Chapter: Dreams
đ Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
dreamaspirationpassionfulfilsignificantachievementgratefulguidanceexpertisepovertyinjusticeenlightenarsenicthreatresearchpossibilityopportunitydeserveactivistmovementresistancediscriminationcolonial rulerevolutionaryraidsacrificetalenteddemocraticautocraticdocumentaryatrocitysentimentcollaboratorfulfilment
đ Word Formation Rules
âē dream + er = dreamer: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âē aspire + ation = aspiration: āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
âē imagine + ation = imagination: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âē significant + ance = significance: āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯
âē achieve + ment = achievement: āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯
âē guide + ance = guidance: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻž
âē poor + ty = poverty: āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯
âē just + ice = justice; in + justice = injustice: āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°; āĻ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
âē educate + ion = education; en + lighten = enlighten: āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž; āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
âē qualify + ication = qualification: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž
âē resist + ance = resistance: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§
âē discriminate + ion = discrimination: āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯
âē colony + ial = colonial: āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ
âē revolution + ary = revolutionary: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§
âē document + ary = documentary: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
âē democracy + ic = democratic: āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ
âē fulfil + ment = fulfilment: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžā§āĻ¨
1. Dreams and Aspirations (8 words)
dream[/driËm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨; āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Example: Her dream is to become a scientist.
Syn: ambitionAnt: reality
đĄ Exam tip: Dream of/about is followed by a noun or verb-ing.
aspiration[/ËÃĻs.pÉËreÉĒ.ĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž; āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯
Example: Education helps students fulfil their aspirations.
Syn: ambitionAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Use aspiration for a strong desire to achieve something.
passion[/ËpÃĻĘ.Én/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻš; āĻāĻŦā§āĻ
Alt: āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻž
Example: She has a passion for helping poor people.
Syn: enthusiasmAnt: apathy
đĄ Exam tip: Passion for is a common collocation.
imagination[/ÉĒËmÃĻdĘ.ÉĒËneÉĒ.ĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Example: A creative person has a vivid imagination.
Syn: creativityAnt: inattention
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is imaginative.
visualise[/ËvÉĒĘ.u.É.laÉĒz/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻž
Example: Amitabho visualises himself stepping on Mars.
Syn: imagineAnt: ignore
đĄ Exam tip: British spelling is visualise; American spelling is visualize.
fulfil[/fĘlËfÉĒl/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: She worked hard to fulfil her dream.
Syn: achieveAnt: abandon
đĄ Exam tip: Fulfil a dream, wish, promise, or duty.
significant[/sÉĒÉĄËnÉĒf.ÉĒ.kÉnt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ; āĻ¤āĻžā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
Alt: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯
Example: He wants to do something significant for his country.
Syn: importantAnt: insignificant
đĄ Exam tip: The noun form is significance.
obsession[/ÉbËseĘ.Én/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž
Example: His obsession with space encouraged him to study science.
Syn: fixationAnt: detachment
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse obsession with healthy ambition.
2. Success and Education (8 words)
brilliant[/ËbrÉĒl.jÉnt/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŽā§āĻ§āĻžāĻŦā§; āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛
Example: Swati gave a brilliant performance in the examination.
Syn: excellentAnt: poor
đĄ Exam tip: Brilliant performance is a useful exam collocation.
achievement[/ÉËtĘiËv.mÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯; āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ
Example: Winning the scholarship was a great achievement.
Syn: successAnt: failure
đĄ Exam tip: The verb form is achieve.
grateful[/ËÉĄreÉĒt.fÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: Swati is grateful to her teachers and parents.
Syn: thankfulAnt: ungrateful
đĄ Exam tip: Use grateful to someone for something.
guidance[/ËÉĄaÉĒ.dÉns/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻž; āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: Students need proper guidance from their teachers.
Syn: adviceAnt: misguidance
đĄ Exam tip: The verb is guide and the adjective is guiding.
admit[/ÉdËmÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: He hopes to be admitted to a university.
Syn: enrolAnt: exclude
đĄ Exam tip: Be admitted to an institution, not admitted in an institution.
resource[/rÉĒËsÉËrs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ; āĻāĻĒāĻāĻ°āĻŖ
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžā§
Example: We should use our own resources and expertise.
Syn: assetAnt: scarcity
đĄ Exam tip: Resources is often used in the plural for available materials.
expertise[/Ëek.spÉËËtiËz/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž
Example: The research will use local expertise.
Syn: skillAnt: inexperience
đĄ Exam tip: Expertise is an uncountable noun.
qualify[/ËkwÉl.ÉĒ.faÉĒ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: If Masum qualifies, he will enter a university.
Syn: be eligibleAnt: fail
đĄ Exam tip: Qualify for an opportunity; qualify as a professional.
3. Social Problems and Service (8 words)
poverty[/ËpÉv.É.ti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Poverty prevents many children from getting an education.
Syn: destitutionAnt: wealth
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is poor; the opposite noun is prosperity.
suffering[/ËsĘf.Ér.ÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ; āĻāĻˇā§āĻ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻā§āĻ
Example: We should help people who are suffering.
Syn: distressAnt: comfort
đĄ Exam tip: Suffer from is followed by an illness or problem.
injustice[/ÉĒnËdĘĘs.tÉĒs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§; āĻ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
Alt: āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: The social worker fights against social injustice.
Syn: wrongdoingAnt: justice
đĄ Exam tip: In- makes injustice the opposite of justice.
social worker[/ËsÉĘ.ĘÉl ËwÉË.kÉr/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The social worker helps poor families.
Syn: community workerAnt: exploiter
đĄ Exam tip: Use a hyphen only when the term is used as a compound modifier.
slum[/slĘm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Mofakkhar lives in a slum with his family.
Syn: shanty townAnt: suburb
đĄ Exam tip: Slum dwellers means people living in slums.
enlighten[/ÉĒnËlaÉĒ.tÉn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž; āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻž
Example: Proper education can enlighten society.
Syn: educateAnt: mislead
đĄ Exam tip: The noun is enlightenment and the adjective is enlightened.
revered[/rÉĒËvÉĒÉd/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ā§
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤
Example: Teachers should be revered for their contribution.
Syn: respectedAnt: disrespected
đĄ Exam tip: Revere is a verb; revered is its past participle or adjective.
community[/kÉËmjuË.nÉ.ti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§; āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ
Example: Catherine wants to serve her community.
Syn: societyAnt: individual
đĄ Exam tip: Community service means voluntary work for public welfare.
4. Health, Science and Possibility (8 words)
arsenic[/ËÉË.sÉn.ÉĒk/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Example: Many people are under arsenic threat.
Syn: toxic elementAnt: antidote
đĄ Exam tip: Arsenic poisoning is a common phrase in environmental topics.
threat[/θret/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻšā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ; āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ
Alt: āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Example: Pollution is a serious threat to public health.
Syn: dangerAnt: safety
đĄ Exam tip: A threat to someone or something is the standard pattern.
poisoning[/ËpÉÉĒ.zÉn.ÉĒÅ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: Arsenic poisoning can cause serious diseases.
Syn: intoxicationAnt: healing
đĄ Exam tip: Poison can be both a noun and a verb.
disease[/dÉĒËziËz/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ°ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻž
Example: Unsafe water causes many diseases.
Syn: illnessAnt: health
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse disease /dÉĒËziËz/ with deceased /dÉĒËsiËst/.
research[/rÉĒËsÉËtĘ/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž
Alt: āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Swati wants to carry out research on arsenic.
Syn: investigationAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Conduct or carry out research are useful collocations.
possibility[/ËpÉs.ÉËbÉĒl.É.ti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž
Example: There is a possibility of finding a solution.
Syn: chanceAnt: impossibility
đĄ Exam tip: The adjective is possible; the adverb is possibly.
opportunity[/ËÉp.ÉËtĘuË.nÉ.ti/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ
Alt: āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Every student deserves an opportunity to learn.
Syn: chanceAnt: obstacle
đĄ Exam tip: Opportunity to do something and opportunity for something are both correct.
deserve[/dÉĒËzÉËv/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Alt: āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž
Example: Every child deserves quality education.
Syn: meritAnt: be unworthy of
đĄ Exam tip: Deserve to + verb; deserve + noun.
5. Pritilata Waddedar and Freedom (8 words)
activist[/ËÃĻk.tÉĒ.vÉĒst/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Pritilata was an activist in the anti-British movement.
Syn: campaignerAnt: bystander
đĄ Exam tip: An activist takes an active role in a movement.
movement[/ËmuËv.mÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž
Example: She joined the anti-British movement.
Syn: campaignAnt: inactivity
đĄ Exam tip: Movement may also mean physical motion; use context carefully.
resistance[/rÉĒËzÉĒs.tÉns/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: Pritilata joined the armed resistance movement.
Syn: oppositionAnt: submission
đĄ Exam tip: Resistance to something is the common grammatical pattern.
discrimination[/dÉĒËskrÉĒm.ÉĒËneÉĒ.ĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŽā§āĻ¯
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ
Example: She dreamed of a society without gender discrimination.
Syn: inequalityAnt: equality
đĄ Exam tip: Gender discrimination and racial discrimination are common collocations.
colonial[/kÉËlÉĘ.ni.Él/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ-āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: She fought against colonial rule.
Syn: imperialAnt: independent
đĄ Exam tip: The noun is colony; colonial rule means āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ by a foreign power.
revolutionary[/Ërev.ÉËluË.ĘÉn.Ér.i/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦā§
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Example: Surja Sen was a revolutionary activist.
Syn: insurgentAnt: conservative
đĄ Exam tip: Revolutionary can be both a noun and an adjective.
raid[/reÉĒd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻ˛āĻž; āĻāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¸āĻŽā§ āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ
Example: The raid on the European Club was successful.
Syn: attackAnt: retreat
đĄ Exam tip: Raid on a place is a common phrase.
sacrifice[/ËsÃĻk.rÉĒ.faÉĒs/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž
Example: Pritilata was ready to sacrifice her life for freedom.
Syn: give upAnt: preserve
đĄ Exam tip: Sacrifice oneâs life, time, or comfort for a cause.
6. Zahir Raihan and Liberation (8 words)
talented[/ËtÃĻl.Én.tÉĒd/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
Example: Zahir Raihan was a talented filmmaker.
Syn: giftedAnt: untalented
đĄ Exam tip: Talented in a field and talented at an activity are both used.
democratic[/Ëdem.ÉËkrÃĻt.ÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŖāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ
Alt: āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ
Example: Raihan dreamt of a democratic society.
Syn: representativeAnt: autocratic
đĄ Exam tip: The noun is democracy and the adverb is democratically.
autocratic[/ËÉË.tÉËkrÃĻt.ÉĒk/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ
Example: The film protested against an autocratic government.
Syn: dictatorialAnt: democratic
đĄ Exam tip: Autocratic government is an important opposite of democratic government.
documentary[/ËdÉk.jÉËmen.tÉr.i/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋā§ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
Example: Stop Genocide was a powerful documentary.
Syn: non-fiction filmAnt: fiction
đĄ Exam tip: A documentary presents real people, events, or issues.
atrocity[/ÉËtrÉs.É.ti/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻāĻ¸āĻ¤āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻāĻžāĻ
Example: The documentary showed the atrocities of the Pakistani army.
Syn: brutalityAnt: kindness
đĄ Exam tip: Atrocities is usually used in the plural when referring to many crimes.
sentiment[/Ësen.tÉĒ.mÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; āĻāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¤
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ
Example: The film created world sentiment in favour of the Liberation War.
Syn: feelingAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Sentiment in favour of something means supportive public feeling.
collaborator[/kÉËlÃĻb.É.reÉĒ.tÉr/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻā§; āĻĻā§āĻ¸āĻ°
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻļāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: The collaborators assisted the occupying army.
Syn: accompliceAnt: opponent
đĄ Exam tip: In history passages, collaborator may have a negative meaning.
fulfilment[/fĘlËfÉĒl.mÉnt/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŖ; āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžā§āĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻĢāĻ˛ āĻšāĻā§āĻž
Example: The fulfilment of his dream brought him great joy.
Syn: realisationAnt: frustration
đĄ Exam tip: Fulfilment is the British spelling; fulfillment is also accepted in American English.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Learn each word with its common preposition: dream of, passion for, grateful to, guidance from, threat to, research on, opportunity to, resistance to.
âĸ Use context to distinguish multiple meanings: admit means āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž or āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž; movement means āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ or āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨; sentiment means āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ or āĻāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¤.
âĸ For synonym questions, remember: aspirationâambition, povertyâdestitution, injusticeâinequality, resistanceâopposition, atrocityâbrutality.
âĸ For antonym questions, remember: democraticâautocratic, justiceâinjustice, freedomâcaptivity, wealthâpoverty, equalityâdiscrimination.
âĸ Use appropriate collocations in writing: fulfil a dream, achieve success, carry out research, fight against injustice, serve the community, sacrifice oneâs life.
âĸ In conditional sentences, use: If + present simple, subject + will/can/may + base verb. Example: If he qualifies, he will enter a university.
âĸ Use the second conditional for unlikely possibilities: If I had more opportunities, I would help more people.
âĸ Remember that expertise, research, and guidance are generally uncountable nouns; avoid using a/an before them.
âĸ In paragraph writing, connect ideas with therefore, besides, accordingly, as a result, and finally.
âĸ Check spelling carefully: fulfil, fulfilment, discrimination, revolutionary, documentary, and opportunity.