: achieve → achievement, develop → development.

► Add -tion or -sion to verbs to form nouns: educate → education, conclude → conclusion.

► Add -ful to nouns to form adjectives meaning full of: help → helpful, harm → harmful.

► Add -less to nouns to form adjectives meaning without: care → careless, hope → hopeless.

► Add -ly to many adjectives to form adverbs: careful → carefully, regular → regularly.

► Use prefixes un-, im-, in-, or dis- to form opposites: happy → unhappy, possible → impossible, honest → dishonest.

► Change final y to i before adding -es or -ed in many words: study → studies, carry → carried.

1. The Noun (8 words)

achievement[/əˈtʃiːvmənt/]nounmedium

Meaning: অর্জন

Alt: সাফল্য বা কৃতিত্ব

Example: Winning the prize was a great achievement for her.

Syn: successAnt: failure

💡 Exam tip: Use the noun achievement after possessive adjectives or articles, as in a great achievement.

knowledge[/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/]nouneasy

Meaning: জ্ঞান

Alt: কোনো বিষয় সম্পর্কে ধারণা বা তথ্য

Example: Knowledge is essential for personal development.

Syn: informationAnt: ignorance

💡 Exam tip: Knowledge is an uncountable noun; do not write knowledges.

honesty[/ˈɒnəsti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সততা

Alt: সত্যবাদী ও ন্যায়নিষ্ঠ হওয়ার গুণ

Example: Honesty is one of the best human qualities.

Syn: truthfulnessAnt: dishonesty

💡 Exam tip: Abstract nouns such as honesty name qualities and are often used as subjects.

poverty[/ˈpɒvəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: দারিদ্র্য

Alt: অর্থের বা প্রয়োজনীয় সম্পদের অভাব

Example: Education can help people escape poverty.

Syn: deprivationAnt: wealth

💡 Exam tip: Poverty is an uncountable abstract noun and usually takes a singular verb.

environment[/ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরিবেশ

Alt: মানুষ বা প্রাণীর চারপাশের প্রাকৃতিক জগৎ

Example: We should protect the environment from pollution.

Syn: surroundingsAnt: isolation

💡 Exam tip: Remember the spelling: environment, not enviroment.

responsibility[/rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/]nounmedium

Meaning: দায়িত্ব

Alt: কোনো কাজ বা কর্তব্য পালনের বাধ্যবাধকতা

Example: Keeping the classroom clean is our responsibility.

Syn: dutyAnt: irresponsibility

💡 Exam tip: The plural form is responsibilities; change y to ies.

patriotism[/ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm/]nounmedium

Meaning: দেশপ্রেম

Alt: নিজ দেশের প্রতি ভালোবাসা ও আনুগত্য

Example: Patriotism inspires citizens to serve their country.

Syn: nationalismAnt: treason

💡 Exam tip: Patriotism is an abstract noun formed from patriotic.

discipline[/ˈdɪsəplɪn/]nouneasy

Meaning: শৃঙ্খলা

Alt: নিয়ম মেনে চলার অভ্যাস

Example: Discipline is necessary for success in student life.

Syn: orderAnt: disorder

💡 Exam tip: Discipline may mean both self-control and a field of study.

2. Pronouns and Possessives (8 words)

myself[/maɪˈself/]pronouneasy

Meaning: আমি নিজে

Alt: বক্তা নিজেকে বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত সর্বনাম

Example: I myself completed the assignment.

Syn: personallyAnt: others

💡 Exam tip: Use myself as an emphatic pronoun or as the object when the subject is I.

yourself[/jɔːˈself/]pronouneasy

Meaning: তুমি নিজে বা আপনি নিজে

Alt: you-এর reflexive form

Example: You should prepare yourself for the examination.

Syn: personallyAnt: others

💡 Exam tip: Use yourselves when you refers to more than one person.

themselves[/ðəmˈselvz/]pronouneasy

Meaning: তারা নিজেরা

Alt: they-এর reflexive form

Example: The students themselves decorated the room.

Syn: personallyAnt: others

💡 Exam tip: Themselves agrees with plural subjects such as they and the students.

whose[/huːz/]pronounmedium

Meaning: কার

Alt: অধিকার বা মালিকানা জানতে ব্যবহৃত প্রশ্নবাচক শব্দ

Example: Whose book is lying on the desk?

Syn: of whomAnt: nobody's

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse whose with who's, which means who is or who has.

whom[/huːm/]pronounhard

Meaning: কাকে বা যাকে

Alt: who-এর object form

Example: Whom did you meet at the station?

Syn: which personAnt: nobody

💡 Exam tip: Use whom as the object of a verb or preposition in formal grammar.

someone[/ˈsʌmwʌn/]pronouneasy

Meaning: কেউ একজন

Alt: অনির্দিষ্ট কোনো ব্যক্তি

Example: Someone has left a message for you.

Syn: somebodyAnt: no one

💡 Exam tip: Someone takes a singular verb: Someone is waiting outside.

anything[/ˈeniθɪŋ/]pronouneasy

Meaning: যেকোনো কিছু

Alt: কিছুই, বিশেষত প্রশ্ন বা নাকারের বাক্যে

Example: Did you find anything useful in the library?

Syn: somethingAnt: nothing

💡 Exam tip: Anything commonly appears in interrogative and negative sentences.

each other[/iːtʃ ˈʌðə/]pronounmedium

Meaning: একে অপরকে

Alt: দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তির পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক বোঝায়

Example: The two friends always help each other.

Syn: one anotherAnt: separately

💡 Exam tip: Each other is a reciprocal pronoun and normally follows a plural subject.

3. Adjectives (8 words)

diligent[/ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: পরিশ্রমী

Alt: কাজে যত্নশীল ও অধ্যবসায়ী

Example: The diligent student completed all the exercises.

Syn: hardworkingAnt: lazy

💡 Exam tip: Use diligent before a noun or after a linking verb such as be.

generous[/ˈdʒenərəs/]adjeasy

Meaning: উদার

Alt: অন্যকে দিতে আগ্রহী

Example: The generous man donated money to the hospital.

Syn: kindAnt: selfish

💡 Exam tip: The noun form is generosity and the adverb form is generously.

brilliant[/ˈbrɪliənt/]adjmedium

Meaning: মেধাবী বা উজ্জ্বল

Alt: অসাধারণ বুদ্ধিমান বা অত্যন্ত উজ্জ্বল

Example: She had a brilliant idea for the project.

Syn: excellentAnt: dull

💡 Exam tip: Brilliant can describe intelligence, light, colour, or an excellent idea.

ancient[/ˈeɪnʃənt/]adjeasy

Meaning: প্রাচীন

Alt: অতীতের বহু পুরোনো

Example: The museum contains many ancient statues.

Syn: oldAnt: modern

💡 Exam tip: Ancient is pronounced with a silent c sound: /eɪnʃənt/.

essential[/ɪˈsenʃəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: অপরিহার্য

Alt: একান্ত প্রয়োজনীয়

Example: Clean water is essential for healthy living.

Syn: necessaryAnt: unnecessary

💡 Exam tip: Essential is often followed by to or for: essential to life, essential for health.

temporary[/ˈtempərəri/]adjeasy

Meaning: অস্থায়ী

Alt: স্বল্প সময়ের জন্য স্থায়ী

Example: The workers built a temporary bridge.

Syn: short-termAnt: permanent

💡 Exam tip: Temporary is the opposite of permanent and is common in comparison questions.

harmful[/ˈhɑːmfəl/]adjeasy

Meaning: ক্ষতিকর

Alt: যা ক্ষতি করে

Example: Smoking is harmful to health.

Syn: damagingAnt: beneficial

💡 Exam tip: Use harmful to, not harmful for, in standard exam usage.

curious[/ˈkjʊəriəs/]adjmedium

Meaning: কৌতূহলী

Alt: জানতে আগ্রহী

Example: The curious child asked many questions.

Syn: inquisitiveAnt: indifferent

💡 Exam tip: The noun form is curiosity; do not write curiousity.

4. Verbs, Tenses and Modals (8 words)

accomplish[/əˈkʌmplɪʃ/]verbmedium

Meaning: সম্পন্ন করা

Alt: সফলভাবে কোনো কাজ শেষ করা

Example: She worked hard to accomplish her goal.

Syn: achieveAnt: fail

💡 Exam tip: Accomplish is a transitive verb and normally takes an object.

maintain[/meɪnˈteɪn/]verbmedium

Meaning: বজায় রাখা

Alt: কোনো অবস্থা বা মান ধরে রাখা

Example: We should maintain discipline in the classroom.

Syn: preserveAnt: neglect

💡 Exam tip: Maintain has the same form in the present and past tense.

prevent[/prɪˈvent/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রতিরোধ করা

Alt: কোনো ঘটনা ঘটতে বাধা দেওয়া

Example: Trees prevent soil erosion.

Syn: stopAnt: allow

💡 Exam tip: Use prevent someone from doing something, not prevent someone to do something.

encourage[/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/]verbeasy

Meaning: উৎসাহিত করা

Alt: আত্মবিশ্বাস বা আগ্রহ বাড়ানো

Example: Teachers encourage students to read regularly.

Syn: inspireAnt: discourage

💡 Exam tip: The pattern is encourage someone to do something.

ought to[/ɔːt tuː/]verbmedium

Meaning: উচিত

Alt: নৈতিক বা যুক্তিসঙ্গত কর্তব্য বোঝায়

Example: We ought to respect our elders.

Syn: shouldAnt: ought not to

💡 Exam tip: Ought to is followed by the base form of the verb.

must[/mʌst/]verbeasy

Meaning: অবশ্যই করতে হবে

Alt: বাধ্যবাধকতা বা দৃঢ় প্রয়োজন বোঝায়

Example: You must obey the traffic rules.

Syn: have toAnt: need not

💡 Exam tip: After must, use the base verb without to.

might[/maɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: হতে পারে

Alt: সম্ভাবনা বোঝায়

Example: It might rain in the evening.

Syn: couldAnt: cannot

💡 Exam tip: Might is followed by the base form and expresses weaker possibility than may.

had better[/hæd ˈbetə/]verbmedium

Meaning: ভালো হয় যদি

Alt: জোরালো পরামর্শ বা সতর্কতা

Example: You had better finish your work today.

Syn: shouldAnt: should not

💡 Exam tip: Had better is followed by the base verb without to.

5. Sentences, Conditionals, Passive and Speech (8 words)

affirmative[/əˈfɜːmətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: হ্যাঁসূচক বা ইতিবাচক

Alt: নেতিবাচক নয় এমন বাক্য বা বক্তব্য

Example: Change the negative sentence into an affirmative one.

Syn: positiveAnt: negative

💡 Exam tip: An affirmative sentence generally states that something is or happens.

interrogative[/ˌɪntəˈrɒɡətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: প্রশ্নবোধক

Alt: প্রশ্ন প্রকাশ করে এমন

Example: The sentence is interrogative because it asks a question.

Syn: questioningAnt: declarative

💡 Exam tip: Interrogative sentences usually end with a question mark.

imperative[/ɪmˈperətɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: আদেশসূচক

Alt: আদেশ, অনুরোধ বা উপদেশ প্রকাশকারী

Example: Please open the window is an imperative sentence.

Syn: commandingAnt: optional

💡 Exam tip: The subject of an imperative sentence is usually understood as you.

conditional[/kənˈdɪʃənəl/]adjhard

Meaning: শর্তসাপেক্ষ

Alt: কোনো শর্তের ওপর নির্ভরশীল

Example: If you work hard, you will succeed is a conditional sentence.

Syn: dependentAnt: unconditional

💡 Exam tip: In the first conditional, use present simple in the if-clause and will in the main clause.

auxiliary[/ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/]adjhard

Meaning: সাহায্যকারী

Alt: প্রধান ক্রিয়াকে সহায়তা করে এমন

Example: Do is an auxiliary verb in the question Do you agree?

Syn: helpingAnt: main

💡 Exam tip: Common auxiliary verbs include be, have, and do.

passive[/ˈpæsɪv/]adjmedium

Meaning: নিষ্ক্রিয় বা কর্মবাচ্য

Alt: যেখানে কাজের প্রাপককে গুরুত্ব দেওয়া হয়

Example: The letter was written by the student is a passive sentence.

Syn: inactiveAnt: active

💡 Exam tip: The passive voice uses a form of be plus the past participle.

reported[/rɪˈpɔːtɪd/]adjhard

Meaning: পরোক্ষভাবে বর্ণিত

Alt: অন্যের বক্তব্য পুনরায় প্রকাশিত

Example: The teacher reported that the students were ready.

Syn: recountedAnt: direct

💡 Exam tip: In reported speech, pronouns and tense may change according to the reporting verb.

conjunction[/kənˈdʒʌŋkʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: সংযোজক অব্যয়

Alt: শব্দ, পদ বা বাক্য যুক্ত করে এমন শব্দ

Example: And is a conjunction that joins two words or clauses.

Syn: connectorAnt: separator

💡 Exam tip: Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, so, yet, for, and nor.

6. Composition and Writing Vocabulary (8 words)

application[/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: আবেদনপত্র

Alt: কোনো সুযোগ বা অনুমতির জন্য লিখিত অনুরোধ

Example: He submitted an application for leave.

Syn: requestAnt: withdrawal

💡 Exam tip: Use a clear subject line and formal closing in an application.

curriculum vitae[/kəˌrɪkjələm ˈviːtaɪ/]nounmedium

Meaning: জীবনবৃত্তান্ত

Alt: শিক্ষা, দক্ষতা ও অভিজ্ঞতার সংক্ষিপ্ত বিবরণ

Example: She attached her curriculum vitae to the cover letter.

Syn: resumeAnt: omission

💡 Exam tip: CV means curriculum vitae; include education, skills, and experience in an organized order.

qualification[/ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: যোগ্যতা

Alt: কোনো কাজের উপযুক্ত হওয়ার শিক্ষা বা দক্ষতা

Example: The job requires a minimum academic qualification.

Syn: credentialAnt: incompetence

💡 Exam tip: Qualification may refer to a certificate, degree, skill, or requirement.

paragraph[/ˈpærəɡrɑːf/]nouneasy

Meaning: অনুচ্ছেদ

Alt: একটি কেন্দ্রীয় ভাব নিয়ে গঠিত লেখার অংশ

Example: Write a paragraph on the importance of trees.

Syn: sectionAnt: whole

💡 Exam tip: A good paragraph has a topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding sentence.

summary[/ˈsʌməri/]nounmedium

Meaning: সারাংশ

Alt: দীর্ঘ লেখার সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ

Example: The summary presents the main ideas briefly.

Syn: abstractAnt: detail

💡 Exam tip: A summary should contain the main ideas, not unnecessary examples or repetition.

illustrate[/ˈɪləstreɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: চিত্র বা উদাহরণ দিয়ে বোঝানো

Alt: কোনো বিষয় স্পষ্টভাবে প্রকাশ করা

Example: The graph illustrates the rise in population.

Syn: demonstrateAnt: confuse

💡 Exam tip: Use illustrate when describing what a graph, chart, or example shows.

trend[/trend/]nounmedium

Meaning: প্রবণতা

Alt: পরিবর্তনের সাধারণ দিক বা ধারা

Example: The chart shows an upward trend in exports.

Syn: tendencyAnt: stability

💡 Exam tip: Useful graph phrases include upward trend, downward trend, and fluctuating trend.

conclusion[/kənˈkluːʒən/]nouneasy

Meaning: উপসংহার

Alt: লেখা বা বক্তব্যের শেষ অংশ

Example: In conclusion, regular exercise keeps us healthy.

Syn: endingAnt: introduction

💡 Exam tip: Use linking expressions such as in conclusion or to sum up before the final point.

💡 Exam Tips

• Identify the part of speech before choosing the correct word in a gap-filling question.

• Remember that modal verbs are followed by the base form of the main verb.

• Use subject-verb agreement carefully with indefinite pronouns such as someone, everyone, and each.

• For passive voice, identify the tense first and then use the correct form of be with the past participle.

• In conditional sentences, check whether the situation is real, possible, unlikely, or impossible.

• In reported speech, check changes in pronouns, tense, time expressions, and demonstratives.

• Use formal and polite vocabulary in letters, applications, CVs, and cover letters.

• In a paragraph, keep one central idea and arrange supporting points logically.

• When writing a summary, avoid copying unnecessary details and express the main ideas in your own words.

• For graphs and charts, mention the title, units, highest and lowest figures, comparisons, and overall trends.

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Vocabulary

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