Chapter: Renewable Energy
đ Vocabulary
English For Today Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
renewablenon-renewablesolar energyfossil fuelhydrocarbonbiomassbioenergyhydrogengeothermalocean energyfinitereserveconsumptionemissionpollutantgreenhouse gasglobal warmingalternative energyharnessgeneratetransmitsustainableecological disasterenergy crisisconventional electricity
đ Word Formation Rules
âē renewable = renew + -able; the suffix -able means capable of being.
âē consumption = consume + -tion; the suffix -tion forms a noun from a verb.
âē pollution = pollute + -ion; the suffix -ion forms an abstract noun.
âē emission = emit + -sion; the word means the act of sending out gases or substances.
âē generation = generate + -ion; generate means produce, while generation means production.
âē efficient = efficiency; the suffix -cy changes the adjective into a noun.
âē industrialise = industrial + -ise; the suffix -ise forms a verb meaning to make industrial.
âē sustainable = sustain + -able; it means capable of being maintained for a long time.
âē ecological = ecology + -ical; the suffix -ical forms an adjective related to a subject.
âē pollutant = pollute + -ant; the suffix -ant can indicate a person or substance that performs an action.
1. Renewable Energy Sources (10 words)
renewable[/rÉĒËnjuËÉbÉl/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āύāĻŦā§āĻāϰāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Alt: āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Example: Solar power is a renewable source of energy.
Syn: replenishableAnt: non-renewable
đĄ Exam tip: Use renewable energy for sources that do not run out naturally.
solar[/ËsÉĘlÉ(r)/]adjeasy
Meaning: āϏā§āϰ
Alt: āϏā§āϰā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāϞā§-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: Solar energy can be used for heating homes.
Syn: sun-poweredAnt: artificial
đĄ Exam tip: Solar is generally used before energy, power, panel, or system.
wind[/wÉĒnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞ
Example: Wind turbines produce electricity from moving air.
Syn: breezeAnt: calm
đĄ Exam tip: Wind energy is a renewable source driven by the sunâs heat.
hydroelectric[/ËhaÉĒdrÉĘÉĒËlektrÉĒk/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāϞāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Alt: āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§-āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤ
Example: Hydroelectric power is generated from flowing water.
Syn: water-poweredAnt: thermal
đĄ Exam tip: Hydroelectricity is produced when the energy of water is captured.
biomass[/ËbaÉĒÉĘmÃĻs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§āĻāĻžāϤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Biomass can be converted into useful fuels.
Syn: organic matterAnt: mineral
đĄ Exam tip: Biomass may produce firewood, alcohol, and other biofuels.
bioenergy[/ËbaÉĒÉĘËenÉdĘi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Example: Bioenergy is obtained from plants and other organic materials.
Syn: biological energyAnt: fossil energy
đĄ Exam tip: Remember: biomass is the material; bioenergy is the energy obtained from it.
hydrogen[/ËhaÉĒdrÉdĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϰā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŽā§āϞāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ
Example: Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel to produce electricity.
Syn: H2Ant: carbon dioxide
đĄ Exam tip: Hydrogen does not usually exist separately as a gas in nature.
geothermal[/ËdĘiËÉĘËθÉËmÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻā§-āϤāĻžāĻĒā§āϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻ
āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Geothermal energy comes from heat inside the Earth.
Syn: earth-heatAnt: surface-cold
đĄ Exam tip: Geo means earth and thermal means heat.
ocean[/ËÉĘĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āϞāĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻāϞāϰāĻžāĻļāĻŋ
Example: Ocean energy can come from tides and waves.
Syn: seaAnt: land
đĄ Exam tip: Ocean energy includes tidal, wave, and temperature-difference energy.
turbine[/ËtÉËbaÉĒn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻāύ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻžāύ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ
Example: A wind turbine changes wind energy into electricity.
Syn: rotary engineAnt: static device
đĄ Exam tip: Wind turbines are common examples in renewable-energy passages.
2. Non-renewable Energy and Fuels (10 words)
fossil fuel[/ËfÉsÉl fjuËÉl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻļā§āώ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Coal, oil, and gas are fossil fuels.
Syn: hydrocarbon fuelAnt: renewable energy
đĄ Exam tip: Fossil fuels are finite and polluting.
hydrocarbon[/ËhaÉĒdrÉĘËkÉËbÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āϰā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ
Alt: āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āϝā§āĻ
Example: Hydrocarbon resources are limited in the world.
Syn: carbon compoundAnt: inorganic substance
đĄ Exam tip: Oil, coal, and natural gas are commonly discussed as hydrocarbon resources.
petroleum[/pÉËtrÉĘliÉm/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āĻā§āϰā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ
Alt: āĻā§āĻāϰā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨ āϤāϰāϞ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: World petroleum consumption has increased greatly.
Syn: crude oilAnt: biofuel
đĄ Exam tip: Petroleum is measured in barrels in the passage.
coal[/kÉĘl/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Coal burning emits a large amount of carbon into the atmosphere.
Syn: coal fuelAnt: clean energy
đĄ Exam tip: Massive coal burning may cause a worldwide ecological disaster.
natural gas[/ËnÃĻtĘÉrÉl ËÉĄÃĻs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻā§āĻāϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ
Example: Many countries rely heavily on natural gas.
Syn: methane gasAnt: solar power
đĄ Exam tip: Natural gas is non-renewable although it is often cleaner than coal.
finite[/ËfaÉĒnaÉĒt/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āϝāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§
Example: Fossil fuels are finite energy resources.
Syn: limitedAnt: infinite
đĄ Exam tip: Finite is frequently contrasted with renewable or unlimited.
reserve[/rÉĒËzÉËv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻā§āϤ
Alt: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ
Example: The present reserve of fossil fuel will not meet future demands.
Syn: stockAnt: shortage
đĄ Exam tip: Reserve may mean a stored supply or natural deposit.
consumption[/kÉnËsĘmpĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Energy consumption is expected to rise by 2030.
Syn: useAnt: production
đĄ Exam tip: Consumption is the noun form of consume.
depletion[/dÉĒËpliËĘÉn/]nounhard
Meaning: āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻāĻļā§āώ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻļ āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: The depletion of fossil fuels is a serious concern.
Syn: exhaustionAnt: replenishment
đĄ Exam tip: Use depletion when a natural resource is gradually used up.
conventional[/kÉnËvenĘÉnÉl/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ
Alt: āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ
Example: Solar power can be a substitute for conventional electricity.
Syn: traditionalAnt: alternative
đĄ Exam tip: Conventional electricity usually refers to electricity generated by fossil fuels.
3. Environment and Climate Effects (10 words)
ecological[/ËiËkÉËlÉdĘÉĒkÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻāϤ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ
Example: Coal burning may lead to an ecological disaster.
Syn: environmentalAnt: unnatural
đĄ Exam tip: Ecological is the adjective form of ecology.
disaster[/dÉĒËzÉËstÉ(r)/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϝāϝāĻŧ
Alt: āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻž
Example: Pollution can cause an ecological disaster.
Syn: catastropheAnt: success
đĄ Exam tip: Worldwide ecological disaster is an important phrase from the lesson.
emission[/ÉĒËmÉĒĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāĻŽāύ
Alt: āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϧā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāύāĻž
Example: Solar power produces no harmful gas emissions.
Syn: dischargeAnt: absorption
đĄ Exam tip: Emission is often used with carbon, gas, smoke, or greenhouse.
pollution[/pÉËluËĘÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ
Alt: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ
Example: Fossil fuels have direct polluting impacts on the environment.
Syn: contaminationAnt: purification
đĄ Exam tip: Pollution is the noun; pollute is the verb; polluted is the adjective.
pollutant[/pÉËluËtÉnt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻā§āώāĻ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§
Example: Clean energy does not emit pollutants into the atmosphere.
Syn: contaminantAnt: purifier
đĄ Exam tip: Do not confuse pollutant with pollution: a pollutant causes pollution.
greenhouse gas[/ËÉĄriËnhaĘs ÉĄÃĻs/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ
Example: Burning fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases.
Syn: heat-trapping gasAnt: clean air
đĄ Exam tip: Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming.
global warming[/ËÉĄlÉĘbÉl ËwÉËmÉĒÅ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāώā§āĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: Fossil fuels are a major cause of global warming.
Syn: planetary warmingAnt: global cooling
đĄ Exam tip: Use global warming as a cause-and-effect topic in paragraph writing.
environment[/ÉĒnËvaÉĒÉrÉnmÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϰ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž
Example: Renewable energy does not harm the environment during use.
Syn: surroundingsAnt: isolation
đĄ Exam tip: Environment is a common answer in gap-filling and composition questions.
clean technology[/kliËn tekËnÉlÉdĘi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŽ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§
Example: Solar power is a kind of clean technology.
Syn: green technologyAnt: polluting technology
đĄ Exam tip: Clean technology is closely related to green energy.
sustainable[/sÉËsteÉĒnÉbÉl/]adjhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāϏāĻ
Alt: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŽā§āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ
Example: Renewable energy supports sustainable development.
Syn: viableAnt: unsustainable
đĄ Exam tip: Sustainable development is a useful phrase for formal writing.
4. Energy Use, Development and Solutions (10 words)
energy crisis[/ËenÉdĘi ËkraÉĒsÉĒs/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻāĻ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϤāĻŋ
Example: Solar energy may help solve the future energy crisis.
Syn: power shortageAnt: energy abundance
đĄ Exam tip: Crisis has the plural form crises.
alternative[/ÉËlËtÉËnÉtÉĒv/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝ
Example: The country is searching for alternative energy sources.
Syn: substituteAnt: conventional
đĄ Exam tip: Alternative energy means energy used instead of fossil-fuel energy.
harness[/ËhÉËnÉĒs/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻā§ āϞāĻžāĻāĻžāύā§
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Scientists are trying to harness solar power in space.
Syn: utilizeAnt: waste
đĄ Exam tip: Harness energy means capture and use energy effectively.
generate[/ËdĘenÉreÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight.
Syn: produceAnt: consume
đĄ Exam tip: Generate is followed by electricity, power, income, or heat.
transmit[/trÃĻnzËmÉĒt/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύā§
Example: Electricity can be transmitted through cables.
Syn: sendAnt: receive
đĄ Exam tip: Transmit is useful in passages about sending energy from space to Earth.
initiative[/ÉĒËnÉĒĘÉtÉĒv/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āϝā§āĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž
Example: Industrial countries have taken initiatives to use renewable energy.
Syn: measureAnt: inaction
đĄ Exam tip: Take an initiative or take initiatives are common collocations.
demand[/dÉĒËmÉËnd/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: Global demand for energy is increasing rapidly.
Syn: needAnt: supply
đĄ Exam tip: Demand for energy is followed by for, not of.
industrialised[/ÉĒnËdĘstriÉlaÉĒzd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āύā§āύāϤ
Alt: āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§
Example: Developing countries may grow faster than industrialised countries.
Syn: developedAnt: underdeveloped
đĄ Exam tip: Industrialised is the British spelling used in the textbook.
efficiency[/ÉĒËfÉĒĘÉnsi/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻŽ āĻ
āĻĒāĻāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĢāϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Example: Space-based solar systems may be greater in efficiency.
Syn: effectivenessAnt: inefficiency
đĄ Exam tip: Efficiency is the noun form of efficient.
suffice[/sÉËfaÉĒs/]verbhard
Meaning: āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Example: A small portion of solar energy may suffice for future demands.
Syn: be enoughAnt: fail
đĄ Exam tip: Suffice is often followed by for or to-infinitive.
5. Reading, Communication and Formal Writing (10 words)
acknowledged[/ÉkËnÉlÉĒdĘd/]adjmedium
Meaning: āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āϤ
Alt: āϏāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ
Example: Kalam was an internationally acknowledged scientist.
Syn: recognisedAnt: unknown
đĄ Exam tip: Acknowledged is the past participle of acknowledge.
concern[/kÉnËsÉËn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻā§āϰāĻš
Example: The speech expressed concern about the energy crisis.
Syn: anxietyAnt: indifference
đĄ Exam tip: Concern about a problem means worry regarding that problem.
consequently[/ËkÉnsÉĒkwÉntli/]advmedium
Meaning: āĻĢāϞāϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞā§
Example: Energy demand is rising; consequently, new sources are needed.
Syn: thereforeAnt: nevertheless
đĄ Exam tip: Use consequently to connect a cause with its result.
rely on[/rÉĒËlaÉĒ Én/]verbeasy
Meaning: āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Many countries rely heavily on fossil fuels.
Syn: depend onAnt: disregard
đĄ Exam tip: Rely is followed by the preposition on.
point out[/pÉÉĒnt aĘt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž
Example: The scientist pointed out the danger of coal burning.
Syn: indicateAnt: conceal
đĄ Exam tip: Point out is a separable phrasal verb: point the danger out.
put importance on[/pĘt ÉĒmËpÉËtÉns Én/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰāĻž
Example: Kalam put much importance on solar energy.
Syn: emphasiseAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: Put importance on and place emphasis on have similar meanings.
substitute[/ËsĘbstÉĒtjuËt/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒ
Alt: āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§
Example: Solar power is a substitute for conventional electricity.
Syn: replacementAnt: original
đĄ Exam tip: The pattern is substitute for something.
appreciate[/ÉËpriËĘieÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻāϰāĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž
Example: We appreciate the city authorityâs solar-panel initiative.
Syn: praiseAnt: criticise
đĄ Exam tip: In a letter to the editor, appreciate an initiative before giving reasons.
capacity[/kÉËpÃĻsÉti/]nounmedium
Meaning: āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
Example: The capacity of a solar unit depends on its size.
Syn: abilityAnt: incapacity
đĄ Exam tip: Capacity may refer to power output or the ability to do something.
impact[/ËÉĒmpÃĻkt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ
Alt: āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ
Example: Renewable energy has a positive impact on national development.
Syn: effectAnt: cause
đĄ Exam tip: Impact on is the common prepositional combination.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ Learn renewable and non-renewable as opposite terms and use them in comparison questions.
âĸ Remember the main renewable sources: solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, hydrogen, geothermal, and ocean energy.
âĸ For a cause-and-effect answer, use because, therefore, consequently, hence, and as a result.
âĸ In formal letters, begin by appreciating the initiative, then explain its benefits and request wider implementation.
âĸ Use emit for gases, generate for electricity, harness for natural power, and consume for using energy.
âĸ Fossil fuels are finite, expensive, environmentally damaging, and directly connected with global warming.
âĸ A renewable source is called green or clean energy when it produces little or no harmful pollution.
âĸ For vocabulary questions, distinguish source, resource, reserve, energy, power, and electricity carefully.
âĸ Use the collocations energy crisis, energy demand, energy consumption, alternative energy source, and greenhouse gas emission.
âĸ In true-or-false questions, check words such as completely, only, always, and never because they often change the meaning.