English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Problems Around Us - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Problems Around Us

📚 Vocabulary

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

ferryplyovercrowdedcasualtypopulationdensitybirth ratedeath ratescarcityproductionarableshelterdeforestationwater bodypreserveimposepursuewidowerilliterateinevitablesympatheticconsequencehazardcall offrecruitinterviewcommunicatecommon languageskilledworkforcesupplementaryunemployedopportunity

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add the suffix -tion to produce nouns: produce → production, communicate → communication, educate → education.

► Add the suffix -ment to form nouns: employ → employment, develop → development, arrange → arrangement.

► Add the suffix -ity to form abstract nouns: dense → density, scarce → scarcity, possible → possibility.

► Add the prefix un- to form opposites: planned → unplanned, employed → unemployed, educated → uneducated.

► Add the prefix il- before words beginning with l to form opposites: literate → illiterate.

► Add the prefix de- to indicate removal or reversal: forestation → deforestation.

► Use -er or -ist for people connected with an activity: farm → farmer, agriculture → agriculturist, teach → teacher.

► Form adjectives with -able: avoid → avoidable, cultivate → cultivable, understand → understandable.

► Form adjectives with -ful and -less: care → careful/careless, hope → hopeful/hopeless, use → useful/useless.

1. The Ferry Boat ও নৌযাত্রা (9 words)

ferry[/ˈferi/]nouneasy

Meaning: খেয়া নৌকা; নদী পারাপারের নৌযান

Alt: যাত্রী বা যানবাহন পারাপারের ব্যবস্থা

Example: The ferry carried the passengers across the river.

Syn: boat, vesselAnt: land route

💡 Exam tip: Ferry boat means a boat used to carry people across a river.

ply[/plaɪ/]verbmedium

Meaning: নিয়মিত চলাচল করা

Alt: কোনো পথে যাতায়াত করা

Example: A ferry boat was plying on the river.

Syn: travel, operateAnt: stop, remain

💡 Exam tip: In the text, plying means travelling along a route, not playing.

overcrowded[/ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪd/]adjeasy

Meaning: অতিরিক্ত লোকপূর্ণ; ধারণক্ষমতার চেয়ে বেশি ভিড়যুক্ত

Alt: যেখানে আর স্থান নেই

Example: The overcrowded boat sank in the middle of the river.

Syn: packed, congestedAnt: empty, spacious

💡 Exam tip: Overcrowded means unable to carry any more people.

casualty[/ˈkæʒuəlti/]nounmedium

Meaning: হতাহত ব্যক্তি; দুর্ঘটনায় মৃত বা আহত ব্যক্তি

Alt: ক্ষয়ক্ষতি

Example: Fortunately, there were no casualties in the accident.

Syn: victim, fatalityAnt: survivor

💡 Exam tip: No casualties means nobody died or was seriously injured.

board[/bɔːd/]verbeasy

Meaning: যানে ওঠা

Alt: জাহাজ বা নৌযানে আরোহণ করা

Example: Many passengers boarded the boat before sunset.

Syn: enter, embarkAnt: leave, disembark

💡 Exam tip: On board means on or inside a boat, ship, train, or aircraft.

sink[/sɪŋk/]verbeasy

Meaning: ডুবে যাওয়া

Alt: তলিয়ে যাওয়া বা নিচে নামা

Example: The boat sank because it carried too many people.

Syn: submerge, go downAnt: float, rise

💡 Exam tip: The past form of sink is sank; the past participle is sunk.

passenger[/ˈpæsɪndʒə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: যাত্রী

Alt: যে ব্যক্তি কোনো যানবাহনে ভ্রমণ করে

Example: All the passengers swam to the other side.

Syn: traveller, commuterAnt: driver, pilot

💡 Exam tip: Passenger is a person who travels in a vehicle but does not drive it.

bazar[/bəˈzɑː(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: বাজার

Alt: কেনাবেচার স্থান বা দিন

Example: People were returning home after the weekly bazar.

Syn: market, fairAnt: home

💡 Exam tip: Weekly bazar day explains why many people were travelling together.

overboard[/ˈəʊvəbɔːd/]advmedium

Meaning: নৌযানের বাইরে বা পানিতে

Alt: জাহাজ বা নৌকা থেকে বাইরে

Example: The careless passenger fell overboard.

Syn: outside, into the waterAnt: aboard, inside

💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse overboard with on board; they have opposite meanings.

2. Population ও জনসংখ্যা (9 words)

population[/ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: জনসংখ্যা

Alt: কোনো দেশ বা এলাকার মানুষের মোট সংখ্যা

Example: Bangladesh has a large population.

Syn: inhabitants, peopleAnt: depopulation

💡 Exam tip: Population refers to the total number of people, not the number per square kilometre.

density[/ˈdensəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: ঘনত্ব

Alt: প্রতি বর্গকিলোমিটারে বসবাসকারী মানুষের সংখ্যা

Example: Bangladesh has a high population density.

Syn: concentration, compactnessAnt: sparsity, scatteredness

💡 Exam tip: Population density = number of people living in one square kilometre.

growth[/ɡrəʊθ/]nouneasy

Meaning: বৃদ্ধি

Alt: আকার, সংখ্যা বা পরিমাণ বেড়ে যাওয়া

Example: The yearly population growth rate is decreasing.

Syn: increase, developmentAnt: decline, decrease

💡 Exam tip: Growth rate is often expressed as a percentage.

birth rate[/ˈbɜːθ reɪt/]nounmedium

Meaning: জন্মহার

Alt: প্রতি হাজারে জন্মগ্রহণকারী শিশুর সংখ্যা

Example: A high birth rate can increase population pressure.

Syn: natality, fertility rateAnt: death rate

💡 Exam tip: Birth rate and death rate are usually measured per thousand people.

death rate[/ˈdeθ reɪt/]nounmedium

Meaning: মৃত্যুহার

Alt: প্রতি হাজারে মৃত মানুষের সংখ্যা

Example: Improved healthcare may reduce the death rate.

Syn: mortality rate, fatality rateAnt: birth rate

💡 Exam tip: Use death rate for the number of deaths, not the number of diseases.

resource[/rɪˈsɔːs/]nouneasy

Meaning: সম্পদ

Alt: প্রয়োজন মেটানোর উপকরণ বা উৎস

Example: A country must use its limited resources wisely.

Syn: asset, meansAnt: shortage, lack

💡 Exam tip: Natural resources include land, water, forests, and minerals.

populous[/ˈpɒpjələs/]adjmedium

Meaning: জনবহুল

Alt: অনেক মানুষ অধ্যুষিত

Example: Bangladesh is one of the most populous countries in the world.

Syn: crowded, densely inhabitedAnt: sparsely populated, uninhabited

💡 Exam tip: Populous means having many people; do not confuse it with popular.

limited[/ˈlɪmɪtɪd/]adjeasy

Meaning: সীমিত

Alt: পরিমাণে বা সুযোগে কম

Example: The country has limited land resources.

Syn: restricted, finiteAnt: unlimited, abundant

💡 Exam tip: Limited resources create difficulties when population grows rapidly.

survey[/ˈsɜːveɪ/]nounmedium

Meaning: জরিপ

Alt: তথ্য সংগ্রহের পদ্ধতি

Example: The students carried out a survey of their locality.

Syn: investigation, studyAnt: guess, neglect

💡 Exam tip: Carry out a survey means conduct or complete a survey.

3. Food, Land and Shelter ও খাদ্য, ভূমি ও আশ্রয় (9 words)

scarcity[/ˈskeəsəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: দুর্লভতা; অভাব

Alt: প্রয়োজনের তুলনায় কোনো কিছুর অপর্যাপ্ততা

Example: Population growth may cause scarcity of food.

Syn: shortage, lackAnt: abundance, plenty

💡 Exam tip: Scarcity of food means insufficient food supply.

agriculturist[/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərɪst/]nounmedium

Meaning: কৃষিবিদ; কৃষক

Alt: কৃষিকাজে নিয়োজিত ব্যক্তি

Example: Agriculturists have developed new varieties of rice.

Syn: farmer, agronomistAnt: non-farmer

💡 Exam tip: Agriculture means farming; agriculturist means a person connected with farming.

production[/prəˈdʌkʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: উৎপাদন

Alt: পণ্য বা খাদ্য তৈরি করার প্রক্রিয়া

Example: Food production cannot always keep pace with population growth.

Syn: manufacture, outputAnt: consumption, destruction

💡 Exam tip: Keep pace with means move or increase at the same rate as something else.

arable[/ˈærəbl/]adjmedium

Meaning: চাষযোগ্য

Alt: যে জমিতে ফসল ফলানো যায়

Example: Arable fields are being divided among smaller families.

Syn: cultivable, fertileAnt: barren, uncultivable

💡 Exam tip: Arable land is suitable for growing crops.

shrink[/ʃrɪŋk/]verbeasy

Meaning: সংকুচিত বা কমে যাওয়া

Alt: আকার বা পরিমাণে হ্রাস পাওয়া

Example: Our farmland is shrinking day by day.

Syn: decrease, contractAnt: expand, increase

💡 Exam tip: Shrink is an irregular verb: shrink, shrank, shrunk.

crop[/krɒp/]nouneasy

Meaning: ফসল

Alt: জমিতে উৎপাদিত উদ্ভিদ বা শস্য

Example: The beauty of the crop fields was spoiled by unplanned houses.

Syn: harvest, yieldAnt: weed

💡 Exam tip: Crop land means land used for growing crops.

occupy[/ˈɒkjupaɪ/]verbmedium

Meaning: দখল করা; স্থান নেওয়া

Alt: কোনো জায়গা ব্যবহার করে রাখা

Example: Mills and factories occupy a considerable portion of the land.

Syn: take up, possessAnt: vacate, abandon

💡 Exam tip: Occupy can mean both take possession of land and use space.

unplanned[/ˌʌnˈplænd/]adjeasy

Meaning: অপরিকল্পিত

Alt: পরিকল্পনা ছাড়া গড়ে ওঠা

Example: Unplanned houses are built here and there.

Syn: disorganized, haphazardAnt: planned, organized

💡 Exam tip: The prefix un- changes planned into its opposite.

shelter[/ˈʃeltə(r)/]nouneasy

Meaning: আশ্রয়; বাসস্থান

Alt: বৃষ্টি, ঝড় বা বিপদ থেকে রক্ষার স্থান

Example: Every family needs a safe shelter.

Syn: housing, refugeAnt: exposure, homelessness

💡 Exam tip: Shelter may be used as both a noun and a verb.

4. Environment ও পরিবেশ (9 words)

environment[/ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরিবেশ

Alt: জীবজগতের চারপাশের প্রাকৃতিক ও সামাজিক অবস্থা

Example: We must protect the environment for future generations.

Syn: surroundings, ecosystemAnt: destruction

💡 Exam tip: Environment is a common topic for paragraph and composition writing.

deforestation[/diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/]nounhard

Meaning: বন উজাড়

Alt: বনভূমি ধ্বংস বা গাছ কেটে ফেলা

Example: Deforestation causes serious environmental problems.

Syn: forest clearance, loggingAnt: afforestation, reforestation

💡 Exam tip: Deforestation is formed from de- plus forestation and means removal of forests.

clear[/klɪə(r)/]verbeasy

Meaning: পরিষ্কার বা উজাড় করা

Alt: কোনো স্থান থেকে গাছপালা বা বাধা সরানো

Example: People cleared the hills to build houses.

Syn: remove, eraseAnt: fill, cover

💡 Exam tip: Clear the hills means remove trees and vegetation from the hills.

water body[/ˈwɔːtə ˌbɒdi/]nounmedium

Meaning: জলাশয়

Alt: পুকুর, হ্রদ, নদী বা অন্যান্য জলভাগ

Example: Water bodies are being filled up for construction.

Syn: reservoir, wetlandAnt: dry land

💡 Exam tip: Water body is a useful compound noun for environmental answers.

banyan[/ˈbænjən/]nouneasy

Meaning: বটগাছ

Alt: ঝুরি-নামানো বৃহৎ চিরসবুজ গাছ

Example: A big banyan tree stood in the middle of the wood.

Syn: fig tree, Ficus

💡 Exam tip: Banyan tree is associated with aerial roots and a large green canopy.

aerial root[/ˈeəriəl ruːt/]nounhard

Meaning: ঝুরি; বায়বীয় মূল

Alt: গাছের ডাল থেকে নিচের দিকে ঝুলে থাকা মূল

Example: The banyan tree had many aerial roots hanging down.

Syn: hanging root, prop rootAnt: underground root

💡 Exam tip: Aerial roots are roots that grow above the ground.

breeze[/briːz/]nouneasy

Meaning: মৃদু বাতাস

Alt: হালকা ও আরামদায়ক বাতাস

Example: The mustard fields waved gently in the breeze.

Syn: wind, airAnt: calm, stillness

💡 Exam tip: Breeze is gentler than storm or strong wind.

spoil[/spɔɪl/]verbeasy

Meaning: নষ্ট করা

Alt: সৌন্দর্য, গুণ বা আনন্দ কমিয়ে দেওয়া

Example: Unplanned houses spoiled the beauty of the fields.

Syn: damage, ruinAnt: improve, preserve

💡 Exam tip: Spoil is irregular: spoil, spoilt or spoiled, spoilt or spoiled.

preserve[/prɪˈzɜːv/]verbmedium

Meaning: সংরক্ষণ করা

Alt: ক্ষতি বা ধ্বংস থেকে রক্ষা করা

Example: We should preserve trees and water bodies.

Syn: protect, conserveAnt: destroy, waste

💡 Exam tip: Preserve is often used in suggestions about environmental protection.

5. Lipi, Education and Social Problems ও লিপি, শিক্ষা ও সামাজিক সমস্যা (9 words)

impose[/ɪmˈpəʊz/]verbmedium

Meaning: জোর করে চাপিয়ে দেওয়া

Alt: কারও ইচ্ছার বিরুদ্ধে কিছু করতে বাধ্য করা

Example: Lipi refused to accept what her parents wanted to impose on her.

Syn: force, inflictAnt: allow, remove

💡 Exam tip: Impose something on someone means force something upon that person.

pursue[/pəˈsjuː/]verbmedium

Meaning: অনুসরণ বা চালিয়ে যাওয়া

Alt: শিক্ষা বা লক্ষ্য অর্জনের চেষ্টা করা

Example: Lipi wanted to pursue her education.

Syn: follow, continueAnt: abandon, quit

💡 Exam tip: Pursue education means continue studying seriously.

widower[/ˈwɪdəʊə(r)/]nounmedium

Meaning: বিপত্নীক পুরুষ

Alt: যার স্ত্রী মারা গেছেন এমন পুরুষ

Example: Tara Mia was a widower and an illiterate man.

Syn: bereaved husbandAnt: widow

💡 Exam tip: Widow refers to a woman whose spouse has died; widower refers to a man.

illiterate[/ɪˈlɪtərət/]adjeasy

Meaning: নিরক্ষর

Alt: যে পড়তে বা লিখতে পারে না

Example: An illiterate person may face difficulties in modern society.

Syn: uneducated, unschooledAnt: literate, educated

💡 Exam tip: Literate is the opposite of illiterate.

inevitable[/ɪnˈevɪtəbl/]adjhard

Meaning: অনিবার্য

Alt: যা এড়ানো বা ঠেকানো সম্ভব নয়

Example: At first, the marriage seemed to be inevitable.

Syn: unavoidable, certainAnt: avoidable, uncertain

💡 Exam tip: Inevitable is frequently used in comprehension questions and summaries.

sympathetic[/ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/]adjmedium

Meaning: সহানুভূতিশীল

Alt: অন্যের দুঃখ বা সমস্যার প্রতি সহমর্মী

Example: The Headteacher was sympathetic to Lipi.

Syn: compassionate, understandingAnt: cruel, unsympathetic

💡 Exam tip: Be sympathetic to someone means show understanding and support.

consequence[/ˈkɒnsɪkwens/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিণতি

Alt: কোনো কাজের ফলাফল

Example: Early marriage has serious consequences for a girl’s health.

Syn: result, outcomeAnt: cause, origin

💡 Exam tip: Consequences may be positive or negative, but in this lesson they are harmful results.

hazard[/ˈhæzəd/]nouneasy

Meaning: বিপদ; ঝুঁকি

Alt: ক্ষতি ঘটাতে পারে এমন বিষয়

Example: Early pregnancy creates constant health hazards.

Syn: danger, riskAnt: safety, security

💡 Exam tip: Health hazard means something dangerous to health.

call off[/kɔːl ɒf/]verbmedium

Meaning: বাতিল করা

Alt: পরিকল্পিত কাজ বা অনুষ্ঠান বন্ধ করে দেওয়া

Example: Lipi’s marriage was called off after the meeting.

Syn: cancel, abandonAnt: continue, arrange

💡 Exam tip: Call off is a phrasal verb; its object may come before or after off.

6. English and Skilled Workforce ও ইংরেজি ও দক্ষ কর্মশক্তি (10 words)

recruit[/rɪˈkruːt/]verbmedium

Meaning: নিয়োগ করা

Alt: কাজের জন্য নতুন কর্মী বেছে নেওয়া

Example: The company recruited several skilled workers.

Syn: employ, hireAnt: dismiss, fire

💡 Exam tip: Recruiting officer means the officer who selects and appoints employees.

interview[/ˈɪntəvjuː/]nouneasy

Meaning: সাক্ষাৎকার

Alt: চাকরি বা তথ্যের জন্য আনুষ্ঠানিক প্রশ্নোত্তর

Example: Raihan could not answer the questions in the interview.

Syn: meeting, oral examinationAnt: written test

💡 Exam tip: Job interview is a common collocation.

crew[/kruː/]nouneasy

Meaning: কর্মীদল

Alt: বিমান, জাহাজ বা বিশেষ যান পরিচালনাকারী দল

Example: Sheela got a job as a crew member in Biman Bangladesh.

Syn: team, staffAnt: passenger

💡 Exam tip: A crew member works as part of the operating staff of a vehicle.

communicate[/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/]verbeasy

Meaning: যোগাযোগ করা

Alt: তথ্য, ভাব বা অনুভূতি আদান-প্রদান করা

Example: English helps people communicate with the whole world.

Syn: contact, interactAnt: ignore, conceal

💡 Exam tip: Communicate with someone is followed by with, not to, in many contexts.

common language[/ˈkɒmən ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ/]nounmedium

Meaning: সাধারণ যোগাযোগের ভাষা

Alt: বিভিন্ন ভাষাভাষী মানুষের পারস্পরিক ব্যবহৃত ভাষা

Example: English is used as a common language around the world.

Syn: lingua franca, international languageAnt: private code

💡 Exam tip: English is described in the lesson as a common language for international communication.

skilled[/skɪld/]adjeasy

Meaning: দক্ষ

Alt: কোনো কাজ ভালোভাবে করার প্রশিক্ষণ ও সামর্থ্যসম্পন্ন

Example: English can help young people become skilled workers.

Syn: competent, proficientAnt: unskilled, inexperienced

💡 Exam tip: Skilled worker is an important phrase for paragraph writing.

workforce[/ˈwɜːkfɔːs/]nounmedium

Meaning: কর্মশক্তি; শ্রমশক্তি

Alt: কাজ করার উপযুক্ত ও নিয়োজিত মানুষের সমষ্টি

Example: Bangladesh needs a trained and skilled workforce.

Syn: labour force, employeesAnt: unemployment

💡 Exam tip: Skilled workforce means trained people who can perform jobs effectively.

supplementary[/ˌsʌplɪˈmentəri/]adjhard

Meaning: সহায়ক; অতিরিক্ত

Alt: মূল বিষয়কে সহায়তা করে এমন

Example: Newspapers and computers are useful supplementary materials.

Syn: additional, supportingAnt: primary, essential

💡 Exam tip: Supplementary materials support learning in addition to textbooks.

unemployed[/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/]adjeasy

Meaning: বেকার

Alt: কাজ করার ইচ্ছা ও যোগ্যতা থাকা সত্ত্বেও চাকরিহীন

Example: English may create opportunities for unemployed youths.

Syn: jobless, worklessAnt: employed, working

💡 Exam tip: Unemployed is formed by adding the negative prefix un- to employed.

opportunity[/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সুযোগ

Alt: কিছু করার বা সফল হওয়ার অনুকূল সম্ভাবনা

Example: Learning English gives young people better job opportunities.

Syn: chance, prospectAnt: disadvantage, obstacle

💡 Exam tip: Opportunity to do something and opportunity for something are both common patterns.

💡 Exam Tips

• For multiple-choice questions, identify the exact meaning of expressions from the context, such as on board, plying, overcrowded, and no casualties.

• Remember the distinction between population and population density: population is the total number of people, while density is the number per square kilometre.

• Use comparative forms with than: larger than, smaller than, higher than, and lower than.

• Use superlative forms with the: the largest, the smallest, the highest, and the lowest.

• In conditionals, use will for a real or possible future result and would for an imaginary or unlikely result: If she studies, she will succeed; If she studied, she would succeed.

• For suggestions, use should, ought to, or must: We should stop child marriage and preserve the environment.

• In paragraph writing, connect ideas with therefore, however, because, so, in addition, and on the other hand.

• For vocabulary questions, learn both the Bengali meaning and the word’s part of speech.

• Use collocations accurately: carry out a survey, keep pace with, call off a marriage, pursue education, and communicate with others.

• In composition answers, explain the problem, give its causes, describe its effects, and conclude with practical solutions.

English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Problems Around Us - Vocabulary

Chapter: Problems Around Us

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