Chapter: Verbs and Tenses
📚 Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
tenseverbauxiliaryprincipal partsbase formpast formpast participlepresent participlesubject-verb agreementfinite verbnon-finite verbtransitive verbintransitive verbaffirmative sentencenegative sentenceinterrogative sentencesimple presentpresent continuouspresent perfectpresent perfect continuoussimple pastpast continuouspast perfectpast perfect continuoussimple futurefuture continuousfuture perfectfuture perfect continuousirregular verbregular verb
📃 Word Formation Rules
► Add -s or -es to the base verb for the third-person singular in the simple present: play becomes plays and go becomes goes.
► If a verb ends in consonant plus y, change y to i and add -es in the third-person singular: study becomes studies.
► If a verb ends in consonant plus y, change y to i and add -ed in the simple past: study becomes studied.
► For most regular verbs, add -ed to form the simple past and past participle: work becomes worked.
► Drop final e before adding -ing: write becomes writing and make becomes making.
► Double the final consonant before -ing or -ed when a short stressed verb ends in consonant-vowel-consonant: run becomes running and stopped.
► Form the present continuous with am, is, or are plus the present participle: She is reading.
► Form the past continuous with was or were plus the present participle: They were playing.
► Form the present perfect with has or have plus the past participle: He has finished.
► Form the past perfect with had plus the past participle: We had left.
► Use the base form after modal verbs such as can, may, must, and should: She can sing.
► Use do, does, or did with the base form to make simple-tense questions and negatives: Does he work?
► Use has with he, she, and it, and have with I, you, we, and they in the present perfect tense.
1. Tense and Time Expressions (8 words)
present[/ˈprezənt/]adjeasy
Meaning: বর্তমান
Alt: বর্তমান কাল বা সময়
Example: She lives in Dhaka at present.
Syn: currentAnt: past
💡 Exam tip: Use the present tense for habits, facts, and regular actions.
past[/pɑːst/]adjeasy
Meaning: অতীত
Alt: অতীত কাল বা সময়
Example: He visited us last week.
Syn: formerAnt: future
💡 Exam tip: Words such as yesterday, ago, and last usually indicate the past tense.
future[/ˈfjuːtʃə(r)/]adjeasy
Meaning: ভবিষ্যৎ
Alt: পরবর্তী সময়ে ঘটবে এমন
Example: They will return tomorrow.
Syn: forthcomingAnt: past
💡 Exam tip: Use will or shall with the base form to express many future actions.
already[/ɔːlˈredi/]adveasy
Meaning: ইতিমধ্যে
Alt: আগেই
Example: The train has already left.
Syn: previouslyAnt: not yet
💡 Exam tip: Already commonly occurs with the present perfect tense.
yet[/jet/]adveasy
Meaning: এখনও
Alt: এখন পর্যন্ত
Example: Have you finished your homework yet?
Syn: thus farAnt: already
💡 Exam tip: Yet is generally used in questions and negative sentences.
recently[/ˈriːsəntli/]advmedium
Meaning: সম্প্রতি
Alt: অল্প কিছুদিন আগে
Example: I have recently read the novel.
Syn: latelyAnt: long ago
💡 Exam tip: Recently may be used with the present perfect or simple past tense.
since[/sɪns/]prepeasy
Meaning: থেকে
Alt: কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময় থেকে
Example: She has lived here since 2020.
Syn: fromAnt: until
💡 Exam tip: Since is followed by a point of time, not a period of time.
for[/fɔː(r)/]prepeasy
Meaning: ধরে
Alt: কোনো সময়কালব্যাপী
Example: They have waited for two hours.
Syn: throughoutAnt: until
💡 Exam tip: For is followed by a period of time such as two days or five years.
2. Auxiliary and Modal Verbs (8 words)
auxiliary[/ɔːɡˈzɪliəri/]adjmedium
Meaning: সহায়ক
Alt: মূল ক্রিয়াকে সহায়তা করে এমন
Example: Has is an auxiliary verb in this sentence.
Syn: helpingAnt: main
💡 Exam tip: Be, have, and do can function as auxiliary verbs.
be[/biː/]verbeasy
Meaning: হওয়া
Alt: অবস্থায় থাকা
Example: They are playing football.
Syn: existAnt: disappear
💡 Exam tip: Forms of be are used in continuous and passive constructions.
have[/hæv/]verbeasy
Meaning: থাকা বা পাওয়া
Alt: অধিকারী হওয়া; সম্পন্ন করা
Example: She has completed the work.
Syn: possessAnt: lack
💡 Exam tip: Have, has, and had help to form perfect tenses.
do[/duː/]verbeasy
Meaning: করা
Alt: সম্পাদন করা বা সহায়তা করা
Example: Do you know the answer?
Syn: performAnt: avoid
💡 Exam tip: Do, does, and did are used for questions, negatives, and emphasis.
can[/kæn/]verbeasy
Meaning: পারা
Alt: সক্ষমতা প্রকাশ করা
Example: Rina can solve the problem.
Syn: be able toAnt: be unable to
💡 Exam tip: A modal is followed by the base form of a verb.
may[/meɪ/]verbeasy
Meaning: সম্ভবত পারে
Alt: অনুমতি বা সম্ভাবনা প্রকাশ করা
Example: May I come in?
Syn: mightAnt: must not
💡 Exam tip: May expresses permission or possibility.
must[/mʌst/]verbeasy
Meaning: অবশ্যই করতে হবে
Alt: বাধ্যবাধকতা প্রকাশ করা
Example: You must obey the rules.
Syn: have toAnt: need not
💡 Exam tip: Must is followed by the base form and expresses strong necessity.
should[/ʃʊd/]verbeasy
Meaning: উচিত
Alt: পরামর্শ বা কর্তব্য প্রকাশ করা
Example: We should respect our parents.
Syn: ought toAnt: should not
💡 Exam tip: Should is commonly used to give advice.
3. Kinds and Uses of Verbs (8 words)
transitive[/ˈtrænzətɪv/]adjmedium
Meaning: সকর্মক
Alt: যে ক্রিয়ার পরে কর্ম থাকে
Example: The boy kicked the ball.
Syn: object-takingAnt: intransitive
💡 Exam tip: Ask what or whom after the verb to identify its object.
intransitive[/ɪnˈtrænzətɪv/]adjmedium
Meaning: অকর্মক
Alt: যে ক্রিয়ার কোনো কর্ম থাকে না
Example: The baby cried loudly.
Syn: objectlessAnt: transitive
💡 Exam tip: An intransitive verb does not take a direct object.
linking[/ˈlɪŋkɪŋ/]adjmedium
Meaning: সংযোজক
Alt: কর্তাকে বর্ণনা বা পরিচয়ের সঙ্গে যুক্ত করে এমন
Example: The sky became dark.
Syn: connectingAnt: separating
💡 Exam tip: Be, become, seem, and feel can be linking verbs.
finite[/ˈfaɪnaɪt/]adjhard
Meaning: সমাপিকা
Alt: যে ক্রিয়া কর্তা ও কালের সঙ্গে পরিবর্তিত হয়
Example: He writes a letter every day.
Syn: limitedAnt: non-finite
💡 Exam tip: A finite verb shows tense and agrees with its subject.
non-finite[/ˌnɒnˈfaɪnaɪt/]adjhard
Meaning: অসমাপিকা
Alt: যে ক্রিয়া কর্তা বা কালের দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয় না
Example: To read is a good habit.
Syn: unlimitedAnt: finite
💡 Exam tip: Infinitives, gerunds, and participles are non-finite forms.
infinitive[/ɪnˈfɪnətɪv/]nounmedium
Meaning: অনন্ত ক্রিয়ারূপ
Alt: সাধারণত to-সহ মূল ক্রিয়া
Example: I want to learn English.
Syn: base formAnt: finite verb
💡 Exam tip: The full infinitive is to plus the base form of a verb.
gerund[/ˈdʒerənd/]nounhard
Meaning: ক্রিয়াবাচক বিশেষ্য
Alt: -ing যুক্ত ক্রিয়া যা বিশেষ্য হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়
Example: Swimming is good exercise.
Syn: verbal nounAnt: finite verb
💡 Exam tip: A gerund can function as the subject or object of a sentence.
participle[/ˈpɑːtɪsɪpl/]nounhard
Meaning: ক্রিয়াবিশেষণীয় রূপ
Alt: বিশেষণ বা সহায়ক ক্রিয়ার সঙ্গে ব্যবহৃত ক্রিয়ারূপ
Example: The broken window needs repair.
Syn: verbal adjectiveAnt: finite verb
💡 Exam tip: Present participles usually end in -ing; past participles often end in -ed or have irregular forms.
4. Regular Verb Forms (8 words)
base[/beɪs/]nouneasy
Meaning: মূল রূপ
Alt: ক্রিয়ার অভিধানিক বা প্রথম রূপ
Example: Write the base form after can.
Syn: root formAnt: inflected form
💡 Exam tip: The base form is used after modals and do-support.
inflection[/ɪnˈflekʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: রূপান্তর
Alt: ব্যাকরণগত কারণে শব্দের রূপ পরিবর্তন
Example: The inflection of play is plays in the third person singular.
Syn: variationAnt: invariance
💡 Exam tip: Add -s, -ed, or -ing according to tense and subject.
plays[/pleɪz/]verbeasy
Meaning: খেলে
Alt: play-এর তৃতীয় পুরুষ একবচন রূপ
Example: Rahim plays cricket every afternoon.
Syn: participatesAnt: stops
💡 Exam tip: Add -s or -es to the verb in the simple present with he, she, or it.
played[/pleɪd/]verbeasy
Meaning: খেলেছিল বা খেলেছে
Alt: play-এর অতীত ও past participle রূপ
Example: They played football yesterday.
Syn: participatedAnt: stopped
💡 Exam tip: Regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed.
playing[/ˈpleɪɪŋ/]verbeasy
Meaning: খেলছে বা খেলা
Alt: play-এর present participle রূপ
Example: The children are playing outside.
Syn: participatingAnt: resting
💡 Exam tip: Use the -ing form after forms of be in continuous tenses.
studies[/ˈstʌdiz/]verbmedium
Meaning: পড়ে
Alt: study-এর তৃতীয় পুরুষ একবচন রূপ
Example: Mina studies English regularly.
Syn: learnsAnt: neglects
💡 Exam tip: Change consonant plus y to -ies in the third-person singular form.
studied[/ˈstʌdid/]verbmedium
Meaning: পড়েছিল বা পড়েছে
Alt: study-এর অতীত ও past participle রূপ
Example: He studied hard for the examination.
Syn: learnedAnt: ignored
💡 Exam tip: For verbs ending in consonant plus y, change y to i before adding -ed.
written[/ˈrɪtn/]verbmedium
Meaning: লিখিত
Alt: write-এর past participle রূপ
Example: She has written a letter.
Syn: recordedAnt: erased
💡 Exam tip: Do not use written alone as a simple past form; use wrote for the simple past.
5. Irregular Verbs and Principal Parts (8 words)
go[/ɡəʊ/]verbeasy
Meaning: যাওয়া
Alt: এক স্থান থেকে অন্য স্থানে যাওয়া
Example: I go to school every day.
Syn: proceedAnt: come
💡 Exam tip: The principal parts are go, went, gone.
went[/went/]verbeasy
Meaning: গিয়েছিল
Alt: go-এর simple past রূপ
Example: They went to the market yesterday.
Syn: proceededAnt: came
💡 Exam tip: Use went, not gone, in the simple past tense.
gone[/ɡɒn/]verbeasy
Meaning: গিয়েছে
Alt: go-এর past participle রূপ
Example: The guests have gone home.
Syn: departedAnt: arrived
💡 Exam tip: Use gone with has, have, or had in perfect tenses.
see[/siː/]verbeasy
Meaning: দেখা
Alt: চোখে উপলব্ধি করা
Example: I see a bird in the tree.
Syn: noticeAnt: overlook
💡 Exam tip: The principal parts are see, saw, seen.
saw[/sɔː/]verbeasy
Meaning: দেখেছিল
Alt: see-এর simple past রূপ
Example: We saw a rainbow yesterday.
Syn: noticedAnt: missed
💡 Exam tip: Saw is the past form of see, not its past participle.
taken[/ˈteɪkən/]verbmedium
Meaning: নেওয়া হয়েছে
Alt: take-এর past participle রূপ
Example: The book has been taken from the shelf.
Syn: removedAnt: returned
💡 Exam tip: The principal parts are take, took, taken.
brought[/brɔːt/]verbmedium
Meaning: এনেছিল বা এনেছে
Alt: bring-এর past ও past participle রূপ
Example: She brought some flowers for her mother.
Syn: carriedAnt: took
💡 Exam tip: Bring changes to brought in both the simple past and past participle forms.
spoken[/ˈspəʊkən/]verbmedium
Meaning: বলা হয়েছে
Alt: speak-এর past participle রূপ
Example: English is spoken in many countries.
Syn: utteredAnt: silenced
💡 Exam tip: The principal parts are speak, spoke, spoken.
6. Tense Formation and Exam Actions (8 words)
affirmative[/əˈfɜːmətɪv/]adjmedium
Meaning: ইতিবাচক
Alt: হ্যাঁসূচক বা স্বীকৃতিমূলক
Example: She writes an affirmative sentence.
Syn: positiveAnt: negative
💡 Exam tip: An affirmative sentence states that something happens or is true.
negative[/ˈneɡətɪv/]adjeasy
Meaning: নেতিবাচক
Alt: না-বোধক
Example: He does not play football.
Syn: denyingAnt: affirmative
💡 Exam tip: Use not with an auxiliary verb to form most negative sentences.
interrogative[/ˌɪntəˈrɒɡətɪv/]adjmedium
Meaning: প্রশ্নবোধক
Alt: প্রশ্নসূচক
Example: Do you like music? is an interrogative sentence.
Syn: questioningAnt: declarative
💡 Exam tip: In many questions, place the auxiliary before the subject.
continuous[/kənˈtɪnjuəs/]adjeasy
Meaning: ঘটমান
Alt: চলমান কাজ বোঝায় এমন
Example: They are watching television.
Syn: ongoingAnt: completed
💡 Exam tip: Continuous tenses use a form of be plus the present participle.
perfect[/ˈpɜːfɪkt/]adjeasy
Meaning: সম্পন্ন
Alt: সম্পূর্ণভাবে শেষ হয়েছে এমন
Example: I have finished my meal.
Syn: completedAnt: unfinished
💡 Exam tip: Perfect tenses use have, has, or had plus the past participle.
correct[/kəˈrekt/]verbeasy
Meaning: সংশোধন করা
Alt: ভুল ঠিক করা
Example: Correct the verbs in the following sentences.
Syn: rectifyAnt: mis correct
💡 Exam tip: Check subject-verb agreement and tense markers when correcting verbs.
transform[/trænsˈfɔːm/]verbmedium
Meaning: রূপান্তর করা
Alt: এক রূপ থেকে অন্য রূপে পরিবর্তন করা
Example: Transform the sentence into the past tense.
Syn: changeAnt: preserve
💡 Exam tip: Keep the original meaning unchanged while changing the grammatical form.
complete[/kəmˈpliːt/]verbeasy
Meaning: সম্পূর্ণ করা
Alt: অসম্পূর্ণ কাজ শেষ করা
Example: Complete the passage with suitable verbs.
Syn: finishAnt: begin
💡 Exam tip: Read the whole sentence before selecting the correct verb form.
💡 Exam Tips
• Identify the time expression before choosing the tense.
• Check whether the subject is singular or plural before changing the verb.
• Use the third-person singular form in the simple present with he, she, it, or a singular noun.
• After a modal auxiliary, always use the base form of the main verb.
• Use since with a point of time and for with a period of time.
• Do not use two past-tense forms together after did; write Did he go? not Did he went?
• Use the past participle after has, have, and had.
• Use am, is, or are with the present participle for the present continuous tense.
• Use was or were with the present participle for the past continuous tense.
• In transformation questions, preserve the original meaning while changing the tense.
• Memorise the three principal parts of common irregular verbs.
• Read the complete passage to understand the sequence of actions before filling in blanks.