English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Loneliness - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Loneliness

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

lonelinesspervasiveaffectivecognitivesolitaryisolationdiscrepancyretirementcontributedemographicimmigrantlimitationcopevolunteeraccomplishmentnurtureweepmirthrejoicegrievedeclinenectargallsolitudeafflictedrevealabandonmentexhaustionaquiverelusiveperceptionrepressionilluminationself-assertionimportunityelixirtriumphcomposedlyrumour

📃 Word Formation Rules

► lonely (adj) → loneliness (noun)

► isolate (verb) → isolation (noun) → isolated (adj)

► retire (verb) → retirement (noun) → retired (adj)

► contribute (verb) → contribution (noun) → contributory (adj)

► accomplish (verb) → accomplishment (noun) → accomplished (adj)

► nurture (verb/noun) → nurturing (adj)

► rejoice (verb) → rejoicing (noun) → joyful (adj)

► grieve (verb) → grief (noun) → grievous (adj)

► succeed (verb) → success (noun) → successful (adj) → successfully (adv)

► afflict (verb) → afflicted (adj) → affliction (noun)

► reveal (verb) → revelation (noun) → revealing (adj)

► perceive (verb) → perception (noun) → perceptive (adj)

► repress (verb) → repression (noun) → repressed (adj)

► illuminate (verb) → illumination (noun) → illuminating (adj)

► compose (verb) → composed (adj) → composedly (adv)

► triumph (noun/verb) → triumphant (adj) → triumphantly (adv)

1. Lesson 1: Loneliness, Causes, Effects and Prevention (8 words)

loneliness[/ˈləʊnlinəs/]nounmedium

Meaning: একাকিত্ব; সঙ্গহীনতার মানসিক কষ্ট

Alt: সামাজিক বিচ্ছিন্নতার অনুভূতি

Example: Loneliness can affect both young people and older adults.

Syn: isolation, solitudeAnt: companionship, sociability

💡 Exam tip: Loneliness is a feeling, whereas being alone is a situation.

pervasive[/pəˈveɪsɪv/]adjhard

Meaning: সর্বব্যাপী; সর্বত্র ছড়িয়ে থাকা

Alt: ব্যাপকভাবে অনুভূত

Example: The feeling of loneliness became pervasive during the pandemic.

Syn: widespread, prevalentAnt: limited, restricted

💡 Exam tip: Use pervasive to describe something present in many places or affecting many people.

affective[/əˈfektɪv/]adjhard

Meaning: অনুভূতিসংক্রান্ত

Alt: আবেগের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত

Example: Loneliness causes affective discomfort in many people.

Syn: emotional, sentimentalAnt: rational, unemotional

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse affective with effective; affective relates to feelings.

cognitive[/ˈkɒɡnətɪv/]adjhard

Meaning: জ্ঞানীয়; চিন্তাসংক্রান্ত

Alt: মানসিক উপলব্ধির সঙ্গে যুক্ত

Example: Loneliness may cause cognitive discomfort and negative thoughts.

Syn: mental, intellectualAnt: physical, nonmental

💡 Exam tip: Cognitive is commonly used with words such as ability, process and discomfort.

solitary[/ˈsɒlətri/]adjmedium

Meaning: নির্জন; একাকী

Alt: অন্যদের থেকে পৃথক

Example: He led a solitary life after retiring from his job.

Syn: lonely, isolatedAnt: social, companionable

💡 Exam tip: Solitary can describe a person, place or activity.

isolation[/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিচ্ছিন্নতা; একঘরে অবস্থা

Alt: অন্যদের থেকে দূরে থাকা

Example: Physical isolation can increase a person's loneliness.

Syn: separation, solitudeAnt: connection, integration

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is isolated and the verb is isolate.

discrepancy[/dɪˈskrepənsi/]nounhard

Meaning: অমিল; অসঙ্গতি

Alt: দুই বিষয়ের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

Example: There is a discrepancy between the causes of loneliness in different age groups.

Syn: difference, inconsistencyAnt: agreement, consistency

💡 Exam tip: Discrepancy is followed by between when comparing two things.

retirement[/rɪˈtaɪəmənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: অবসর গ্রহণ

Alt: চাকরি থেকে স্থায়ীভাবে সরে যাওয়া

Example: Retirement may reduce a person's daily social interactions.

Syn: withdrawal, superannuationAnt: employment, service

💡 Exam tip: Retirement comes from the verb retire.

2. Lesson 1: Causes and Prevention of Loneliness (8 words)

contribute[/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/]verbmedium

Meaning: অবদান রাখা; কারণ হওয়া

Alt: কোনো ফলাফলে সহায়তা করা

Example: Several social factors contribute to loneliness.

Syn: help, addAnt: hinder, prevent

💡 Exam tip: Contribute to is a common phrase; never write contribute for without a special context.

demographic[/ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk/]adjhard

Meaning: জনমিতিক

Alt: জনসংখ্যার বৈশিষ্ট্যসংক্রান্ত

Example: Demographic factors may influence the experience of loneliness.

Syn: population-related, statisticalAnt: individual, personal

💡 Exam tip: Demographic is often used before factors, groups and data.

immigrant[/ˈɪmɪɡrənt/]nounmedium

Meaning: অভিবাসী

Alt: অন্য দেশে বসবাস করতে আসা ব্যক্তি

Example: Immigrants may feel lonely in an unfamiliar environment.

Syn: migrant, settlerAnt: native, local

💡 Exam tip: An immigrant comes into a country; an emigrant leaves a country.

limitation[/ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: সীমাবদ্ধতা

Alt: কাজ করার ক্ষমতার বাধা

Example: Physical limitations may restrict older people's social activities.

Syn: restriction, constraintAnt: freedom, ability

💡 Exam tip: The verb form is limit and the adjective is limited.

cope[/kəʊp/]verbeasy

Meaning: মোকাবিলা করা

Alt: কঠিন পরিস্থিতি সামলানো

Example: People need healthy strategies to cope with loneliness.

Syn: manage, deal withAnt: surrender, fail

💡 Exam tip: Always use cope with, not cope loneliness.

volunteer[/ˌvɒlənˈtɪə/]verbeasy

Meaning: স্বেচ্ছাসেবা করা

Alt: নিজ ইচ্ছায় সাহায্য করা

Example: Students can volunteer for an organisation that supports poor people.

Syn: offer, serveAnt: refuse, avoid

💡 Exam tip: Volunteer can be both a noun and a verb.

accomplishment[/əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt/]nounmedium

Meaning: সাফল্য; অর্জন

Alt: কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন করার গৌরব

Example: Volunteering gives people a sense of accomplishment and pride.

Syn: achievement, successAnt: failure, defeat

💡 Exam tip: The verb is accomplish and the adjective is accomplished.

nurture[/ˈnɜːtʃə/]verbhard

Meaning: লালন করা; যত্ন নেওয়া

Alt: সম্পর্ক বা অনুভূতি বিকশিত করা

Example: Regular communication can nurture emotional health.

Syn: foster, cultivateAnt: neglect, harm

💡 Exam tip: Nurture is often used with relationships, health, talent and growth.

3. Lesson 2: Solitude (8 words)

weep[/wiːp/]verbmedium

Meaning: কাঁদা; অশ্রুপাত করা

Alt: দুঃখে চোখের পানি ফেলা

Example: The sad child began to weep after hearing the news.

Syn: cry, sobAnt: laugh, smile

💡 Exam tip: Weep is an irregular verb: weep, wept, wept.

mirth[/mɜːθ/]nounhard

Meaning: আনন্দ; হাস্যরস

Alt: উল্লাসপূর্ণ হাসি

Example: The children's mirth filled the room with happiness.

Syn: joy, merrimentAnt: sadness, sorrow

💡 Exam tip: Mirth is an uncountable noun in most exam contexts.

sigh[/saɪ/]verbeasy

Meaning: দীর্ঘশ্বাস ফেলা

Alt: দুঃখ বা স্বস্তিতে জোরে শ্বাস ত্যাগ করা

Example: She sighed deeply when she remembered her lost friend.

Syn: exhale, breathe outAnt: inhale, inspire

💡 Exam tip: Sigh can also be used as a noun: He gave a deep sigh.

rejoice[/rɪˈdʒɔɪs/]verbmedium

Meaning: আনন্দ করা; উল্লাস করা

Alt: খুশি প্রকাশ করা

Example: The people rejoiced at their team's victory.

Syn: celebrate, exultAnt: grieve, mourn

💡 Exam tip: Rejoice is usually followed by at, in or over.

grieve[/ɡriːv/]verbmedium

Meaning: শোক করা

Alt: বিয়োগের কারণে গভীর দুঃখ পাওয়া

Example: The family grieved for their beloved grandfather.

Syn: mourn, sorrowAnt: rejoice, celebrate

💡 Exam tip: The noun form is grief and the adjective form is grievous.

decline[/dɪˈklaɪn/]verbmedium

Meaning: প্রত্যাখ্যান করা

Alt: কমে যাওয়া; অবনতি হওয়া

Example: She declined the invitation because she was ill.

Syn: refuse, decreaseAnt: accept, increase

💡 Exam tip: Decline has two common meanings: refuse and decrease.

nectar[/ˈnektə/]nounhard

Meaning: অমৃত

Alt: ফুলের মধুরস; অত্যন্ত সুস্বাদু পানীয়

Example: The bee collected nectar from the flowers.

Syn: elixir, sweet juiceAnt: poison, bitterness

💡 Exam tip: In the poem, nectared wine symbolises great pleasure.

gall[/ɡɔːl/]nounhard

Meaning: তিক্ততা; তিক্ত পানীয়

Alt: গভীর কষ্ট বা দুঃখের প্রতীক

Example: The poet compares the bitterness of life to gall.

Syn: bitterness, sorrowAnt: sweetness, joy

💡 Exam tip: In Solitude, gall is used metaphorically to mean life's pain.

4. Lesson 2: Themes and Expressions from Solitude (8 words)

echo[/ˈekəʊ/]verbeasy

Meaning: প্রতিধ্বনিত হওয়া

Alt: কোনো শব্দ বা মতামত পুনরাবৃত্তি করা

Example: The hills echo the joyful songs of the villagers.

Syn: resound, reverberateAnt: silence, suppress

💡 Exam tip: Echo may be used as both a noun and a verb.

shrink[/ʃrɪŋk/]verbmedium

Meaning: সঙ্কুচিত হওয়া; পিছিয়ে যাওয়া

Alt: ভয় বা অনীহায় এড়িয়ে চলা

Example: The echoes shrink from expressing sorrow in the poem.

Syn: contract, recoilAnt: expand, approach

💡 Exam tip: Shrink is irregular: shrink, shrank, shrunk.

succeed[/səkˈsiːd/]verbeasy

Meaning: সফল হওয়া

Alt: কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন করতে সক্ষম হওয়া

Example: Those who work hard usually succeed in life.

Syn: achieve, prosperAnt: fail, lose

💡 Exam tip: Use succeed in doing something, not succeed to do something.

solitude[/ˈsɒlɪtjuːd/]nounmedium

Meaning: নির্জনতা; একাকী অবস্থান

Alt: একাকিত্ব উপভোগের অবস্থা

Example: Solitude is not always painful because some people enjoy being alone.

Syn: seclusion, lonelinessAnt: company, companionship

💡 Exam tip: Solitude may be positive, while loneliness usually suggests emotional pain.

pleasure[/ˈpleʒə/]nouneasy

Meaning: আনন্দ; সুখ

Alt: তৃপ্তি বা উপভোগের অনুভূতি

Example: People often seek friends who share their pleasure.

Syn: delight, enjoymentAnt: pain, sorrow

💡 Exam tip: Pleasure is commonly followed by in or from.

woe[/wəʊ/]nounhard

Meaning: দুঃখ; দুর্দশা

Alt: গভীর কষ্ট বা বিপদ

Example: The poem says that people do not usually want to share another person's woe.

Syn: sorrow, miseryAnt: happiness, joy

💡 Exam tip: Woe is a formal or literary word for great sadness.

lordly[/ˈlɔːdli/]adjhard

Meaning: রাজকীয়; মহিমান্বিত

Alt: অভিজাত বা অত্যন্ত গৌরবময়

Example: A large and lordly train gathered in the hall of pleasure.

Syn: noble, majesticAnt: humble, mean

💡 Exam tip: Lordly describes something grand, dignified or aristocratic.

aisle[/aɪl/]nounmedium

Meaning: সারির মাঝের পথ

Alt: গির্জা, হল বা বিমানের আসনের মধ্যবর্তী পথ

Example: The passengers walked through the narrow aisle of the bus.

Syn: passage, walkwayAnt: obstruction, barrier

💡 Exam tip: Aisle is pronounced like isle, but its meaning is different.

5. Lesson 3: The Story of an Hour (8 words)

afflicted[/əˈflɪktɪd/]adjmedium

Meaning: আক্রান্ত; পীড়িত

Alt: কোনো রোগ বা সমস্যায় ভোগা

Example: Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart problem.

Syn: suffering, troubledAnt: healthy, well

💡 Exam tip: The common structure is afflicted with a disease or problem.

reveal[/rɪˈviːl/]verbeasy

Meaning: প্রকাশ করা

Alt: গোপন বিষয় জানানো

Example: Josephine revealed the news of the accident carefully.

Syn: disclose, uncoverAnt: conceal, hide

💡 Exam tip: Reveal means make something known that was previously secret.

abandonment[/əˈbændənmənt/]nounhard

Meaning: সম্পূর্ণভাবে ছেড়ে দেওয়া

Alt: সংযমহীন আবেগ প্রকাশ

Example: She wept with sudden and wild abandonment.

Syn: surrender, desertionAnt: restraint, retention

💡 Exam tip: In the story, abandonment means giving way completely to grief.

exhaustion[/ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: অবসাদ; চরম ক্লান্তি

Alt: শারীরিক বা মানসিক শক্তির সম্পূর্ণ ক্ষয়

Example: Physical exhaustion made Mrs. Mallard sink into the armchair.

Syn: fatigue, wearinessAnt: energy, vitality

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is exhausted and the verb is exhaust.

aquiver[/əˈkwɪvə/]adjhard

Meaning: কাঁপতে থাকা

Alt: কম্পমান বা আন্দোলিত

Example: The trees were aquiver with the new life of spring.

Syn: trembling, shakingAnt: still, motionless

💡 Exam tip: Aquiver is generally used after a form of the verb be.

tumultuously[/tjuːˈmʌltʃuəsli/]advhard

Meaning: উত্তেজনাপূর্ণভাবে

Alt: অস্থির বা প্রচণ্ডভাবে

Example: Her bosom rose and fell tumultuously.

Syn: violently, agitatedlyAnt: calmly, quietly

💡 Exam tip: The adjective form is tumultuous and the noun form is tumult.

elusive[/ɪˈluːsɪv/]adjhard

Meaning: ধরা বা বোঝা কঠিন

Alt: এড়িয়ে যায় এমন

Example: The emotion was subtle and elusive at first.

Syn: ungraspable, unclearAnt: clear, obvious

💡 Exam tip: Elusive is used for ideas, feelings, answers or people that are difficult to identify or catch.

perception[/pəˈsepʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: উপলব্ধি; বোধ

Alt: কোনো বিষয় সম্পর্কে মানসিক ধারণা

Example: She gained a new perception of her future life.

Syn: understanding, awarenessAnt: ignorance, misunderstanding

💡 Exam tip: Perception means the way something is understood or noticed.

6. Lesson 3: Character, Emotion and Literary Expressions (8 words)

repression[/rɪˈpreʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: দমন; অবদমন

Alt: অনুভূতি বা ইচ্ছা প্রকাশে বাধা

Example: The lines on her face showed years of repression.

Syn: suppression, restraintAnt: expression, freedom

💡 Exam tip: Repression is the noun; repress is the verb and repressed is the adjective.

illumination[/ɪˌluːmɪˈneɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: হঠাৎ উপলব্ধি; আলোকপ্রাপ্তি

Alt: আলো দ্বারা উজ্জ্বলকরণ

Example: In a brief moment of illumination, she understood her deepest desire.

Syn: insight, enlightenmentAnt: confusion, obscurity

💡 Exam tip: In literary contexts, illumination often means a sudden understanding.

self-assertion[/ˌself əˈsɜːʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: আত্মপ্রতিষ্ঠা; নিজের ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ

Alt: নিজস্ব অধিকার ও মত জোরালোভাবে প্রকাশ

Example: Mrs. Mallard felt a powerful impulse of self-assertion.

Syn: independence, confidenceAnt: submission, obedience

💡 Exam tip: Self-assertion is a key theme in the character's reaction to the news.

importunity[/ˌɪmpɔːˈtjuːnəti/]nounhard

Meaning: বারবার অনুরোধ বা অনুনয়

Alt: জেদ করে প্রবেশের দাবি

Example: Mrs. Mallard finally opened the door because of her sister's importunities.

Syn: persistence, entreatyAnt: indifference, silence

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is importunate, meaning excessively persistent.

elixir[/ɪˈlɪksə/]nounhard

Meaning: অমৃত; জীবনদায়ী পানীয়

Alt: অত্যন্ত উপকারী বা আনন্দদায়ক কিছু

Example: The fresh air seemed like an elixir of life to Louise.

Syn: tonic, remedyAnt: poison, harm

💡 Exam tip: Elixir of life is a metaphor for something that gives renewed energy or happiness.

triumph[/ˈtraɪʌmf/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিজয়; সাফল্য

Alt: জয়লাভের আনন্দ

Example: There was a feverish triumph in her eyes when she left the room.

Syn: victory, successAnt: defeat, failure

💡 Exam tip: Triumph can be used as both a noun and a verb.

composedly[/kəmˈpəʊzɪdli/]advhard

Meaning: শান্তভাবে; স্থিরভাবে

Alt: আত্মসংযমের সঙ্গে

Example: Brently Mallard entered the house composedly.

Syn: calmly, serenelyAnt: agitatedly, nervously

💡 Exam tip: The adjective is composed, which means calm and self-controlled.

rumour[/ˈruːmə/]nouneasy

Meaning: গুজব; জনশ্রুতি

Alt: নিশ্চিত নয় এমন সংবাদ

Example: According to the rumour, Mr. Mallard had died in a railway accident.

Syn: hearsay, gossipAnt: fact, certainty

💡 Exam tip: Rumour refers to information that may not be true or confirmed.

💡 Exam Tips

• Distinguish loneliness from being alone: loneliness is an emotional condition, while being alone is a physical or social situation.

• For fill-in-the-blank questions, read the words immediately before and after the blank to identify the required part of speech.

• Remember common collocations: cope with loneliness, contribute to loneliness, afflicted with illness, a sense of accomplishment and pride, and nurture emotional health.

• In the poem Solitude, laugh, rejoice, pleasure and nectar represent happiness, while weep, grieve, woe and gall represent sorrow.

• Use the context to identify figurative meanings: elixir of life means renewed energy or happiness, and gall means the bitterness of life.

• Learn irregular verb forms: weep–wept–wept, shrink–shrank–shrunk, and succeed–succeeded–succeeded.

• In The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard's feeling of freedom is connected with self-assertion and independence.

• The expression a joy that kills is ironic because Mrs. Mallard dies after seeing that her husband is alive.

• For synonym questions, choose a word with the same meaning in the given context rather than a merely related word.

• For paragraph or summary writing, use linking words such as however, therefore, moreover, although and finally.

• Check whether a word is used as a noun, verb, adjective or adverb before selecting its Bengali meaning.

• Revise word families because examination questions often ask for changing a word from one part of speech to another.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Loneliness - Vocabulary

Chapter: Loneliness

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