Chapter: Pronouns and Possessives
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
pronounpersonal pronounsubject pronounobject pronounreflexive pronounpossessive determinerpossessive pronoundemonstrative pronounindefinite pronounrelative pronouninterrogative pronounantecedentsingularpluralgenderpersonnumberagreementownershipapostrophecompound pronounreciprocal pronounemphatic pronounindependent possessivedependent possessive
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Personal pronouns change according to person, number, gender and case: I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them.
âē Add -self to singular personal pronouns to form reflexive pronouns: my + self = myself, your + self = yourself, him + self = himself, her + self = herself, it + self = itself.
âē Add -selves to plural personal pronouns to form reflexive pronouns: our + selves = ourselves, your + selves = yourselves, them + selves = themselves.
âē Possessive determiners come before nouns: my book, your pen, his car, her bag, its tail, our school, their house.
âē Independent possessive pronouns replace noun phrases: mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs.
âē For singular nouns, possession is usually formed with apostrophe + s: Rahim's book, the girl's bag.
âē For regular plural nouns ending in s, possession is usually formed with an apostrophe only: students' books, teachers' room.
âē For irregular plural nouns not ending in s, use apostrophe + s: children's toys, men's clothes, women's rights.
âē Use âwhoâ for a person as subject, âwhomâ for a person as object, âwhichâ for a limited choice or thing, and âwhatâ for a general choice or thing.
âē Use âthisâ and âtheseâ for near things; use âthatâ and âthoseâ for distant things.
âē Indefinite pronouns ending in -one, -body or -thing generally take singular verbs: Everyone is happy; Nothing was missing.
1. Personal Pronouns (8 words)
I[/aÉĒ/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: I am ready for the examination.
đĄ Exam tip: âIâ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§ āĻšāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻ
āĻā§āώāϰ⧠āϞā§āĻāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
you[/juË/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤā§āĻŽāĻŋ; āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋ; āϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻļā§āϰā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āϰā§āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: You should obey your parents.
đĄ Exam tip: âYouâ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύâāĻāĻā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
he[/hiË/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ (āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ)
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: He plays football every afternoon.
Ant: she
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āĻāϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠âheâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
she[/ĘiË/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ (āύāĻžāϰā§)
Alt: āύāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: She is an honest student.
Ant: he
đĄ Exam tip: āϏā§āϤā§āϰā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠âsheâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
it[/ÉĒt/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻŋ; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§
Alt: āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒā§āĻā§āώ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: It is a beautiful flower.
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§, āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻā§āĻž, āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠âitâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
we[/wiË/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻžāϏāĻš āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: We should respect our teachers.
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠âweâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
they[/ðeÉĒ/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰāĻž; āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: They are working in the garden.
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠âtheyâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
person[/ËpÉËrsÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāϤā§āϤāĻž
Example: The person who called you is my uncle.
Syn: individual
đĄ Exam tip: âOneâ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠antecedent āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠pronoun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
2. Object and Reflexive Pronouns (8 words)
me[/miË/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§; āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ
Alt: I-āĻāϰ object form
Example: The teacher praised me.
đĄ Exam tip: Preposition āĻŦāĻž verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠âIâ āύā§, âmeâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
him[/hÉĒm/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ (āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ)
Alt: he-āĻāϰ object form
Example: I met him at the station.
đĄ Exam tip: âHeâ subject, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠object āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ âhimâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
her[/hÉËr/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ (āύāĻžāϰā§)
Alt: she-āĻāϰ object form
Example: We invited her to the āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύā§.
đĄ Exam tip: âHerâ object pronoun āĻāĻŦāĻ possessive determinerâāĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
us[/Ęs/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻā§; āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ
Alt: we-āĻāϰ object form
Example: The guide showed us the museum.
đĄ Exam tip: âWeâ subject āĻšāϞ⧠object āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ âusâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
them[/ðem/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻā§; āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ
Alt: they-āĻāϰ object form
Example: I helped them with their homework.
đĄ Exam tip: âTheyâ āĻāĻāύ⧠preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻž; āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠âthemâ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
myself[/maÉĒËself/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§; āύāĻŋāĻā§
Alt: I-āĻāϰ reflexive form
Example: I prepared myself for the test.
Syn: personally
đĄ Exam tip: Subject āĻ object āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠reflexive pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
yourself[/jÉËrËself/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§; āύāĻŋāĻā§
Alt: you-āĻāϰ singular reflexive form
Example: You should express yourself clearly.
Syn: personally
đĄ Exam tip: āĻāĻāĻāύāĻā§ âyouâ āĻŦāϞāϞ⧠reflexive form āĻšā§ âyourselfâ; āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠âyourselvesâāĨ¤
themselves[/ðÉmËselvz/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻā§; āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻ
Alt: they-āĻāϰ reflexive form
Example: They themselves solved the problem.
Syn: personally
đĄ Exam tip: āĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ subject-object āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠âthemselvesâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
3. Possessive Forms (8 words)
my[/maÉĒ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ
Alt: I-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: This is my book.
Syn: belonging to meAnt: your
đĄ Exam tip: âMyâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ noun āĻĨāĻžāĻā§: my pen, my schoolāĨ¤
your[/jÉËr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ; āĻāĻĒāύāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ
Alt: you-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: Is this your bag?
Syn: belonging to youAnt: my
đĄ Exam tip: âYourâ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻā§ā§āϰ possessive determinerāĨ¤
his[/hÉĒz/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰ; āϤāĻžāĻāϰ (āĻĒā§āϰā§āώ)
Alt: he-āĻāϰ possessive form
Example: Rahim lost his umbrella.
Syn: belonging to himAnt: her
đĄ Exam tip: âHisâ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ noun āĻāĻžā§āĻžâāĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
her[/hÉËr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰ; āϤāĻžāĻāϰ (āύāĻžāϰā§)
Alt: she-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: Mina finished her work.
Syn: belonging to herAnt: his
đĄ Exam tip: âHerâ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ possessive āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠adjective/determiner āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
its[/ÉĒts/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰ
Alt: it-āĻāϰ possessive form
Example: The cat licked its paw.
Syn: belonging to it
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive âitsâ-āĻ apostrophe āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻž; âitâsâ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠it is āĻŦāĻž it hasāĨ¤
our[/ËaĘÉr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ
Alt: we-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: Our country is beautiful.
Syn: belonging to usAnt: their
đĄ Exam tip: âOurâ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻžāϏāĻš āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤
their[/ðer/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ; āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ
Alt: they-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: The students submitted their assignments.
Syn: belonging to themAnt: our
đĄ Exam tip: âTheirâ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§; âthereâ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ âtheyâreâ they areāĨ¤
whose[/huËz/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰ; āϝāĻžāĻāϰ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ interrogative āĻŦāĻž relative pronoun
Example: Whose notebook is this?
Syn: of whom
đĄ Exam tip: âWhoseâ āĻāĻŦāĻ âwhoâsâ āĻāĻ āύā§; whoâs = who is āĻŦāĻž who hasāĨ¤
4. Possessive Pronouns and Apostrophe (8 words)
mine[/maÉĒn/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ
Alt: my-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: This pen is mine.
Syn: belonging to meAnt: yours
đĄ Exam tip: âMineâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠noun āĻŦāϏ⧠āύāĻž: This book is mineāĨ¤
yours[/jÉËrz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ; āĻāĻĒāύāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻŋ
Alt: your-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: The red bicycle is yours.
Syn: belonging to youAnt: mine
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive pronoun âyoursâ-āĻ apostrophe āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
hers[/hÉËrz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ (āύāĻžāϰā§)
Alt: her-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: The blue scarf is hers.
Syn: belonging to herAnt: his
đĄ Exam tip: âHersâ āĻāĻāύ⧠apostrophe āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϞā§āĻāĻž āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
ours[/aĘÉrz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻŋ
Alt: our-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: The large classroom is ours.
Syn: belonging to usAnt: theirs
đĄ Exam tip: âOursâ noun-āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§ āύā§, noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
theirs[/ðerz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻŋ; āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰāĻāĻŋ
Alt: their-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: These seats are theirs.
Syn: belonging to themAnt: ours
đĄ Exam tip: âTheirsâ-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧠apostrophe āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
apostrophe[/ÉËpÉstrÉfi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (â)
Alt: āϏāĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύ
Example: An apostrophe is used in Rahim's book.
Syn: punctuation mark
đĄ Exam tip: Singular noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ noun + âs āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
ownership[/ËÉĘnÉrĘÉĒp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: The label shows ownership of the property.
Syn: possession, propertyAnt: dispossession
đĄ Exam tip: Possessive form āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ ownership āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
belong[/bÉĒËlÉÅ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž; āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻžāϧā§āύ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: This house belongs to my uncle.
Syn: be owned byAnt: leave
đĄ Exam tip: âBelong toâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠object pronoun āĻŦāϏā§: belongs to me, not belongs to IāĨ¤
5. Demonstrative and Indefinite Pronouns (8 words)
this[/ðÉĒs/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻŋ; āĻāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: This is my new dictionary.
Syn: the present oneAnt: that
đĄ Exam tip: âThisâ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤
that[/ðÃĻt/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻŋ; āϏā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: That is a tall building.
Syn: the other oneAnt: this
đĄ Exam tip: âThatâ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§; relative pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
these[/ðiËz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āϞā§; āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: These are fresh mangoes.
Syn: the present onesAnt: those
đĄ Exam tip: âTheseâ āĻšāϞ⧠âthisâ-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āϰā§āĻĒāĨ¤
those[/ðÉĘz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āϞā§; āϤāĻžāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: Those are my classmates.
Syn: the other onesAnt: these
đĄ Exam tip: âThoseâ āĻšāϞ⧠âthatâ-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻāύ āϰā§āĻĒāĨ¤
someone[/ËsĘmwĘn/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāύ
Alt: āĻ
āĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Someone has left a message for you.
Syn: somebodyAnt: no one
đĄ Exam tip: âSomeoneâ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ singular verb āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§: Someone is waitingāĨ¤
anyone[/ËeniwĘn/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϝ⧠āĻā§āĻ; āĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻŦāĻž āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§
Example: Can anyone answer this question?
Syn: anybodyAnt: no one
đĄ Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ negative āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠âanyoneâ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
nobody[/ËnÉĘbÉdi/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ āύā§
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāύāĻ āύā§
Example: Nobody knows the correct answer.
Syn: no oneAnt: everybody
đĄ Exam tip: âNobodyâ āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻ negative; āĻāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ not āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤
everything[/ËevriθÉĒÅ/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻā§
Alt: āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: Everything is ready for the āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύā§.
Syn: allAnt: nothing
đĄ Exam tip: âEverythingâ āĻĻā§āĻāϤ⧠āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨā§ plural āĻšāϞā§āĻ singular verb āύā§ā§āĨ¤
6. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns (8 words)
who[/huË/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§; āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ subject āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: Who is standing at the door?
Syn: which person
đĄ Exam tip: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ subject āĻšāϞ⧠âwhoâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
whom[/huËm/]pronounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻā§; āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ object āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§
Example: Whom did you meet yesterday?
Syn: which person
đĄ Exam tip: Formal English-āĻ object āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ âwhomâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§; informal English-āĻ āĻ
āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ âwhoâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
which[/wÉĒtĘ/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ; āϝāĻž
Alt: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ
Example: Which is your favourite subject?
Syn: what one
đĄ Exam tip: āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠âwhichâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
what[/wÉt/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§; āϝāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāύāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ
Example: What is your name?
Syn: which thing
đĄ Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āϏā§āĻŽ āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠âwhatâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
that[/ðÃĻt/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϝā§; āϝāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻā§ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāϰ⧠relative pronoun
Example: This is the book that I bought.
Syn: which, who
đĄ Exam tip: Defining relative clause-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§âāĻāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ âthatâ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤
whose[/huËz/]pronounhard
Meaning: āϝāĻžāĻāϰ; āϝāĻžāϰ
Alt: relative clause-āĻ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§
Example: I know the girl whose father is a doctor.
Syn: of whom
đĄ Exam tip: âWhoseâ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
whoever[/huËËevÉr/]pronounhard
Meaning: āϝā§-āĻ; āϝ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠relative pronoun
Example: Whoever works hard will succeed.
Syn: anyone who
đĄ Exam tip: âWhoeverâ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ subject clause āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰ⧠clause-āĻāĻŋ singular āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
whatever[/wÉtËevÉr/]pronounhard
Meaning: āϝāĻž-āĻ; āϝ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§
Alt: āĻ
āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώā§
Example: Take whatever you need.
Syn: anything that
đĄ Exam tip: âWhateverâ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύ relative pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ âāϝ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§â āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender.
âĸ Do not use a subject pronoun after a preposition: between you and me, not between you and I.
âĸ Use âIâ as a subject and âmeâ as an object: Rahim and I went there; The teacher called Rahim and me.
âĸ Do not confuse âitsâ with âitâsâ: its shows possession, while itâs means it is or it has.
âĸ Do not confuse âyourâ with âyouâreâ: your shows possession, while youâre means you are.
âĸ Do not confuse âtheirâ, âthereâ and âtheyâreâ: their shows possession, there indicates place, and theyâre means they are.
âĸ Do not use an apostrophe in possessive pronouns: yours, hers, ours and theirs are correct.
âĸ A reflexive pronoun should normally refer back to the subject of the same clause.
âĸ Use âeach otherâ for two persons or things and âone anotherâ traditionally for more than two.
âĸ In a question tag, choose the pronoun according to the subject: The boys are ready, arenât they?
âĸ In transformation questions, check whether the pronoun should be nominative, objective, possessive or reflexive.
âĸ Remember that âeveryoneâ, âsomeoneâ, ânobodyâ, âeverythingâ and ânothingâ usually take singular verbs.