English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Topic Sentence (Paragraph Writing) - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Topic Sentence (Paragraph Writing)

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

topic sentencemain ideasupporting detaildeveloperterminatorunitycoherencedescriptive paragraphnarrative paragraphcause and effectlisting paragraphcomparison paragraphcontrast paragraphsensory detailchronological ordertopicfocusredundantvividmemorableincidentexperiencecauseeffectfactorsimilaritydifferencedistinctivemeritconclusion

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix '-tion' to verbs to form nouns: describe → description, compare → comparison, conclude → conclusion.

► Add the suffix '-ment' to verbs to form nouns: develop → development, achieve → achievement.

► Add the suffix '-ity' to adjectives to form nouns: similar → similarity, coherent → coherence is an exception in spelling.

► Add the suffix '-ly' to adjectives to form adverbs: fortunate → fortunately, similar → similarly, chronological → chronologically.

► Add the suffix '-ful' to nouns to form adjectives: meaning → meaningful, use → useful.

► Add the prefix 'un-' to form opposites: necessary → unnecessary, memorable → unmemorable, fortunate → unfortunate.

► Add the prefix 'in-' or 'im-' to form opposites: coherent → incoherent, possible → impossible.

► Use '-er' for a person who performs an action: observe → observer, write → writer.

1. Topic Sentence and Main Idea (8 words)

topic[/ˈtɒpɪk/]noun

Meaning: বিষয়

Alt: আলোচনার মূল ক্ষেত্র

Example: The topic of the paragraph is rural life.

Syn: subject, themeAnt: conclusion

💡 Exam tip: A topic is the general subject of a paragraph.

sentence[/ˈsentəns/]noun

Meaning: বাক্য

Alt: সম্পূর্ণ ভাব প্রকাশকারী শব্দসমষ্টি

Example: The first sentence introduces the main idea.

Syn: statement, clauseAnt: fragment

💡 Exam tip: A complete sentence must express a complete thought.

introduce[/ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/]verb

Meaning: পরিচয় করানো

Alt: আলোচনার সূচনা করা

Example: The topic sentence introduces the subject of the paragraph.

Syn: present, startAnt: conceal, exclude

💡 Exam tip: Use introduce when explaining the function of a topic sentence.

focus[/ˈfəʊkəs/]noun

Meaning: কেন্দ্রবিন্দু

Alt: মনোযোগের বিষয়

Example: The paragraph focuses on the value of reading.

Syn: attention, concentrationAnt: distraction

💡 Exam tip: A good topic sentence limits the focus of a paragraph.

main[/meɪn/]adj

Meaning: প্রধান

Alt: সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

Example: The main idea is stated in the topic sentence.

Syn: chief, principalAnt: minor, secondary

💡 Exam tip: Main idea means the central thought of the paragraph.

idea[/aɪˈdɪə/]noun

Meaning: ধারণা

Alt: চিন্তা বা বক্তব্য

Example: Every supporting sentence develops the central idea.

Syn: thought, notionAnt: disbelief

💡 Exam tip: Do not introduce unrelated ideas in one paragraph.

limit[/ˈlɪmɪt/]verb

Meaning: সীমাবদ্ধ করা

Alt: পরিধি নির্দিষ্ট করা

Example: The topic sentence limits the discussion to rural transport.

Syn: restrict, confineAnt: expand, extend

💡 Exam tip: A focused topic is easier to develop in a single paragraph.

redundant[/rɪˈdʌndənt/]adj

Meaning: অপ্রয়োজনীয়

Alt: অতিরিক্ত বা পুনরাবৃত্ত

Example: Unrelated details are redundant in a unified paragraph.

Syn: unnecessary, repetitiveAnt: necessary, essential

💡 Exam tip: Avoid redundant sentences that do not support the topic sentence.

2. Paragraph Structure and Development (8 words)

paragraph[/ˈpærəɡrɑːf/]noun

Meaning: অনুচ্ছেদ

Alt: একটি কেন্দ্রীয় ভাবসম্পন্ন লেখা

Example: A well-organized paragraph has unity and coherence.

Syn: section, passageAnt: fragment

💡 Exam tip: A paragraph normally contains a topic sentence, developers and a conclusion.

support[/səˈpɔːt/]verb

Meaning: সমর্থন করা

Alt: যুক্তি বা তথ্য দিয়ে প্রমাণ করা

Example: The examples support the topic sentence.

Syn: justify, reinforceAnt: oppose, refute

💡 Exam tip: All supporting details must directly support the main idea.

detail[/ˈdiːteɪl/]noun

Meaning: বিস্তারিত তথ্য

Alt: ক্ষুদ্র কিন্তু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ তথ্য

Example: Sensory details make a descriptive paragraph vivid.

Syn: particular, informationAnt: generality

💡 Exam tip: Add relevant details to make the paragraph complete.

develop[/dɪˈveləp/]verb

Meaning: বিকশিত করা

Alt: বিস্তারিতভাবে প্রকাশ করা

Example: The following sentences develop the main idea.

Syn: expand, elaborateAnt: reduce, neglect

💡 Exam tip: Developers explain, describe or prove the topic sentence.

unity[/ˈjuːnəti/]noun

Meaning: ঐক্য

Alt: একটি কেন্দ্রীয় ভাবের সঙ্গে সামঞ্জস্য

Example: Unity is achieved when every sentence relates to one idea.

Syn: harmony, cohesionAnt: disunity, inconsistency

💡 Exam tip: Unity is a key quality of an effective paragraph.

coherence[/kəʊˈhɪərəns/]noun

Meaning: সংলগ্নতা

Alt: ভাবের যৌক্তিক ও সুসংবদ্ধ বিন্যাস

Example: Transitional words improve coherence in writing.

Syn: logicality, connectednessAnt: confusion, incoherence

💡 Exam tip: Use linking words to maintain coherence.

conclude[/kənˈkluːd/]verb

Meaning: উপসংহার টানা

Alt: শেষ করা

Example: The final sentence concludes the paragraph effectively.

Syn: finish, endAnt: begin, start

💡 Exam tip: A concluding sentence restates the main idea without copying it exactly.

terminator[/ˈtɜːmɪneɪtə/]noun

Meaning: সমাপনী বাক্য

Alt: অনুচ্ছেদের শেষ বক্তব্য

Example: The terminator brings the paragraph to a logical end.

Syn: conclusion, endingAnt: introduction

💡 Exam tip: In textbook terminology, the concluding sentence may be called a terminator.

3. Descriptive Paragraph Vocabulary (8 words)

description[/dɪˈskrɪpʃən/]noun

Meaning: বর্ণনা

Alt: কোনো ব্যক্তি, স্থান বা বস্তুর চিত্র তুলে ধরা

Example: The description of the street appeals to the reader’s senses.

Syn: portrayal, accountAnt: omission

💡 Exam tip: A descriptive paragraph helps the reader imagine the subject.

observe[/əbˈzɜːv/]verb

Meaning: পর্যবেক্ষণ করা

Alt: মনোযোগ দিয়ে দেখা

Example: We should observe a place carefully before describing it.

Syn: notice, watchAnt: ignore, overlook

💡 Exam tip: Careful observation produces accurate descriptive details.

vivid[/ˈvɪvɪd/]adj

Meaning: প্রাণবন্ত

Alt: স্পষ্ট ও জীবন্ত

Example: The writer gives a vivid picture of a rainy evening.

Syn: lively, graphicAnt: dull, vague

💡 Exam tip: Use precise adjectives and sensory details for vivid writing.

sensory[/ˈsensəri/]adj

Meaning: ইন্দ্রিয়সংক্রান্ত

Alt: দৃষ্টি, শ্রবণ, ঘ্রাণ, স্পর্শ ও স্বাদের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত

Example: Sensory details make the scene more realistic.

Syn: perceptive, sensitiveAnt: insensitive

💡 Exam tip: Remember the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste.

serene[/səˈriːn/]adj

Meaning: শান্ত

Alt: নিরিবিলি ও প্রশান্ত

Example: The early morning street had a serene appearance.

Syn: peaceful, calmAnt: agitated, noisy

💡 Exam tip: Serene is useful when describing a quiet natural scene.

intense[/ɪnˈtens/]adj

Meaning: তীব্র

Alt: অত্যন্ত শক্তিশালী

Example: The rainstorm became more intense at night.

Syn: extreme, strongAnt: mild, weak

💡 Exam tip: Use intense for strong rain, heat, emotion or sound.

roar[/rɔːr/]verb

Meaning: গর্জন করা

Alt: জোরে শব্দ করা

Example: The wind roared outside the house.

Syn: thunder, bellowAnt: whisper, murmur

💡 Exam tip: Roar is a strong sound verb used in narrative and descriptive paragraphs.

atmosphere[/ˈætməsfɪə/]noun

Meaning: পরিবেশ

Alt: কোনো স্থানের অনুভূতিপূর্ণ আবহ

Example: The soft lights created a pleasant atmosphere in the room.

Syn: ambience, environmentAnt: emptiness

💡 Exam tip: Atmosphere describes the overall mood or feeling of a place.

4. Narrative Paragraph Vocabulary (8 words)

narrate[/nəˈreɪt/]verb

Meaning: বর্ণনা করা

Alt: ঘটনা বা গল্প বলা

Example: The writer narrates an unforgettable experience.

Syn: recount, tellAnt: conceal, suppress

💡 Exam tip: Narrative writing tells about past events or incidents.

incident[/ˈɪnsɪdənt/]noun

Meaning: ঘটনা

Alt: বিশেষ বা আকস্মিক ঘটনা

Example: The incident changed the way I thought about safety.

Syn: event, occurrenceAnt: nonoccurrence

💡 Exam tip: Use incident for a particular event in a narrative paragraph.

experience[/ɪkˈspɪəriəns/]noun

Meaning: অভিজ্ঞতা

Alt: জীবনে ঘটে যাওয়া ঘটনা বা উপলব্ধি

Example: My first day at school was a memorable experience.

Syn: adventure, encounterAnt: inexperience

💡 Exam tip: A personal experience is a common examination topic.

chronological[/ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/]adj

Meaning: কালানুক্রমিক

Alt: সময়ের ধারাবাহিকতা অনুযায়ী

Example: The events are presented in chronological order.

Syn: sequential, successiveAnt: random, disordered

💡 Exam tip: Narrate actions in the order in which they happened.

happen[/ˈhæpən/]verb

Meaning: ঘটা

Alt: সংঘটিত হওয়া

Example: The accident happened on a busy road.

Syn: occur, take placeAnt: cease

💡 Exam tip: Use the past tense when narrating a past event.

rescue[/ˈreskjuː/]verb

Meaning: উদ্ধার করা

Alt: বিপদ থেকে রক্ষা করা

Example: A young man rescued the drowning boy.

Syn: save, recoverAnt: abandon, endanger

💡 Exam tip: Rescue is useful in paragraphs about accidents and emergencies.

fortunately[/ˈfɔːtʃənətli/]adv

Meaning: সৌভাগ্যক্রমে

Alt: ভাগ্য ভালো যে

Example: Fortunately, the child was rescued in time.

Syn: luckily, happilyAnt: unfortunately

💡 Exam tip: Use adverbs such as first, then, finally and fortunately to connect events.

memorable[/ˈmemərəbəl/]adj

Meaning: স্মরণীয়

Alt: যা সহজে ভোলা যায় না

Example: It was a memorable day in my life.

Syn: remarkable, unforgettableAnt: forgettable, ordinary

💡 Exam tip: Memorable is a strong adjective for concluding a personal narrative.

5. Cause, Effect and Listing Vocabulary (8 words)

cause[/kɔːz/]noun

Meaning: কারণ

Alt: যে কারণে কোনো ঘটনা ঘটে

Example: Careless driving is a major cause of road accidents.

Syn: reason, sourceAnt: effect, result

💡 Exam tip: A cause explains why something happens.

effect[/ɪˈfekt/]noun

Meaning: ফলাফল

Alt: কোনো কাজের পরিণতি

Example: Pollution has a harmful effect on public health.

Syn: result, consequenceAnt: cause, origin

💡 Exam tip: An effect explains what happens because of a cause.

factor[/ˈfæktə/]noun

Meaning: উপাদান

Alt: কোনো ফলাফলে অবদান রাখা কারণ

Example: Fatigue is an important factor in road accidents.

Syn: element, causeAnt: result

💡 Exam tip: Use factor when mentioning one of several causes.

pollution[/pəˈluːʃən/]noun

Meaning: দূষণ

Alt: পরিবেশের ক্ষতিকর নোংরা অবস্থা

Example: Air pollution causes serious health problems.

Syn: contamination, dirtAnt: purity, cleanliness

💡 Exam tip: Common causes include smoke, waste, chemicals and noise.

poverty[/ˈpɒvəti/]noun

Meaning: দারিদ্র্য

Alt: অভাবের অবস্থা

Example: Poverty prevents many children from receiving education.

Syn: destitution, hardshipAnt: wealth, prosperity

💡 Exam tip: Discuss unemployment, illiteracy and population growth as causes of poverty.

listing[/ˈlɪstɪŋ/]noun

Meaning: তালিকাকরণ

Alt: একাধিক বিষয় ধারাবাহিকভাবে উপস্থাপন

Example: The paragraph uses listing to present the stages of education.

Syn: enumeration, catalogueAnt: omission

💡 Exam tip: Use firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally and moreover in listing paragraphs.

source[/sɔːs/]noun

Meaning: উৎস

Alt: যেখান থেকে কিছু পাওয়া যায়

Example: Books are an important source of knowledge.

Syn: origin, resourceAnt: result

💡 Exam tip: Source may refer to causes, supplies or places of information.

contribute[/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/]verb

Meaning: অবদান রাখা

Alt: কোনো ফলাফলে সহায়তা করা

Example: Education contributes to the development of a nation.

Syn: assist, helpAnt: hinder, obstruct

💡 Exam tip: Use contribute to, not contribute for.

6. Comparison and Contrast Vocabulary (8 words)

comparison[/kəmˈpærɪsən/]noun

Meaning: তুলনা

Alt: দুই বা ততোধিক বিষয়ের মিল নির্ণয়

Example: The comparison shows similarities between a paragraph and an essay.

Syn: analogy, correspondenceAnt: contrast

💡 Exam tip: A comparison paragraph mainly emphasizes similarities.

contrast[/ˈkɒntrɑːst/]noun

Meaning: পার্থক্য

Alt: দুই বিষয়ের অমিল

Example: The contrast between town life and rural life is clear.

Syn: difference, distinctionAnt: similarity, resemblance

💡 Exam tip: A contrast paragraph focuses on differences.

similarity[/ˌsɪməˈlærəti/]noun

Meaning: সাদৃশ্য

Alt: দুই বিষয়ের মিল

Example: There are several similarities between the two books.

Syn: likeness, resemblanceAnt: difference, variation

💡 Exam tip: Use similarly, both and alike to show similarities.

difference[/ˈdɪfərəns/]noun

Meaning: পার্থক্য

Alt: দুই বিষয়ের অমিল

Example: The main difference is the purpose of each test.

Syn: distinction, disparityAnt: similarity, sameness

💡 Exam tip: Use whereas, unlike and on the other hand to show differences.

whereas[/ˌweərˈæz/]adv

Meaning: যেখানে; পক্ষান্তরে

Alt: দুটি বিপরীত বিষয় যুক্ত করার শব্দ

Example: Summer is hot, whereas winter is cold.

Syn: while, althoughAnt: similarly

💡 Exam tip: Whereas is commonly used to introduce a contrasting clause.

similarly[/ˈsɪmələli/]adv

Meaning: অনুরূপভাবে

Alt: একইভাবে

Example: Similarly, a novel also has characters and a plot.

Syn: likewise, comparablyAnt: differently

💡 Exam tip: Place similarly at the beginning of a sentence followed by a comma.

distinctive[/dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/]adj

Meaning: স্বতন্ত্র

Alt: বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্যপূর্ণ

Example: The two seasons have distinctive characteristics.

Syn: unique, characteristicAnt: common, ordinary

💡 Exam tip: Distinctive means noticeably different from others.

merit[/ˈmerɪt/]noun

Meaning: গুণ

Alt: ভালো বা উপকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

Example: Both objective and essay tests have their own merits.

Syn: advantage, virtueAnt: demerit, disadvantage

💡 Exam tip: Merit means advantage; demerit means disadvantage.

💡 Exam Tips

• Write one clear topic sentence that states the subject and controlling idea.

• Keep every supporting sentence related to the topic sentence.

• Use specific examples, facts and explanations instead of vague statements.

• For descriptive paragraphs, use details connected with the five senses.

• For narrative paragraphs, use the past tense and arrange events chronologically.

• Use transitional words such as first, next, then, however, therefore, finally and thus.

• In cause-and-effect writing, clearly distinguish causes from effects.

• In listing paragraphs, use firstly, secondly, thirdly, moreover and finally.

• In comparison paragraphs, use both, similarly, likewise and in the same way.

• In contrast paragraphs, use unlike, whereas, on the other hand, however and in contrast.

• End the paragraph with a concluding sentence that restates the central idea.

• Avoid irrelevant, repetitive or excessively broad points in a single paragraph.

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Topic Sentence (Paragraph Writing) - Vocabulary

Chapter: Topic Sentence (Paragraph Writing)

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