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English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Renewable Energy - Vocabulary

SSC (Class 9-10) ¡ English ¡ 14 Aug 2026

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SSC (Class 9-10)English For Today Classes Nine and Ten - Renewable Energy - Vocabulary

Chapter: Renewable Energy

📚 Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
⭐ Most Important Exam Words
renewablenon-renewablesolar energyfossil fuelhydrocarbonbiomassbioenergyhydrogengeothermalocean energyfinitereserveconsumptionemissionpollutantgreenhouse gasglobal warmingalternative energyharnessgeneratetransmitsustainableecological disasterenergy crisisconventional electricity
📃 Word Formation Rules
â–ē renewable = renew + -able; the suffix -able means capable of being.
â–ē consumption = consume + -tion; the suffix -tion forms a noun from a verb.
â–ē pollution = pollute + -ion; the suffix -ion forms an abstract noun.
â–ē emission = emit + -sion; the word means the act of sending out gases or substances.
â–ē generation = generate + -ion; generate means produce, while generation means production.
â–ē efficient = efficiency; the suffix -cy changes the adjective into a noun.
â–ē industrialise = industrial + -ise; the suffix -ise forms a verb meaning to make industrial.
â–ē sustainable = sustain + -able; it means capable of being maintained for a long time.
â–ē ecological = ecology + -ical; the suffix -ical forms an adjective related to a subject.
â–ē pollutant = pollute + -ant; the suffix -ant can indicate a person or substance that performs an action.
1. Renewable Energy Sources (10 words)
renewable[/rÉĒˈnjuːəbəl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āύāĻŦā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: Solar power is a renewable source of energy.
Syn: replenishableAnt: non-renewable
💡 Exam tip: Use renewable energy for sources that do not run out naturally.
solar[/ˈsəʊlə(r)/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏ⧌āϰ
Alt: āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: Solar energy can be used for heating homes.
Syn: sun-poweredAnt: artificial
💡 Exam tip: Solar is generally used before energy, power, panel, or system.
wind[/wÉĒnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞ
Example: Wind turbines produce electricity from moving air.
Syn: breezeAnt: calm
💡 Exam tip: Wind energy is a renewable source driven by the sun’s heat.
hydroelectric[/ˌhaÉĒdrəʊÉĒˈlektrÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϜāϞāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Alt: āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Example: Hydroelectric power is generated from flowing water.
Syn: water-poweredAnt: thermal
💡 Exam tip: Hydroelectricity is produced when the energy of water is captured.
biomass[/ˈbaÉĒəʊmÃĻs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϜ⧈āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ
Alt: āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§ƒāϤ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€āϜāĻžāϤ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Biomass can be converted into useful fuels.
Syn: organic matterAnt: mineral
💡 Exam tip: Biomass may produce firewood, alcohol, and other biofuels.
bioenergy[/ˌbaÉĒəʊˈenədʒi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϜ⧈āĻŦāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϜ⧈āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Bioenergy is obtained from plants and other organic materials.
Syn: biological energyAnt: fossil energy
💡 Exam tip: Remember: biomass is the material; bioenergy is the energy obtained from it.
hydrogen[/ˈhaÉĒdrədʒən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāχāĻĄā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϚ⧁āĻ°ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ
Example: Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel to produce electricity.
Syn: H2Ant: carbon dioxide
💡 Exam tip: Hydrogen does not usually exist separately as a gas in nature.
geothermal[/ˌdʒiːəʊˈθɜːməl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻ­ā§‚-āϤāĻžāĻĒā§€āϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: Geothermal energy comes from heat inside the Earth.
Syn: earth-heatAnt: surface-cold
💡 Exam tip: Geo means earth and thermal means heat.
ocean[/ˈəʊʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āϞāĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āϜāϞāϰāĻžāĻļāĻŋ
Example: Ocean energy can come from tides and waves.
Syn: seaAnt: land
💡 Exam tip: Ocean energy includes tidal, wave, and temperature-difference energy.
turbine[/ˈtɜːbaÉĒn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϟāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāχāύ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻŦāĻž āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻžāύ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ
Example: A wind turbine changes wind energy into electricity.
Syn: rotary engineAnt: static device
💡 Exam tip: Wind turbines are common examples in renewable-energy passages.
2. Non-renewable Energy and Fuels (10 words)
fossil fuel[/ˈfɒsəl fjuːəl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻœā§€āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Coal, oil, and gas are fossil fuels.
Syn: hydrocarbon fuelAnt: renewable energy
💡 Exam tip: Fossil fuels are finite and polluting.
hydrocarbon[/ˌhaÉĒdrəʊˈkɑːbən/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāχāĻĄā§āϰ⧋āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāχāĻĄā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϝ⧌āĻ—
Example: Hydrocarbon resources are limited in the world.
Syn: carbon compoundAnt: inorganic substance
💡 Exam tip: Oil, coal, and natural gas are commonly discussed as hydrocarbon resources.
petroleum[/pəˈtrəʊliəm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āϤāϰāϞ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: World petroleum consumption has increased greatly.
Syn: crude oilAnt: biofuel
💡 Exam tip: Petroleum is measured in barrels in the passage.
coal[/kəʊl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ•āϝāĻŧāϞāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Coal burning emits a large amount of carbon into the atmosphere.
Syn: coal fuelAnt: clean energy
💡 Exam tip: Massive coal burning may cause a worldwide ecological disaster.
natural gas[/ˌnÃĻtʃərəl ˈɥÃĻs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—āĻ°ā§āϭ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Many countries rely heavily on natural gas.
Syn: methane gasAnt: solar power
💡 Exam tip: Natural gas is non-renewable although it is often cleaner than coal.
finite[/ˈfaÉĒnaÉĒt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āϝāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āφāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇
Example: Fossil fuels are finite energy resources.
Syn: limitedAnt: infinite
💡 Exam tip: Finite is frequently contrasted with renewable or unlimited.
reserve[/rÉĒˈzɜːv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāϜ⧁āϤ
Alt: āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
Example: The present reserve of fossil fuel will not meet future demands.
Syn: stockAnt: shortage
💡 Exam tip: Reserve may mean a stored supply or natural deposit.
consumption[/kənˈsʌmpʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Energy consumption is expected to rise by 2030.
Syn: useAnt: production
💡 Exam tip: Consumption is the noun form of consume.
depletion[/dÉĒˈpliːʃən/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāσāĻļ⧇āώ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻļ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: The depletion of fossil fuels is a serious concern.
Syn: exhaustionAnt: replenishment
💡 Exam tip: Use depletion when a natural resource is gradually used up.
conventional[/kənˈvenʃənəl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ
Example: Solar power can be a substitute for conventional electricity.
Syn: traditionalAnt: alternative
💡 Exam tip: Conventional electricity usually refers to electricity generated by fossil fuels.
3. Environment and Climate Effects (10 words)
ecological[/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒÉĒkəl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻœā§€āĻŦāϜāĻ—āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ
Example: Coal burning may lead to an ecological disaster.
Syn: environmentalAnt: unnatural
💡 Exam tip: Ecological is the adjective form of ecology.
disaster[/dÉĒˈzɑːstə(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻ­āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āϘāϟāύāĻž
Example: Pollution can cause an ecological disaster.
Syn: catastropheAnt: success
💡 Exam tip: Worldwide ecological disaster is an important phrase from the lesson.
emission[/ÉĒˈmÉĒʃən/]nounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϧ⧋āρāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻž
Example: Solar power produces no harmful gas emissions.
Syn: dischargeAnt: absorption
💡 Exam tip: Emission is often used with carbon, gas, smoke, or greenhouse.
pollution[/pəˈluːʃən/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Example: Fossil fuels have direct polluting impacts on the environment.
Syn: contaminationAnt: purification
💡 Exam tip: Pollution is the noun; pollute is the verb; polluted is the adjective.
pollutant[/pəˈluːtənt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§‚āώāĻ•
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: Clean energy does not emit pollutants into the atmosphere.
Syn: contaminantAnt: purifier
💡 Exam tip: Do not confuse pollutant with pollution: a pollutant causes pollution.
greenhouse gas[/ˈɥriːnhaƊs ÉĄÃĻs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĒ āφāϟāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Example: Burning fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases.
Syn: heat-trapping gasAnt: clean air
💡 Exam tip: Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming.
global warming[/ˌɡləʊbəl ˈwɔːmÉĒŋ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦ⧈āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
Alt: āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Fossil fuels are a major cause of global warming.
Syn: planetary warmingAnt: global cooling
💡 Exam tip: Use global warming as a cause-and-effect topic in paragraph writing.
environment[/ÉĒnˈvaÉĒərənmənt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ
Alt: āĻœā§€āĻŦāϜāĻ—āϤāϕ⧇ āϘāĻŋāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Renewable energy does not harm the environment during use.
Syn: surroundingsAnt: isolation
💡 Exam tip: Environment is a common answer in gap-filling and composition questions.
clean technology[/kliːn tekˈnɒlədʒi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇
Example: Solar power is a kind of clean technology.
Syn: green technologyAnt: polluting technology
💡 Exam tip: Clean technology is closely related to green energy.
sustainable[/səˈsteÉĒnəbəl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ
Alt: āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Renewable energy supports sustainable development.
Syn: viableAnt: unsustainable
💡 Exam tip: Sustainable development is a useful phrase for formal writing.
4. Energy Use, Development and Solutions (10 words)
energy crisis[/ˈenədʒi ˈkraÉĒsÉĒs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϘāĻžāϟāϤāĻŋ
Example: Solar energy may help solve the future energy crisis.
Syn: power shortageAnt: energy abundance
💡 Exam tip: Crisis has the plural form crises.
alternative[/ɔːlˈtɜːnətÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ
Example: The country is searching for alternative energy sources.
Syn: substituteAnt: conventional
💡 Exam tip: Alternative energy means energy used instead of fossil-fuel energy.
harness[/ˈhɑːnÉĒs/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Scientists are trying to harness solar power in space.
Syn: utilizeAnt: waste
💡 Exam tip: Harness energy means capture and use energy effectively.
generate[/ˈdʒenəreÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight.
Syn: produceAnt: consume
💡 Exam tip: Generate is followed by electricity, power, income, or heat.
transmit[/trÃĻnzˈmÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧋
Example: Electricity can be transmitted through cables.
Syn: sendAnt: receive
💡 Exam tip: Transmit is useful in passages about sending energy from space to Earth.
initiative[/ÉĒˈnÉĒʃətÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ—
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž
Example: Industrial countries have taken initiatives to use renewable energy.
Syn: measureAnt: inaction
💡 Exam tip: Take an initiative or take initiatives are common collocations.
demand[/dÉĒˈmɑːnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āϚāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Global demand for energy is increasing rapidly.
Syn: needAnt: supply
💡 Exam tip: Demand for energy is followed by for, not of.
industrialised[/ÉĒnˈdƌstriəlaÉĒzd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§‹āĻ¨ā§āύāϤ
Alt: āϝ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇
Example: Developing countries may grow faster than industrialised countries.
Syn: developedAnt: underdeveloped
💡 Exam tip: Industrialised is the British spelling used in the textbook.
efficiency[/ÉĒˈfÉĒʃənsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ…āĻĒāϚāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĢāϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Example: Space-based solar systems may be greater in efficiency.
Syn: effectivenessAnt: inefficiency
💡 Exam tip: Efficiency is the noun form of efficient.
suffice[/səˈfaÉĒs/]verbhard
Meaning: āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: A small portion of solar energy may suffice for future demands.
Syn: be enoughAnt: fail
💡 Exam tip: Suffice is often followed by for or to-infinitive.
5. Reading, Communication and Formal Writing (10 words)
acknowledged[/əkˈnɒlÉĒdʒd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ
Alt: āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ
Example: Kalam was an internationally acknowledged scientist.
Syn: recognisedAnt: unknown
💡 Exam tip: Acknowledged is the past participle of acknowledge.
concern[/kənˈsɜːn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ—
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš
Example: The speech expressed concern about the energy crisis.
Syn: anxietyAnt: indifference
💡 Exam tip: Concern about a problem means worry regarding that problem.
consequently[/ˈkɒnsÉĒkwəntli/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻĢāϞāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ
Alt: āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇
Example: Energy demand is rising; consequently, new sources are needed.
Syn: thereforeAnt: nevertheless
💡 Exam tip: Use consequently to connect a cause with its result.
rely on[/rÉĒˈlaÉĒ É’n/]verbeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Many countries rely heavily on fossil fuels.
Syn: depend onAnt: disregard
💡 Exam tip: Rely is followed by the preposition on.
point out[/pɔÉĒnt aƊt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž
Example: The scientist pointed out the danger of coal burning.
Syn: indicateAnt: conceal
💡 Exam tip: Point out is a separable phrasal verb: point the danger out.
put importance on[/pƊt ÉĒmˈpɔːtəns ɒn/]verbmedium
Meaning: āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: Kalam put much importance on solar energy.
Syn: emphasiseAnt: neglect
💡 Exam tip: Put importance on and place emphasis on have similar meanings.
substitute[/ˈsƌbstÉĒtjuːt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁
Example: Solar power is a substitute for conventional electricity.
Syn: replacementAnt: original
💡 Exam tip: The pattern is substitute for something.
appreciate[/əˈpriːʃieÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž
Example: We appreciate the city authority’s solar-panel initiative.
Syn: praiseAnt: criticise
💡 Exam tip: In a letter to the editor, appreciate an initiative before giving reasons.
capacity[/kəˈpÃĻsəti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: The capacity of a solar unit depends on its size.
Syn: abilityAnt: incapacity
💡 Exam tip: Capacity may refer to power output or the ability to do something.
impact[/ˈÉĒmpÃĻkt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻž āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ
Example: Renewable energy has a positive impact on national development.
Syn: effectAnt: cause
💡 Exam tip: Impact on is the common prepositional combination.
💡 Exam Tips
â€ĸ Learn renewable and non-renewable as opposite terms and use them in comparison questions.
â€ĸ Remember the main renewable sources: solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, hydrogen, geothermal, and ocean energy.
â€ĸ For a cause-and-effect answer, use because, therefore, consequently, hence, and as a result.
â€ĸ In formal letters, begin by appreciating the initiative, then explain its benefits and request wider implementation.
â€ĸ Use emit for gases, generate for electricity, harness for natural power, and consume for using energy.
â€ĸ Fossil fuels are finite, expensive, environmentally damaging, and directly connected with global warming.
â€ĸ A renewable source is called green or clean energy when it produces little or no harmful pollution.
â€ĸ For vocabulary questions, distinguish source, resource, reserve, energy, power, and electricity carefully.
â€ĸ Use the collocations energy crisis, energy demand, energy consumption, alternative energy source, and greenhouse gas emission.
â€ĸ In true-or-false questions, check words such as completely, only, always, and never because they often change the meaning.

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