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English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Media and Modes of E-communication - Vocabulary

SSC (Class 9-10) ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

🎯 SSC (Class 9-10)🌐 English📅 14 Aug 2026📖 Course 68 of 82
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SSC (Class 9-10)English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Media and Modes of E-communication - Vocabulary

Chapter: Media and Modes of E-communication

📚 Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
electronic mailsenderrecipientexchangedeliverinstantlynetworkwebsiteserverlog insocial networkprofileinteractglobal villageuploadprivacyexpandmultimediae-learningvirtual campuseducationistconventionaldigitiseassignmentcertificationframeworkLearning Management Systemcomputer-assistedremoteaccessresourceattendancefeedbackpunditinevitableautomaticfacilitatepotentialrevolutionarypioneeringcontemplateclarify
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē Noun + noun compound: e-mail, website, mailbox, network, feedback and framework.
â–ē Verb + particle: log in means enter an account; log out means leave an account.
â–ē Prefix e- means electronic: e-mail, e-learning and e-commerce.
â–ē Prefix multi- means many: multimedia means using many forms of media.
â–ē Verb + suffix -tion forms nouns: communicate to communication, certify to certification and attend to attendance.
â–ē Noun + suffix -ist forms a person noun: education to educationist.
â–ē Noun + suffix -al forms adjectives: commerce to commercial and convention to conventional.
â–ē Verb + suffix -ment forms nouns: manage to management and assign to assignment.
â–ē Verb + suffix -ity forms nouns: private to privacy and possible to possibility.
â–ē Verb + suffix -ise forms verbs: digital to digitise.
â–ē Adjective + suffix -ly forms adverbs: instant to instantly, automatic to automatically and inevitable to inevitably.
â–ē Prefix un- forms opposites: conventional to unconventional and available to unavailable.
1. E-mail and Digital Communication (8 words)
electronic mail[/ÉĒˌlekˈtrɒnÉĒk meÉĒl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āχ-āĻŽā§‡āχāϞ; āχāϞ⧇āĻ•āĻŸā§āϰāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĄāĻžāĻ•
Alt: āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž
Example: Electronic mail allows people to exchange messages quickly.
Syn: e-mail, digital mailAnt: postal mail
💡 Exam tip: āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ electronic message and Internet āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
sender[/ˈsendər/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻ•
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: The sender wrote the e-mail very carefully.
Syn: transmitter, authorAnt: recipient
💡 Exam tip: Sender āĻšāϞ⧋ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧ; recipient āĻšāϞ⧋ āϝ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
recipient[/rÉĒˈsÉĒpiənt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ•; āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§€āϤāĻž
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The recipient received the message instantly.
Syn: receiver, addresseeAnt: sender
💡 Exam tip: Sender-recipient āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ vocabulary āĻ“ gap filling-āĻ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
exchange[/ÉĒksˈtʃeÉĒndʒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āφāĻĻāĻžāύ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Friends exchange e-mails every week.
Syn: share, tradeAnt: withhold
💡 Exam tip: Exchange-āĻāϰ noun form āĻšāϞ⧋ exchange āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ adjective form āĻšāϞ⧋ exchangeableāĨ¤
deliver[/dÉĒˈlÉĒvər/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāύ⧋
Example: The server delivers the e-mail to the recipient.
Syn: send, conveyAnt: retain
💡 Exam tip: Deliver-āĻāϰ noun form delivery; passive: is deliveredāĨ¤
instantly[/ˈÉĒnstəntli/]adveasy
Meaning: āϤāĻžā§ŽāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχ
Example: E-mails can be sent instantly with a click.
Syn: immediately, promptlyAnt: slowly, eventually
💡 Exam tip: Instantly āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ adverb; instant āĻšāϞ⧋ noun āĻŦāĻž adjectiveāĨ¤
digital mailbox[/ˈdÉĒdʒÉĒtl ˈmeÉĒlbɒks/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏ
Alt: āχ-āĻŽā§‡āχāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The message remained in the recipient's digital mailbox.
Syn: inbox, electronic mailboxAnt: physical mailbox
💡 Exam tip: Digital mailbox-āϕ⧇ e-mail inbox āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
communication tool[/kəˌmjuːnÉĒˈkeÉĒʃən tuːl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ
Alt: āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: The mobile phone is a powerful communication tool.
Syn: means of communication, mediumAnt: barrier
💡 Exam tip: Powerful communication tool āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ passage-based āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāĨ¤
2. Internet and Web Services (8 words)
Internet[/ˈÉĒntənet/]nouneasy
Meaning: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āϟ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āύ⧇āϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•
Example: The Internet connects people across the world.
Syn: worldwide network, webAnt: offline system
💡 Exam tip: Internet āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ capital I āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
network[/ˈnetwɜːrk/]nouneasy
Meaning: āύ⧇āϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•; āϜāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: E-mails operate through a network of computers.
Syn: system, webAnt: isolation
💡 Exam tip: Network-āĻāϰ verb form āĻšāϞ⧋ network; networking-āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
website[/ˈwebsaÉĒt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāϟ
Alt: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: This website provides useful educational materials.
Syn: web page, online siteAnt: offline source
💡 Exam tip: Website āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, web site āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
server[/ˈsɜːrvər/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāϰ
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The server stores the message until the user comes online.
Syn: host computer, providerAnt: client
💡 Exam tip: Server āϤāĻĨā§āϝ serve āĻ•āϰ⧇; āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
log in[/lɒɡ ÉĒn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϏāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻĸā§‹āĻ•āĻž
Example: Students log in to the learning platform every morning.
Syn: sign in, enterAnt: log out, sign out
💡 Exam tip: Log in āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ; login āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻšāϞ⧇ noun āĻŦāĻž adjective āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
online[/ˌɒnˈlaÉĒn/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ; āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ
Alt: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: The teacher was online when I sent the message.
Syn: connected, Internet-basedAnt: offline
💡 Exam tip: Online education āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ online programme āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ collocationāĨ¤
commercial[/kəˈmɜːrʃəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝāĻŋāĻ•
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϞāĻžāϭ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: Yahoo and Gmail are commercial e-mail services.
Syn: business, profit-makingAnt: non-commercial
💡 Exam tip: Commercial-āĻāϰ noun form commerce; adverb commerciallyāĨ¤
information superhighway[/ˌÉĒnfərˈmeÉĒʃən ˈsuːpərhaÉĒweÉĒ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻĄāĻŧāĻ•
Alt: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻ• āύāĻžāĻŽ
Example: The Internet is often called the information superhighway.
Syn: Internet, digital highwayAnt: information barrier
💡 Exam tip: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ compound noun; āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ Internet āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧋āĨ¤
3. Social Networking Services (8 words)
social network[/ˈsəʊʃəl ˈnetwɜːrk/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧇āϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•
Alt: āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: A social network helps users interact with others.
Syn: social media, online communityAnt: social isolation
💡 Exam tip: Social network āĻšāϞ⧋ people interacting through the InternetāĨ¤
profile[/ˈprəʊfaÉĒl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ
Example: She updated her profile with a new photograph.
Syn: account, personal pageAnt: anonymity
💡 Exam tip: Profile-āĻāϰ verb form profile; personal profile phrase-āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
interact[/ˌÉĒntərˈÃĻkt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Social media allows users to interact across borders.
Syn: communicate, engageAnt: ignore, withdraw
💡 Exam tip: Interact-āĻāϰ noun interaction āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ adjective interactiveāĨ¤
global village[/ˌɡləʊbəl ˈvÉĒlÉĒdʒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰ āϘāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āĻ āĻž āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€
Example: The Internet has turned the world into a global village.
Syn: connected world, global communityAnt: isolated world
💡 Exam tip: Global village-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ rapid communication āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧋āĨ¤
upload[/ˌʌpˈləʊd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āφāĻĒāϞ⧋āĻĄ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĢāĻžāχāϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧋
Example: Users can upload pictures and multimedia contents.
Syn: transfer, postAnt: download
💡 Exam tip: Upload-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ download; noun āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ uploadāĨ¤
privacy[/ˈprÉĒvəsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāύ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ
Example: Privacy protection is important on social networks.
Syn: secrecy, confidentialityAnt: publicity, exposure
💡 Exam tip: Privacy-āĻāϰ adjective private; privacy protection āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ phraseāĨ¤
expand[/ÉĒkˈspÃĻnd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ, āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Social networks are expanding very quickly.
Syn: grow, increaseAnt: contract, shrink
💡 Exam tip: Expand-āĻāϰ noun expansion āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ adjective expansiveāĨ¤
multimedia[/ˌmʌltiˈmiːdiə/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ
Alt: āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻž, āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ
Example: The website contains multimedia learning materials.
Syn: mixed media, digital contentAnt: single medium
💡 Exam tip: Multimedia āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ uncountable noun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
4. E-learning and Virtual Education (8 words)
e-learning[/ˈiː ˌlɜːrnÉĒŋ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āχ-āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāύ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž
Example: E-learning can make education accessible to many students.
Syn: online learning, electronic educationAnt: traditional learning
💡 Exam tip: E-learning-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ virtual campus-āĻ electronically āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
virtual campus[/ˈvɜːrtʃuəl ˈkÃĻmpəs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ
Example: Students attend classes in a virtual campus.
Syn: online campus, digital campusAnt: physical campus
💡 Exam tip: Virtual campus-āĻ classroom, attendance, exam āĻ“ certification āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
educationist[/ˌedʒuˈkeÉĒʃənÉĒst/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Educationists are exploring the benefits of computer technology.
Syn: educator, education expertAnt: uneducated person
💡 Exam tip: Educationist-āĻāϰ synonym educator; education āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤
conventional[/kənˈvenʃənəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ
Example: E-learning can assist the conventional education system.
Syn: traditional, usualAnt: unconventional, modern
💡 Exam tip: Conventional education āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ classroom-based education āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
digitise[/ˈdÉĒdʒÉĒtaÉĒz/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϤāĻĨā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: The system digitises all educational activities.
Syn: computerise, convert digitallyAnt: de-digitalise
💡 Exam tip: British spelling digitise; American spelling digitizeāĨ¤
assignment[/əˈsaÉĒnmənt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ
Alt: āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϜ
Example: Students submit their assignments through e-mail.
Syn: task, exerciseAnt: leisure
💡 Exam tip: Assignment-āĻāϰ verb assign; submit an assignment āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ phraseāĨ¤
certification[/ˌsɜːrtÉĒfÉĒˈkeÉĒʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: āϏāύāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ
Alt: āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āφāύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ
Example: Certification takes place electronically in a virtual campus.
Syn: qualification, accreditationAnt: disqualification
💡 Exam tip: Certification-āĻāϰ verb certify āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ noun certificateāĨ¤
framework[/ˈfreÉĒmwɜːrk/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Example: Professor Khan developed a framework for e-learning.
Syn: structure, outlineAnt: disorganisation
💡 Exam tip: Framework-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ develop, create āĻŦāĻž provide āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
5. Technology and Learning Management (8 words)
Learning Management System[/ˈlɜːrnÉĒŋ ˈmÃĻnÉĒdʒmənt ˈsÉĒstəm/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻĢāϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: A Learning Management System conducts online classes and exams.
Syn: LMS, digital learning platformAnt: manual learning system
💡 Exam tip: Learning Management System-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āϰ⧂āĻĒ LMSāĨ¤
computer-assisted[/kəmˈpjuːtər əˈsÉĒstÉĒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ-āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āĻ•āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāωāϟāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ
Example: Computer-assisted teaching supports classroom learning.
Syn: computer-aided, technology-supportedAnt: computer-free
💡 Exam tip: Computer-assisted teaching/learning āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāχ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ compound phraseāĨ¤
remote[/rÉĒˈməʊt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀
Alt: āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ
Example: Users can access the system from remote terminals.
Syn: distant, farawayAnt: nearby, local
💡 Exam tip: Remote education āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ remote access-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
access[/ˈÃĻkses/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Students can access digital resources from home.
Syn: reach, obtainAnt: block, deny
💡 Exam tip: Access noun āĻ“ verb āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ; verb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ /ˈÃĻkses/āĨ¤
resource[/rÉĒˈsɔːrs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ; āωāĻĒāĻ•āϰāĻŖ
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ
Example: Wikipedia is a useful educational resource.
Syn: material, sourceAnt: shortage
💡 Exam tip: Educational resources āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ writing-āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāĨ¤
attendance[/əˈtendəns/]nouneasy
Meaning: āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ
Example: The LMS records students' attendance automatically.
Syn: presence, participationAnt: absence
💡 Exam tip: Attendance-āĻāϰ verb attend āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ adjective attentive āύāϝāĻŧ—āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤
feedback[/ˈfiːdbÃĻk/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ; āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ
Example: The tutor gives immediate feedback on each assignment.
Syn: response, evaluationAnt: silence
💡 Exam tip: Feedback āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ uncountable noun; a feedback āύāĻž āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ some feedback āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
pundit[/ˈpƌndÉĒt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻœā§āĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: The framework has been praised by pundits worldwide.
Syn: expert, authorityAnt: novice, amateur
💡 Exam tip: Pundit-āĻāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ synonym expert; passage meaning-āĻ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤
6. Exam-oriented Descriptive and Functional Words (8 words)
inevitable[/ÉĒnˈevÉĒtəbl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž
Example: Checking e-mails has become an inevitable part of office work.
Syn: unavoidable, certainAnt: avoidable, uncertain
💡 Exam tip: Inevitable-āĻāϰ noun inevitability āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ adverb inevitablyāĨ¤
automatic[/ˌɔːtəˈmÃĻtÉĒk/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ
Example: Logging in has become an automatic behaviour for many workers.
Syn: mechanical, involuntaryAnt: manual, deliberate
💡 Exam tip: Automatic-āĻāϰ adverb automatically; automatic behaviour phrase-āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
facilitate[/fəˈsÉĒlÉĒteÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āϏāĻšāϜāϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Websites facilitate social relations among people.
Syn: ease, assistAnt: hinder, obstruct
💡 Exam tip: Facilitate-āĻāϰ noun facilitation; facilitate communication āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
potential[/pəˈtenʃəl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž
Alt: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Example: Social networks have huge potential in education.
Syn: possibility, capacityAnt: inability, limitation
💡 Exam tip: Potential adjective āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: potential benefitsāĨ¤
revolutionary[/ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦ⧈āĻĒā§āϞāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•
Alt: āφāĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: E-learning is a revolutionary concept in education.
Syn: innovative, transformativeAnt: traditional, conservative
💡 Exam tip: Revolutionary āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇ revolution āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇; noun form āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
pioneering[/ˌpaÉĒəˈnÉĒərÉĒŋ/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻĨāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•
Alt: āύāϤ⧁āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŖā§€
Example: A virtual university would be a pioneering step for Bangladesh.
Syn: innovative, ground-breakingAnt: imitative, ordinary
💡 Exam tip: Pioneering step āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ collocationāĨ¤
contemplate[/ˈkɒntəmpleÉĒt/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Bangladesh may contemplate establishing a virtual university.
Syn: consider, think aboutAnt: disregard, reject
💡 Exam tip: Contemplate-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ verb āĻšāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ gerund āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: contemplate establishingāĨ¤
clarify[/ˈklÃĻrÉĒfaÉĒ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋
Example: Please clarify the meaning of this paragraph.
Syn: explain, illuminateAnt: confuse, obscure
💡 Exam tip: Clarify-āĻāϰ noun clarification āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ adjective clearāĨ¤
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ Sender means the person who sends a message, while recipient means the person who receives it.
â€ĸ For definition questions, describe e-mail as an electronic exchange of digital text through the Internet.
â€ĸ Remember the sequence of e-mail communication: sender, server, digital mailbox and recipient.
â€ĸ Use social networks as web-based services that help users interact across borders.
â€ĸ Mention cost-free access, public profiles, multimedia uploads, blog entries and privacy protection as reasons for the rapid expansion of social networks.
â€ĸ Differentiate online education from e-learning: in e-learning, registration, admission, classes, attendance, discussion, exams and certification all occur electronically.
â€ĸ Use contrast markers such as firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly and finally to maintain logical sequence.
â€ĸ For advantages of e-mail, write fast, inexpensive, reliable, efficient and convenient.
â€ĸ For disadvantages of e-mail, write dependence on the Internet, privacy risks, spam and lack of face-to-face contact.
â€ĸ In paragraph writing, use communication-related collocations such as access information, exchange messages, upload pictures, protect privacy and submit assignments.
â€ĸ In sentence completion, check tense and voice carefully: must be conducted, have been utilising and may take.
â€ĸ In a debate, present both advantages and disadvantages before giving your own opinion.

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