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English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Pronouns and Possessives - Vocabulary (Part 2)

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SSC (Class 9-10)English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Pronouns and Possessives - Vocabulary (Part 2)

Chapter: Pronouns and Possessives

📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
pronounpersonal pronounsubject pronounobject pronounreflexive pronounpossessive determinerpossessive pronoundemonstrative pronounindefinite pronounrelative pronouninterrogative pronounantecedentsingularpluralgenderpersonnumberagreementownershipapostrophecompound pronounreciprocal pronounemphatic pronounindependent possessivedependent possessive
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Personal pronouns change according to person, number, gender and case: I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them.
â–ē Add -self to singular personal pronouns to form reflexive pronouns: my + self = myself, your + self = yourself, him + self = himself, her + self = herself, it + self = itself.
â–ē Add -selves to plural personal pronouns to form reflexive pronouns: our + selves = ourselves, your + selves = yourselves, them + selves = themselves.
â–ē Possessive determiners come before nouns: my book, your pen, his car, her bag, its tail, our school, their house.
â–ē Independent possessive pronouns replace noun phrases: mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs.
â–ē For singular nouns, possession is usually formed with apostrophe + s: Rahim's book, the girl's bag.
â–ē For regular plural nouns ending in s, possession is usually formed with an apostrophe only: students' books, teachers' room.
â–ē For irregular plural nouns not ending in s, use apostrophe + s: children's toys, men's clothes, women's rights.
â–ē Use ‘who’ for a person as subject, ‘whom’ for a person as object, ‘which’ for a limited choice or thing, and ‘what’ for a general choice or thing.
â–ē Use ‘this’ and ‘these’ for near things; use ‘that’ and ‘those’ for distant things.
â–ē Indefinite pronouns ending in -one, -body or -thing generally take singular verbs: Everyone is happy; Nothing was missing.
1. Personal Pronouns (8 words)
I[/aÉĒ/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: I am ready for the examination.
💡 Exam tip: ‘I’ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧜ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϰ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
you[/juː/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ; āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ; āϤ⧋āĻŽāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻļā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: You should obey your parents.
💡 Exam tip: ‘You’ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāĻ¨â€”āωāϭ⧟ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
he[/hiː/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϏ⧇; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ (āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ)
Alt: āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: He plays football every afternoon.
Ant: she
💡 Exam tip: āĻĒ⧁āĻ‚āϞāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ ‘he’ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
she[/ʃiː/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϏ⧇; āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ (āύāĻžāϰ⧀)
Alt: āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: She is an honest student.
Ant: he
💡 Exam tip: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āϞāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ ‘she’ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
it[/ÉĒt/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϟāĻŋ; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€
Alt: āϞāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ—āύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: It is a beautiful flower.
💡 Exam tip: āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€, āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž, āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ ‘it’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
we[/wiː/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϏāĻš āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: We should respect our teachers.
💡 Exam tip: āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ ‘we’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
they[/ðeÉĒ/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰāĻž; āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: They are working in the garden.
💡 Exam tip: āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ ‘they’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
person[/ˈpɜːrsən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž
Example: The person who called you is my uncle.
Syn: individual
💡 Exam tip: ‘One’ āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ antecedent āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ pronoun-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
2. Object and Reflexive Pronouns (8 words)
me[/miː/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇; āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ
Alt: I-āĻāϰ object form
Example: The teacher praised me.
💡 Exam tip: Preposition āĻŦāĻž verb-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ ‘I’ āύ⧟, ‘me’ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
him[/hÉĒm/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϕ⧇; āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ (āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ)
Alt: he-āĻāϰ object form
Example: I met him at the station.
💡 Exam tip: ‘He’ subject, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ object āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ ‘him’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
her[/hɜːr/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϕ⧇; āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ (āύāĻžāϰ⧀)
Alt: she-āĻāϰ object form
Example: We invited her to the āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇.
💡 Exam tip: ‘Her’ object pronoun āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ possessive determiner—āĻĻ⧁āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
us[/ƌs/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇; āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ
Alt: we-āĻāϰ object form
Example: The guide showed us the museum.
💡 Exam tip: ‘We’ subject āĻšāϞ⧇ object āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ ‘us’ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
them[/ðem/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇; āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ
Alt: they-āĻāϰ object form
Example: I helped them with their homework.
💡 Exam tip: ‘They’ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ preposition-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻž; āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ ‘them’ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤
myself[/maÉĒˈself/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇; āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡
Alt: I-āĻāϰ reflexive form
Example: I prepared myself for the test.
Syn: personally
💡 Exam tip: Subject āĻ“ object āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇ reflexive pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
yourself[/jɔːrˈself/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇; āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡
Alt: you-āĻāϰ singular reflexive form
Example: You should express yourself clearly.
Syn: personally
💡 Exam tip: āĻāĻ•āϜāύāϕ⧇ ‘you’ āĻŦāϞāϞ⧇ reflexive form āĻšā§Ÿ ‘yourself’; āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϞ⧇ ‘yourselves’āĨ¤
themselves[/ðəmˈselvz/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇; āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰāĻžāχ
Alt: they-āĻāϰ reflexive form
Example: They themselves solved the problem.
Syn: personally
💡 Exam tip: āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ subject-object āĻāĻ•āχ āĻšāϞ⧇ ‘themselves’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
3. Possessive Forms (8 words)
my[/maÉĒ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ
Alt: I-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: This is my book.
Syn: belonging to meAnt: your
💡 Exam tip: ‘My’-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ noun āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇: my pen, my schoolāĨ¤
your[/jɔːr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰ; āφāĻĒāύāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ
Alt: you-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: Is this your bag?
Syn: belonging to youAnt: my
💡 Exam tip: ‘Your’ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āωāĻ­ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ possessive determinerāĨ¤
his[/hÉĒz/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰ; āϤāĻžāρāϰ (āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ)
Alt: he-āĻāϰ possessive form
Example: Rahim lost his umbrella.
Syn: belonging to himAnt: her
💡 Exam tip: ‘His’ noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ noun āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžâ€”āωāϭ⧟ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
her[/hɜːr/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰ; āϤāĻžāρāϰ (āύāĻžāϰ⧀)
Alt: she-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: Mina finished her work.
Syn: belonging to herAnt: his
💡 Exam tip: ‘Her’ noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ possessive āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ adjective/determiner āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
its[/ÉĒts/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāϰ
Alt: it-āĻāϰ possessive form
Example: The cat licked its paw.
Syn: belonging to it
💡 Exam tip: Possessive ‘its’-āĻ apostrophe āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻž; ‘it’s’ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ it is āĻŦāĻž it hasāĨ¤
our[/ˈaʊər/]adjeasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ
Alt: we-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: Our country is beautiful.
Syn: belonging to usAnt: their
💡 Exam tip: ‘Our’ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϏāĻš āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
their[/ðer/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ; āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ
Alt: they-āĻāϰ possessive determiner
Example: The students submitted their assignments.
Syn: belonging to themAnt: our
💡 Exam tip: ‘Their’ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ; ‘there’ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ‘they’re’ they areāĨ¤
whose[/huːz/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāϰ; āϝāĻžāρāϰ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ interrogative āĻŦāĻž relative pronoun
Example: Whose notebook is this?
Syn: of whom
💡 Exam tip: ‘Whose’ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ‘who’s’ āĻāĻ• āύ⧟; who’s = who is āĻŦāĻž who hasāĨ¤
4. Possessive Pronouns and Apostrophe (8 words)
mine[/maÉĒn/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ
Alt: my-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: This pen is mine.
Syn: belonging to meAnt: yours
💡 Exam tip: ‘Mine’-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ noun āĻŦāϏ⧇ āύāĻž: This book is mineāĨ¤
yours[/jɔːrz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ; āφāĻĒāύāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϟāĻŋ
Alt: your-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: The red bicycle is yours.
Syn: belonging to youAnt: mine
💡 Exam tip: Possessive pronoun ‘yours’-āĻ apostrophe āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤
hers[/hɜːrz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ (āύāĻžāϰ⧀)
Alt: her-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: The blue scarf is hers.
Syn: belonging to herAnt: his
💡 Exam tip: ‘Hers’ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ apostrophe āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤
ours[/aʊərz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϟāĻŋ
Alt: our-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: The large classroom is ours.
Syn: belonging to usAnt: theirs
💡 Exam tip: ‘Ours’ noun-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āύ⧟, noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
theirs[/ðerz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰāϟāĻŋ; āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰāϟāĻŋ
Alt: their-āĻāϰ independent possessive form
Example: These seats are theirs.
Syn: belonging to themAnt: ours
💡 Exam tip: ‘Theirs’-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧇ apostrophe āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤
apostrophe[/əˈpɒstrəfi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ (’)
Alt: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ
Example: An apostrophe is used in Rahim's book.
Syn: punctuation mark
💡 Exam tip: Singular noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ noun + ’s āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
ownership[/ˈəʊnərʃÉĒp/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž
Example: The label shows ownership of the property.
Syn: possession, propertyAnt: dispossession
💡 Exam tip: Possessive form āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ ownership āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
belong[/bÉĒˈlɒŋ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž; āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
Example: This house belongs to my uncle.
Syn: be owned byAnt: leave
💡 Exam tip: ‘Belong to’-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ object pronoun āĻŦāϏ⧇: belongs to me, not belongs to IāĨ¤
5. Demonstrative and Indefinite Pronouns (8 words)
this[/ðÉĒs/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϟāĻŋ; āĻāχ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: This is my new dictionary.
Syn: the present oneAnt: that
💡 Exam tip: ‘This’ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻ•āϟāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
that[/ðÃĻt/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻ“āϟāĻŋ; āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: That is a tall building.
Syn: the other oneAnt: this
💡 Exam tip: ‘That’ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāϚāύ āĻ“ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ; relative pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
these[/ðiːz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋; āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: These are fresh mangoes.
Syn: the present onesAnt: those
💡 Exam tip: ‘These’ āĻšāϞ⧋ ‘this’-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤
those[/Ã°É™ĘŠz/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āĻ“āϗ⧁āϞ⧋; āϤāĻžāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: Those are my classmates.
Syn: the other onesAnt: these
💡 Exam tip: ‘Those’ āĻšāϞ⧋ ‘that’-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāϚāύ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĨ¤
someone[/ˈsʌmwʌn/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϕ⧇āω āĻāĻ•āϜāύ
Alt: āĻ…āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Someone has left a message for you.
Syn: somebodyAnt: no one
💡 Exam tip: ‘Someone’ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ singular verb āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇: Someone is waitingāĨ¤
anyone[/ˈeniwʌn/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϝ⧇ āϕ⧇āω; āϕ⧇āω
Alt: āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇
Example: Can anyone answer this question?
Syn: anybodyAnt: no one
💡 Exam tip: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ“ negative āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ ‘anyone’ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
nobody[/ˈnəʊbədi/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϕ⧇āω āύ⧟
Alt: āĻāĻ•āϜāύāĻ“ āύ⧟
Example: Nobody knows the correct answer.
Syn: no oneAnt: everybody
💡 Exam tip: ‘Nobody’ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āχ negative; āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ not āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋ āύāĻžāĨ¤
everything[/ˈevriθÉĒŋ/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁
Alt: āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: Everything is ready for the āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇.
Syn: allAnt: nothing
💡 Exam tip: ‘Everything’ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ plural āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ singular verb āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
6. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns (8 words)
who[/huː/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϕ⧇; āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ subject āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: Who is standing at the door?
Syn: which person
💡 Exam tip: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ subject āĻšāϞ⧇ ‘who’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
whom[/huːm/]pronounhard
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāϕ⧇; āϝāĻžāρāϕ⧇
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ object āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ
Example: Whom did you meet yesterday?
Syn: which person
💡 Exam tip: Formal English-āĻ object āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ ‘whom’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ; informal English-āĻ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ ‘who’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
which[/wÉĒtʃ/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ; āϝāĻž
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ
Example: Which is your favourite subject?
Syn: what one
💡 Exam tip: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ ‘which’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
what[/wɒt/]pronouneasy
Meaning: āϕ⧀; āϝāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟ āϜāĻžāύāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ
Example: What is your name?
Syn: which thing
💡 Exam tip: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϏ⧀āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ ‘what’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤
that[/ðÃĻt/]pronounmedium
Meaning: āϝ⧇; āϝāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ relative pronoun
Example: This is the book that I bought.
Syn: which, who
💡 Exam tip: Defining relative clause-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§â€”āωāĻ­ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ ‘that’ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
whose[/huːz/]pronounhard
Meaning: āϝāĻžāρāϰ; āϝāĻžāϰ
Alt: relative clause-āĻ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: I know the girl whose father is a doctor.
Syn: of whom
💡 Exam tip: ‘Whose’ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ noun-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
whoever[/huːˈevər/]pronounhard
Meaning: āϝ⧇-āχ; āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ relative pronoun
Example: Whoever works hard will succeed.
Syn: anyone who
💡 Exam tip: ‘Whoever’ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ subject clause āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ clause-āϟāĻŋ singular āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
whatever[/wɒtˈevər/]pronounhard
Meaning: āϝāĻž-āχ; āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁
Alt: āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟
Example: Take whatever you need.
Syn: anything that
💡 Exam tip: ‘Whatever’ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ relative pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ ‘āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§â€™ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender.
â€ĸ Do not use a subject pronoun after a preposition: between you and me, not between you and I.
â€ĸ Use ‘I’ as a subject and ‘me’ as an object: Rahim and I went there; The teacher called Rahim and me.
â€ĸ Do not confuse ‘its’ with ‘it’s’: its shows possession, while it’s means it is or it has.
â€ĸ Do not confuse ‘your’ with ‘you’re’: your shows possession, while you’re means you are.
â€ĸ Do not confuse ‘their’, ‘there’ and ‘they’re’: their shows possession, there indicates place, and they’re means they are.
â€ĸ Do not use an apostrophe in possessive pronouns: yours, hers, ours and theirs are correct.
â€ĸ A reflexive pronoun should normally refer back to the subject of the same clause.
â€ĸ Use ‘each other’ for two persons or things and ‘one another’ traditionally for more than two.
â€ĸ In a question tag, choose the pronoun according to the subject: The boys are ready, aren’t they?
â€ĸ In transformation questions, check whether the pronoun should be nominative, objective, possessive or reflexive.
â€ĸ Remember that ‘everyone’, ‘someone’, ‘nobody’, ‘everything’ and ‘nothing’ usually take singular verbs.

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