Chapter: World Heritage
đ Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
heritage â āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰUNESCO World Heritage Site â āĻāĻāύā§āϏā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύinfrastructure â āĻ
āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§architectural beauty â āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϝāϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝprayer hall â āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻšāϞāĻāϰventilation â āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞarchaeological site â āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āύāϤāĻžāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύexcavation â āĻāύāύāĻāĻžāϰā§āϝancient monument â āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āϏā§āĻŽā§āϤāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻBuddhist monastery â āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻŽāĻ devout Buddhist â āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻĒāϰāĻžā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧbenefactor â āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžjoint venture â āϝā§āĻĨ āĻāĻĻā§āϝā§āĻpedestal â āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋunveiling ceremony â āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āĻāύ āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύsymbolize freedom â āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻžoppression and slavery â āύāĻŋāĻĒā§ā§āύ āĻ āĻĻāĻžāϏāϤā§āĻŦinteractive web camera â āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻļā§āϞ āĻā§ā§āĻŦ āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžfresh surface water â āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻž āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āϏā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋmaximum depth â āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āϰāϤāĻžhot spring â āĻāώā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖstormy lake â āĻā§ā§ āĻšā§āϰāĻĻexceptional beauty â āĻ
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ
đ Word Formation Rules
âē heritage â inherit â hereditary: heritage is a noun, inherit is a verb, and hereditary is an adjective.
âē culture â cultural â culturally: add -al to form the adjective and -ly to form the adverb.
âē architecture â architectural â architecturally: the suffix -al forms the adjective.
âē excavate â excavation â excavator: -ation forms the process noun and -or forms the person noun.
âē archaeology â archaeologist â archaeological: -ist forms a person and -ical forms an adjective.
âē devout â devotion: the adjective devout changes to the noun devotion.
âē symbol â symbolize â symbolic: -ize forms a verb and -ic forms an adjective.
âē oppress â oppression â oppressive: -ion forms the noun and -ive forms the adjective.
âē attract â attraction â attractive â attractively: -ion, -ive and -ly create related forms.
âē preserve â preservation â preservative: -ation forms the process noun and -ative forms an adjective or noun.
âē exception â exceptional â exceptionally: -al forms the adjective and -ly forms the adverb.
âē storm â stormy â storminess: -y forms the adjective and -ness forms the abstract noun.
1. The Shat Gambuj Mosque: Heritage and History (9 words)
heritage[/ËherÉĒtÉĒdĘ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ; āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāϏā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
Alt: āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ
Example: The Shat Gambuj Mosque is a valuable part of Bangladesh's cultural heritage.
Syn: legacy, inheritanceAnt: modernity
đĄ Exam tip: Remember: heritage is something inherited from the past and passed on to future generations.
inspire[/ÉĒnËspaÉĒÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āύā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: The beauty of the mosque inspires visitors.
Syn: encourage, motivateAnt: discourage, dishearten
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: inspiration; adjective form: inspiring or inspired.
cultural[/ËkĘltĘÉrÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϰā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: The mosque is an important cultural monument.
Syn: traditional, civilizationalAnt: uncultural
đĄ Exam tip: Cultural heritage means traditions, buildings and practices inherited from the past.
historic[/hÉĒËstÉrÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ
Alt: āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Khalifatabad was a historic Muslim colony.
Syn: important, notableAnt: insignificant
đĄ Exam tip: Historic means important in history; historical generally means related to history.
outskirts[/ËaĘtskÉË(r)ts/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻšāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļ
Example: The mosque is situated on the outskirts of Bagerhat town.
Syn: suburbs, fringeAnt: centre, heart
đĄ Exam tip: Outskirts is usually used as a plural noun: on the outskirts of a town.
colony[/ËkÉlÉni/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ; āĻŦāϏāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: Khalifatabad was founded as a Muslim colony.
Syn: settlement, dominionAnt: wilderness
đĄ Exam tip: Plural form: colonies; do not write colonys.
infrastructure[/ËÉĒnfrÉstrĘktĘÉ(r)/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The city's infrastructure included roads, bridges and reservoirs.
Syn: framework, foundationAnt: disorganization
đĄ Exam tip: Infrastructure is an uncountable noun; avoid using infrastructures in ordinary exam answers.
architectural[/ËÉËkÉĒËtektĘÉrÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϝ-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Alt: āĻāĻŦāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āύāĻāĻļāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: The mosque is famous for its architectural beauty.
Syn: structural, åģēį¯-relatedAnt: nonarchitectural
đĄ Exam tip: Architecture is the noun and architect is the person who designs buildings.
remarkable[/rÉĒËmÉËkÉbl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝ; āĻ
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻā§ āύāĻāϰ āĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The Shat Gambuj Mosque is the most remarkable building in the city.
Syn: extraordinary, notableAnt: ordinary, unremarkable
đĄ Exam tip: Use remarkable as a synonym of extraordinary in paragraph writing.
2. Mosque Architecture and Construction (9 words)
multi-domed[/ËmĘltiËdÉĘmd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻ
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϤ
Example: The multi-domed mosque attracts many tourists.
Syn: many-domed, domedAnt: dome-free
đĄ Exam tip: This is a compound adjective: multi + domed.
pillar[/ËpÉĒlÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϞā§āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ
Example: Sixty pillars support the roof of the mosque.
Syn: column, supportAnt: opening
đĄ Exam tip: Pillar and column are often interchangeable in architectural descriptions.
arched[/ÉËtĘt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāύāϝā§āĻā§āϤ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ
Example: The eastern wall has eleven arched doorways.
Syn: curved, vaultedAnt: straight, flat
đĄ Exam tip: Use arched before a noun: arched doorway, arched window.
ventilation[/ËventÉĒËleÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞ
Alt: āϤāĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ āĻĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The doorways provide light and ventilation.
Syn: air circulation, airingAnt: stagnation
đĄ Exam tip: Verb form: ventilate; adjective: ventilated.
mihrab[/ËmÉĒhrÉËb/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻŋāĻšāϰāĻžāĻŦ; āĻŽāϏāĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāĻŦāϞāĻžāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽāϏāĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ
Example: The west wall contains eleven decorated mihrabs.
Syn: prayer niche, niche
đĄ Exam tip: In a definition question, write: a niche in a mosque pointing towards Makkah.
niche[/nÉĒtĘ/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻā§āϤāϰ⧠āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The mihrab is a niche in the western wall.
Syn: recess, alcoveAnt: projection
đĄ Exam tip: Niche can also mean a suitable position or role, but here it means a wall recess.
terracotta[/ËterÉËkÉtÉ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§ā§āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĒā§ā§āĻžāύ⧠āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ
āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻāϰā§āĻŽ
Example: The mihrabs are decorated with stonework and terracotta.
Syn: baked clay, earthenware
đĄ Exam tip: Terracotta literally means baked earth or baked clay.
reservoir[/ËrezÉvwÉË(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻšā§āϰāĻĻ
Example: Khan Jahan built reservoirs to make the city habitable.
Syn: water store, basin
đĄ Exam tip: Plural form: reservoirs; it is useful in questions about public facilities.
habitable[/ËhÃĻbÉĒtÉbl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϏāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§
Example: Roads and reservoirs made the city habitable.
Syn: livable, inhabitableAnt: uninhabitable
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: habitability; verb phrase: make a place habitable.
3. Somapura Mahavihara: Archaeology (9 words)
archaeological[/ËÉËkiÉËlÉdĘÉĒkÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āύāϤāĻžāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āύāĻŋāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ āĻ āϏāĻā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻž-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Paharpur is an important archaeological site.
Syn: historical, antiquarianAnt: modern
đĄ Exam tip: British spelling is archaeological; American spelling is archeological.
excavate[/ËekskÉveÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāύāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻžāύā§
Example: Archaeologists excavated the ancient monastery.
Syn: dig, uncoverAnt: bury, cover
đĄ Exam tip: Noun forms: excavation and excavator.
lofty[/ËlÉfti/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻ; āϏā§āĻāĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ
Example: A lofty ruin emerged after the hill was excavated.
Syn: high, toweringAnt: low, short
đĄ Exam tip: In this chapter, lofty refers mainly to great height.
debris[/ËdeÉĒbriË/]nounhard
Meaning: āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏāĻžāĻŦāĻļā§āώ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻāϰā§
Example: The archaeologists examined the debris of the ancient structure.
Syn: rubble, wreckageAnt: structure
đĄ Exam tip: Debris is generally an uncountable noun and is pronounced without a final s sound.
systematic[/ËsÉĒstÉËmÃĻtÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞ; āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻāϤ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰā§
Example: Systematic excavation of the site began in 1923.
Syn: methodical, organizedAnt: random, disorganized
đĄ Exam tip: Adverb form: systematically; noun form: systematization.
devout[/dÉĒËvaĘt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻā§āϰā§; āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻĒāϰāĻžā§āĻŖ
Alt: āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻāϤ
Example: The Pala rulers were devout Buddhists.
Syn: pious, religiousAnt: irreligious, impious
đĄ Exam tip: Devout is commonly used before a religious identity: a devout Buddhist.
monastery[/ËmÉnÉstri/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ
Alt: āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ā§ āϏāύā§āύā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: Somapura Mahavihara was a famous Buddhist monastery.
Syn: abbey, convent
đĄ Exam tip: Plural form: monasteries; change y to ies.
relic[/ËrelÉĒk/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āύāĻŋāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ
Alt: āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ
Example: The ruins contain relics of an ancient civilization.
Syn: remnant, artifactAnt: innovation
đĄ Exam tip: Relic and archaeological artifact are useful alternatives in historical descriptions.
benefactor[/ËbenÉĒfÃĻktÉ(r)/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāϰāĻ; āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻĻā§ā§
Example: The monastery shared the political fortunes of its royal benefactors.
Syn: supporter, patronAnt: opponent, detractor
đĄ Exam tip: The plural is benefactors; meaning in the text is financial supporters.
4. The Statue of Liberty: Freedom and Technology (9 words)
sculptor[/ËskĘlptÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻāϰ
Alt: āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻāϰā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§
Example: Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was the French sculptor of the statue.
Syn: artist, carver
đĄ Exam tip: Verb: sculpt; noun for the work: sculpture.
assign[/ÉËsaÉĒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Bartholdi was assigned to design the sculpture.
Syn: appoint, taskAnt: dismiss, withdraw
đĄ Exam tip: Pattern: assign somebody to do something; assign a task to somebody.
venture[/ËventĘÉ(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āϝā§āĻ; āϝā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: The statue was a joint venture between France and the USA.
Syn: project, undertakingAnt: inaction
đĄ Exam tip: Joint venture means a project undertaken cooperatively by two parties.
pedestal[/ËpedÉĒstl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻāϰā§āϝ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: The people of the USA built the pedestal.
Syn: base, plinth
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse pedestal with statue; the statue stands on the pedestal.
unveiling[/ĘnËveÉĒlÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āĻāύ āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŽā§āϤāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύ
Example: Thousands of people attended the unveiling ceremony.
Syn: inauguration, revelationAnt: concealment
đĄ Exam tip: Unveiling ceremony is a common collocation in historical passages.
symbolize[/ËsÉĒmbÉlaÉĒz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻā§ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: The broken chain symbolizes freedom from oppression.
Syn: represent, stand forAnt: conceal, misrepresent
đĄ Exam tip: British spelling: symbolise; noun: symbol; adjective: symbolic.
oppression[/ÉËpreĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻĒā§ā§āύ
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ
Example: The statue represents freedom from oppression and slavery.
Syn: persecution, tyrannyAnt: freedom, liberation
đĄ Exam tip: Verb: oppress; adjective: oppressive.
transport[/ËtrÃĻnspÉËt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āύāĻŋā§ā§ āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: The statue was transported to New York by a French warship.
Syn: carry, conveyAnt: retain, keep
đĄ Exam tip: As a noun, transport means the system or act of carrying people or goods.
interactive[/ËÉĒntÉrËÃĻktÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻļā§āϞ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻĻā§ā§ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The web cameras provide an interactive view of the torch.
Syn: responsive, participatoryAnt: passive, noninteractive
đĄ Exam tip: Noun: interaction; verb: interact; adverb: interactively.
5. Lake Baikal: Natural Features (9 words)
gigantic[/dĘaÉĒËÉĄÃĻntÉĒk/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ; āĻĻā§āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ
Example: Lake Baikal is a gigantic bowl set above sea level.
Syn: huge, enormousAnt: tiny, minuscule
đĄ Exam tip: Use gigantic, vast or enormous to describe the size of a natural feature.
charming[/ËtĘÉËmÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŽāύā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āϧāĻāϰ
Alt: āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖā§ā§ āĻ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻāĻĻāĻžā§āĻ
Example: Lake Baikal is a charming miracle of nature.
Syn: attractive, delightfulAnt: unpleasant, repulsive
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: charm; verb: charm.
basin[/ËbeÉĒsn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāĻž; āĻāϞāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋ-āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The water basin of Lake Baikal is enormous.
Syn: hollow, depressionAnt: ridge, elevation
đĄ Exam tip: In geography, a basin is a low area where water collects.
surface[/ËsÉËfÉĒs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļ
Example: Baikal contains a large share of the world's fresh surface water.
Syn: top, exteriorAnt: depth, interior
đĄ Exam tip: Surface water means water found on the earth's surface, not underground water.
depth[/depθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āϰāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĻā§āϰāϤā§āĻŦ
Example: The maximum depth of Lake Baikal is 1,620 metres.
Syn: deepness, distance downwardAnt: shallowness
đĄ Exam tip: Adjective: deep; adverb: deeply; opposite adjective: shallow.
spring[/sprÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϏ
Example: There are hot springs around Lake Baikal.
Syn: water source, fountain
đĄ Exam tip: In this lesson, spring means a natural water source, not the season.
generator[/ËdĘenÉreÉĒtÉ(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϏ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāϰā§
Example: The lake acts as a powerful generator and bio-filter.
Syn: producer, creatorAnt: consumer
đĄ Exam tip: Verb: generate; noun: generation; adjective: generative.
stormy[/ËstÉËmi/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§ā§
Alt: āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ
Example: Autumn is the stormiest time on Lake Baikal.
Syn: windy, turbulentAnt: calm, peaceful
đĄ Exam tip: Comparative: stormier; superlative: stormiest.
exceptional[/ÉĒkËsepĘÉnÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ; āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž
Example: The beauty of Lake Baikal is exceptional.
Syn: outstanding, extraordinaryAnt: ordinary, usual
đĄ Exam tip: Noun form: exception; adverb: exceptionally.
6. High-Value Synonyms, Antonyms and Academic Words (9 words)
ancient[/ËeÉĒnĘÉnt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ
Alt: āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰā§āύā§; āϏā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ
āϤā§āϤā§āϰ
Example: Paharpur contains the ruins of an ancient temple.
Syn: old, antiquatedAnt: modern, new
đĄ Exam tip: Ancient is stronger than old and is frequently used with civilization, monument and temple.
extensive[/ÉĒkËstensÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ
Alt: āĻŦā§ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻā§ā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Cunningham intended to carry out extensive excavation.
Syn: widespread, broadAnt: limited, narrow
đĄ Exam tip: Noun: extent; verb: extend; adverb: extensively.
uncover[/ĘnËkĘvÉ(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž; āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĸā§āĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Excavation uncovered the remains of a Buddhist monastery.
Syn: reveal, discoverAnt: cover, conceal
đĄ Exam tip: Uncover is a separable phrasal-style verb: uncover an artifact.
ruin[/ËruËÉĒn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏāĻžāĻŦāĻļā§āώ
Alt: āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻļ
Example: The ruins of Somapura Mahavihara attract researchers.
Syn: remains, wreckageAnt: restoration, construction
đĄ Exam tip: Ruin as a noun often appears in the plural form ruins when referring to remains.
preserve[/prÉĒËzÉËv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āώ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Example: The government should preserve historical monuments.
Syn: protect, conserveAnt: destroy, neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Noun: preservation; adjective: preservative or preserved.
reputation[/ËrepjuËteÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āύāĻžāĻŽ; āĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž
Example: The monasteries gained a reputation as centres of learning.
Syn: fame, standingAnt: disgrace, notoriety
đĄ Exam tip: Common phrase: gain or build a reputation for something.
dominant[/ËdÉmÉĒnÉnt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞā§
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞā§
Example: The central shrine is the dominant feature of the monastery.
Syn: leading, prominentAnt: subordinate, minor
đĄ Exam tip: Verb: dominate; noun: dominance.
unusual[/ĘnËjuËĘuÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ; āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϞ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The central shrine has an unusual architectural design.
Syn: rare, extraordinaryAnt: usual, common
đĄ Exam tip: Prefix un- changes usual into its opposite: unusual.
attraction[/ÉËtrÃĻkĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ; āĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύā§ā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āώā§āĻ āĻāϰā§
Example: The mosque is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Bangladesh.
Syn: appeal, landmarkAnt: repulsion
đĄ Exam tip: Verb: attract; adjective: attractive; adverb: attractively.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ passage āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāϞ, āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžāĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻ; āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠short question āĻ table completion-āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
âĸ Heritage, archaeological, architectural, extensive, exceptional āĻ dominantâāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āϞā§āϰ synonym āĻāĻŦāĻ antonym āĻŽā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ description āϞāĻŋāĻāϤ⧠location, history, structure, materials, special features āĻāĻŦāĻ present importanceâāĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
âĸ Paharpur-āĻāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ-āĻĢāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§: hill āĻŦāĻž pahar āĻĨā§āĻā§ Paharpur āύāĻžāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻāϏā§āĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ The Statue of Liberty-āĻāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ France, USA, 1885, 28 October 1886, broken chain, torch āĻāĻŦāĻ web camerasâāĻāĻ keywordāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ Lake Baikal-āĻāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻžā§ location, area, length, width, depth, water volume, hot springs āĻ stormy weather āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ heritage site āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠comparative structure āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§: older than, larger than, more attractive thanāĨ¤
âĸ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻāϞ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§, āϝā§āĻŽāύ: A mihrab is a niche in a mosque pointing towards Makkah.
âĸ Vocabulary answer-āĻ part of speech āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§: preserve āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ verb, preservation āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ noun, preserved āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ adjectiveāĨ¤
âĸ Paragraph āĻ composition-āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻā§ heritage-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠legacy, attraction-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠landmark āĻāĻŦāĻ beautiful-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠exceptional āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤