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English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - World Heritage - Vocabulary

SSC (Class 9-10) ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

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SSC (Class 9-10)English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - World Heritage - Vocabulary

Chapter: World Heritage

📚 Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
heritage — āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ āĻ“ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰUNESCO World Heritage Site — āχāωāύ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧋āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύinfrastructure — āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹architectural beauty — āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝāϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝprayer hall — āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻšāϞāϘāϰventilation — āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞarchaeological site — āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āύāϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύexcavation — āĻ–āύāύāĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝancient monument — āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­Buddhist monastery — āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻŽāĻ devout Buddhist — āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāϰāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧbenefactor — āωāĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžjoint venture — āϝ⧌āĻĨ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ—pedestal — āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻŋunveiling ceremony — āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύsymbolize freedom — āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ• āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžoppression and slavery — āύāĻŋāĻĒā§€ā§œāύ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻžāϏāĻ¤ā§āĻŦinteractive web camera — āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āĻŦ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰāĻžfresh surface water — āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻž āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋmaximum depth — āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāϤāĻžhot spring — āωāĻˇā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖstormy lake — āĻā§œā§‹ āĻšā§āϰāĻĻexceptional beauty — āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē heritage → inherit → hereditary: heritage is a noun, inherit is a verb, and hereditary is an adjective.
â–ē culture → cultural → culturally: add -al to form the adjective and -ly to form the adverb.
â–ē architecture → architectural → architecturally: the suffix -al forms the adjective.
â–ē excavate → excavation → excavator: -ation forms the process noun and -or forms the person noun.
â–ē archaeology → archaeologist → archaeological: -ist forms a person and -ical forms an adjective.
â–ē devout → devotion: the adjective devout changes to the noun devotion.
â–ē symbol → symbolize → symbolic: -ize forms a verb and -ic forms an adjective.
â–ē oppress → oppression → oppressive: -ion forms the noun and -ive forms the adjective.
â–ē attract → attraction → attractive → attractively: -ion, -ive and -ly create related forms.
â–ē preserve → preservation → preservative: -ation forms the process noun and -ative forms an adjective or noun.
â–ē exception → exceptional → exceptionally: -al forms the adjective and -ly forms the adverb.
â–ē storm → stormy → storminess: -y forms the adjective and -ness forms the abstract noun.
1. The Shat Gambuj Mosque: Heritage and History (9 words)
heritage[/ˈherÉĒtÉĒdʒ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ; āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
Alt: āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ
Example: The Shat Gambuj Mosque is a valuable part of Bangladesh's cultural heritage.
Syn: legacy, inheritanceAnt: modernity
💡 Exam tip: Remember: heritage is something inherited from the past and passed on to future generations.
inspire[/ÉĒnˈspaÉĒə(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āϰ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: The beauty of the mosque inspires visitors.
Syn: encourage, motivateAnt: discourage, dishearten
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: inspiration; adjective form: inspiring or inspired.
cultural[/ˈkʌltʃərəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ•
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϰ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: The mosque is an important cultural monument.
Syn: traditional, civilizationalAnt: uncultural
💡 Exam tip: Cultural heritage means traditions, buildings and practices inherited from the past.
historic[/hÉĒˈstɒrÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Alt: āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: Khalifatabad was a historic Muslim colony.
Syn: important, notableAnt: insignificant
💡 Exam tip: Historic means important in history; historical generally means related to history.
outskirts[/ˈaʊtskɜː(r)ts/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻšāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻ—
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ
Example: The mosque is situated on the outskirts of Bagerhat town.
Syn: suburbs, fringeAnt: centre, heart
💡 Exam tip: Outskirts is usually used as a plural noun: on the outskirts of a town.
colony[/ˈkɒləni/]nounmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ; āĻŦāϏāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: Khalifatabad was founded as a Muslim colony.
Syn: settlement, dominionAnt: wilderness
💡 Exam tip: Plural form: colonies; do not write colonys.
infrastructure[/ˈÉĒnfrəstrƌktʃə(r)/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The city's infrastructure included roads, bridges and reservoirs.
Syn: framework, foundationAnt: disorganization
💡 Exam tip: Infrastructure is an uncountable noun; avoid using infrastructures in ordinary exam answers.
architectural[/ˌɑːkÉĒˈtektʃərəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Alt: āĻ­āĻŦāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āύāĻ•āĻļāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: The mosque is famous for its architectural beauty.
Syn: structural, åģēᝉ-relatedAnt: nonarchitectural
💡 Exam tip: Architecture is the noun and architect is the person who designs buildings.
remarkable[/rÉĒˈmɑːkəbl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ; āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āύāϜāϰ āĻ•āĻžā§œā§‡ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The Shat Gambuj Mosque is the most remarkable building in the city.
Syn: extraordinary, notableAnt: ordinary, unremarkable
💡 Exam tip: Use remarkable as a synonym of extraordinary in paragraph writing.
2. Mosque Architecture and Construction (9 words)
multi-domed[/ˌmʌltiˈdəʊmd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻŦ⧁āϜāĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ
Alt: āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ—āĻŽā§āĻŦ⧁āϜāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ
Example: The multi-domed mosque attracts many tourists.
Syn: many-domed, domedAnt: dome-free
💡 Exam tip: This is a compound adjective: multi + domed.
pillar[/ˈpÉĒlə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­
Alt: āĻ›āĻžāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āϖ⧁āρāϟāĻŋ
Example: Sixty pillars support the roof of the mosque.
Syn: column, supportAnt: opening
💡 Exam tip: Pillar and column are often interchangeable in architectural descriptions.
arched[/ɑːtʃt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻžāύ⧋ āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ
Example: The eastern wall has eleven arched doorways.
Syn: curved, vaultedAnt: straight, flat
💡 Exam tip: Use arched before a noun: arched doorway, arched window.
ventilation[/ˌventÉĒˈleÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞ
Alt: āϤāĻžāϜāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: The doorways provide light and ventilation.
Syn: air circulation, airingAnt: stagnation
💡 Exam tip: Verb form: ventilate; adjective: ventilated.
mihrab[/ˈmÉĒhrɑːb/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻŋāĻšāϰāĻžāĻŦ; āĻŽāϏāϜāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāĻŦāϞāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻ–ā§‹āĻĒ
Alt: āĻŽāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŽāϏāϜāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϕ⧁āϞ⧁āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ
Example: The west wall contains eleven decorated mihrabs.
Syn: prayer niche, niche
💡 Exam tip: In a definition question, write: a niche in a mosque pointing towards Makkah.
niche[/nÉĒtʃ/]nounhard
Meaning: āϕ⧁āϞ⧁āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ
Alt: āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ–āĻžāρāϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The mihrab is a niche in the western wall.
Syn: recess, alcoveAnt: projection
💡 Exam tip: Niche can also mean a suitable position or role, but here it means a wall recess.
terracotta[/ˌterəˈkɒtə/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§‹ā§œāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĒā§‹ā§œāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ
Example: The mihrabs are decorated with stonework and terracotta.
Syn: baked clay, earthenware
💡 Exam tip: Terracotta literally means baked earth or baked clay.
reservoir[/ˈrezəvwɑː(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϜāϞāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻšā§āϰāĻĻ
Example: Khan Jahan built reservoirs to make the city habitable.
Syn: water store, basin
💡 Exam tip: Plural form: reservoirs; it is useful in questions about public facilities.
habitable[/ˈhÃĻbÉĒtəbl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϏāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Alt: āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€
Example: Roads and reservoirs made the city habitable.
Syn: livable, inhabitableAnt: uninhabitable
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: habitability; verb phrase: make a place habitable.
3. Somapura Mahavihara: Archaeology (9 words)
archaeological[/ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒÉĒkəl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āύāϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āύāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: Paharpur is an important archaeological site.
Syn: historical, antiquarianAnt: modern
💡 Exam tip: British spelling is archaeological; American spelling is archeological.
excavate[/ˈekskəveÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ–āύāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻžāύ⧋
Example: Archaeologists excavated the ancient monastery.
Syn: dig, uncoverAnt: bury, cover
💡 Exam tip: Noun forms: excavation and excavator.
lofty[/ˈlɒfti/]adjeasy
Meaning: āωāĻšā§āϚ; āϏ⧁āωāĻšā§āϚ
Alt: āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ
Example: A lofty ruin emerged after the hill was excavated.
Syn: high, toweringAnt: low, short
💡 Exam tip: In this chapter, lofty refers mainly to great height.
debris[/ˈdeÉĒbriː/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ
Alt: āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻž āĻ­āĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϟ⧁āĻ•āϰ⧋
Example: The archaeologists examined the debris of the ancient structure.
Syn: rubble, wreckageAnt: structure
💡 Exam tip: Debris is generally an uncountable noun and is pronounced without a final s sound.
systematic[/ˌsÉĒstəˈmÃĻtÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏ⧁āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞ; āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀
Example: Systematic excavation of the site began in 1923.
Syn: methodical, organizedAnt: random, disorganized
💡 Exam tip: Adverb form: systematically; noun form: systematization.
devout[/dÉĒˈvaƊt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ­ā§€āϰ⧁; āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāϰāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ
Alt: āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ—āϤ
Example: The Pala rulers were devout Buddhists.
Syn: pious, religiousAnt: irreligious, impious
💡 Exam tip: Devout is commonly used before a religious identity: a devout Buddhist.
monastery[/ˈmɒnəstri/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ 
Alt: āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧀ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: Somapura Mahavihara was a famous Buddhist monastery.
Syn: abbey, convent
💡 Exam tip: Plural form: monasteries; change y to ies.
relic[/ˈrelÉĒk/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āύāĻŋāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ
Alt: āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•
Example: The ruins contain relics of an ancient civilization.
Syn: remnant, artifactAnt: innovation
💡 Exam tip: Relic and archaeological artifact are useful alternatives in historical descriptions.
benefactor[/ˈbenÉĒfÃĻktə(r)/]nounhard
Meaning: āωāĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ•; āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ
Example: The monastery shared the political fortunes of its royal benefactors.
Syn: supporter, patronAnt: opponent, detractor
💡 Exam tip: The plural is benefactors; meaning in the text is financial supporters.
4. The Statue of Liberty: Freedom and Technology (9 words)
sculptor[/ˈskʌlptə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ­āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āϰ
Alt: āĻ­āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€
Example: Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was the French sculptor of the statue.
Syn: artist, carver
💡 Exam tip: Verb: sculpt; noun for the work: sculpture.
assign[/əˈsaÉĒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Bartholdi was assigned to design the sculpture.
Syn: appoint, taskAnt: dismiss, withdraw
💡 Exam tip: Pattern: assign somebody to do something; assign a task to somebody.
venture[/ˈventʃə(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ—; āϝ⧌āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāϜ
Example: The statue was a joint venture between France and the USA.
Syn: project, undertakingAnt: inaction
💡 Exam tip: Joint venture means a project undertaken cooperatively by two parties.
pedestal[/ˈpedÉĒstl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āωāρāϚ⧁ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: The people of the USA built the pedestal.
Syn: base, plinth
💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse pedestal with statue; the statue stands on the pedestal.
unveiling[/ƌnˈveÉĒlÉĒŋ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ
Example: Thousands of people attended the unveiling ceremony.
Syn: inauguration, revelationAnt: concealment
💡 Exam tip: Unveiling ceremony is a common collocation in historical passages.
symbolize[/ˈsÉĒmbəlaÉĒz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āϕ⧀ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϗ⧁āϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ• āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
Example: The broken chain symbolizes freedom from oppression.
Syn: represent, stand forAnt: conceal, misrepresent
💡 Exam tip: British spelling: symbolise; noun: symbol; adjective: symbolic.
oppression[/əˈpreʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻĒā§€ā§œāύ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§ŸāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāϰ
Example: The statue represents freedom from oppression and slavery.
Syn: persecution, tyrannyAnt: freedom, liberation
💡 Exam tip: Verb: oppress; adjective: oppressive.
transport[/ˈtrÃĻnspɔːt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž
Example: The statue was transported to New York by a French warship.
Syn: carry, conveyAnt: retain, keep
💡 Exam tip: As a noun, transport means the system or act of carrying people or goods.
interactive[/ˌÉĒntərˈÃĻktÉĒv/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻļā§€āϞ
Alt: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The web cameras provide an interactive view of the torch.
Syn: responsive, participatoryAnt: passive, noninteractive
💡 Exam tip: Noun: interaction; verb: interact; adverb: interactively.
5. Lake Baikal: Natural Features (9 words)
gigantic[/dʒaÉĒˈɥÃĻntÉĒk/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ; āĻĻ⧈āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦ⧜ āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ
Example: Lake Baikal is a gigantic bowl set above sea level.
Syn: huge, enormousAnt: tiny, minuscule
💡 Exam tip: Use gigantic, vast or enormous to describe the size of a natural feature.
charming[/ˈtʃɑːmÉĒŋ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŽāύ⧋āĻŽā§āĻ—ā§āϧāĻ•āϰ
Alt: āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ“ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻĻāĻžā§ŸāĻ•
Example: Lake Baikal is a charming miracle of nature.
Syn: attractive, delightfulAnt: unpleasant, repulsive
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: charm; verb: charm.
basin[/ˈbeÉĒsn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ…āĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻž; āϜāϞāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϜāĻŽāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϚ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϟāĻŋ-āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Example: The water basin of Lake Baikal is enormous.
Syn: hollow, depressionAnt: ridge, elevation
💡 Exam tip: In geography, a basin is a low area where water collects.
surface[/ˈsɜːfÉĒs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ 
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ
Example: Baikal contains a large share of the world's fresh surface water.
Syn: top, exteriorAnt: depth, interior
💡 Exam tip: Surface water means water found on the earth's surface, not underground water.
depth[/depθ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāϤāĻž
Alt: āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϚ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
Example: The maximum depth of Lake Baikal is 1,620 metres.
Syn: deepness, distance downwardAnt: shallowness
💡 Exam tip: Adjective: deep; adverb: deeply; opposite adjective: shallow.
spring[/sprÉĒŋ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ
Alt: āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ
Example: There are hot springs around Lake Baikal.
Syn: water source, fountain
💡 Exam tip: In this lesson, spring means a natural water source, not the season.
generator[/ˈdʒenəreÉĒtə(r)/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ• āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The lake acts as a powerful generator and bio-filter.
Syn: producer, creatorAnt: consumer
💡 Exam tip: Verb: generate; noun: generation; adjective: generative.
stormy[/ˈstɔːmi/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§œā§‹
Alt: āĻā§œ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Example: Autumn is the stormiest time on Lake Baikal.
Syn: windy, turbulentAnt: calm, peaceful
💡 Exam tip: Comparative: stormier; superlative: stormiest.
exceptional[/ÉĒkˈsepʃənəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ; āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§€
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻž āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž
Example: The beauty of Lake Baikal is exceptional.
Syn: outstanding, extraordinaryAnt: ordinary, usual
💡 Exam tip: Noun form: exception; adverb: exceptionally.
6. High-Value Synonyms, Antonyms and Academic Words (9 words)
ancient[/ˈeÉĒnʃənt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āύ⧋; āϏ⧁āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ
Example: Paharpur contains the ruins of an ancient temple.
Syn: old, antiquatedAnt: modern, new
💡 Exam tip: Ancient is stronger than old and is frequently used with civilization, monument and temple.
extensive[/ÉĒkˈstensÉĒv/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤ
Alt: āĻŦ⧜ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž
Example: Cunningham intended to carry out extensive excavation.
Syn: widespread, broadAnt: limited, narrow
💡 Exam tip: Noun: extent; verb: extend; adverb: extensively.
uncover[/ʌnˈkʌvə(r)/]verbeasy
Meaning: āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž; āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻĸ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Excavation uncovered the remains of a Buddhist monastery.
Syn: reveal, discoverAnt: cover, conceal
💡 Exam tip: Uncover is a separable phrasal-style verb: uncover an artifact.
ruin[/ˈruːÉĒn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ
Alt: āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ­āĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ
Example: The ruins of Somapura Mahavihara attract researchers.
Syn: remains, wreckageAnt: restoration, construction
💡 Exam tip: Ruin as a noun often appears in the plural form ruins when referring to remains.
preserve[/prÉĒˈzɜːv/]verbeasy
Meaning: āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻ•ā§āώ⧟ āĻŦāĻž āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: The government should preserve historical monuments.
Syn: protect, conserveAnt: destroy, neglect
💡 Exam tip: Noun: preservation; adjective: preservative or preserved.
reputation[/ˌrepjuˈteÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏ⧁āύāĻžāĻŽ; āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž
Example: The monasteries gained a reputation as centres of learning.
Syn: fame, standingAnt: disgrace, notoriety
💡 Exam tip: Common phrase: gain or build a reputation for something.
dominant[/ˈdɒmÉĒnənt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ; āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀
Example: The central shrine is the dominant feature of the monastery.
Syn: leading, prominentAnt: subordinate, minor
💡 Exam tip: Verb: dominate; noun: dominance.
unusual[/ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•; āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϞ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āύ⧟ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: The central shrine has an unusual architectural design.
Syn: rare, extraordinaryAnt: usual, common
💡 Exam tip: Prefix un- changes usual into its opposite: unusual.
attraction[/əˈtrÃĻkʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ; āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āφāĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: The mosque is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Bangladesh.
Syn: appeal, landmarkAnt: repulsion
💡 Exam tip: Verb: attract; adjective: attractive; adverb: attractively.
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ passage āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāϞ, āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžāĻ— āĻĻāĻžāĻ“; āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ short question āĻ“ table completion-āĻ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤
â€ĸ Heritage, archaeological, architectural, extensive, exceptional āĻ“ dominant—āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ synonym āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ antonym āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ description āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϤ⧇ location, history, structure, materials, special features āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ present importance—āĻāχ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
â€ĸ Paharpur-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ-āĻĢāϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹: hill āĻŦāĻž pahar āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ Paharpur āύāĻžāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
â€ĸ The Statue of Liberty-āĻāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ France, USA, 1885, 28 October 1886, broken chain, torch āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ web cameras—āĻāχ keywordāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
â€ĸ Lake Baikal-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻžā§Ÿ location, area, length, width, depth, water volume, hot springs āĻ“ stormy weather āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
â€ĸ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ heritage site āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ comparative structure āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋: older than, larger than, more attractive thanāĨ¤
â€ĸ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻ–āϞ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: A mihrab is a niche in a mosque pointing towards Makkah.
â€ĸ Vocabulary answer-āĻ part of speech āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋: preserve āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ verb, preservation āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ noun, preserved āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ adjectiveāĨ¤
â€ĸ Paragraph āĻ“ composition-āĻ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻž āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ heritage-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ legacy, attraction-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ landmark āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ beautiful-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ exceptional āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

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