১.১ শিখনফল ও বিশ্লেষণের ধরন
- Parts of speech classify words according to the grammatical jobs they do in a sentence, as stated in “Parts of speech are the categories used to classify words according to the jobs they do in a sentence.”
- A word must be judged by its function in the sentence rather than only by its dictionary meaning, as shown by “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.”
- A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea, as defined in “Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas.”
- A verb expresses an action or a state of being, as explained in “Verbs show action or state of being.”
- An adjective describes a noun or pronoun, as stated in “An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing its quality, color, size, number, or type.”
- An adverb usually describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb, as explained in “An adverb usually modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.”
- A pronoun takes the place of a noun to avoid repetition, as stated in “A pronoun is used instead of a noun to avoid repetition.”
- A preposition shows a relationship involving place, time, or direction, as explained in “A preposition links a noun or pronoun to another word and shows relationship.”
- A conjunction joins words or groups of words, as stated in “Conjunctions join words or groups of words.”
- An interjection expresses sudden feeling, as stated in “Interjections express sudden feeling.”
- The part of speech of a word may change according to its use in a sentence, as explained in “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.”
- A complete sentence needs a subject, a verb, and a complete thought, as shown in “A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought.”
১.২ বিশ্লেষণের কাঠামো
১.৩ Type-১ : সারসংক্ষেপ ও ঘটনাক্রম
Summary: Parts of speech classify words according to the grammatical jobs they do in a sentence. The main idea is that a word must be identified by its function in context, not only by its dictionary meaning. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas; verbs show action or state of being; adjectives describe nouns or pronouns; adverbs usually describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; pronouns replace nouns; prepositions show relationships; conjunctions join words or groups of words; and interjections express sudden feeling. The supporting statement is: “Parts of speech are the categories used to classify words according to the jobs they do in a sentence.”
How the analysis proceeds: First, examine each word in the sentence. Next, ask what job it performs—whether it names, shows action, describes, replaces, joins, or shows a relationship. Then check whether the words work together as a grammatical sentence. Finally, read the sentence aloud to see whether the meaning is complete and clear. This order follows the idea that “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.”
২. নাম, কাজ, বর্ণনা, পরিবর্তে ব্যবহার, সম্পর্ক বা সংযোগ—কোন কাজটি হচ্ছে তা জিজ্ঞাসা করুন।
৩. কাজ অনুযায়ী শব্দের শ্রেণি নির্ধারণ করুন।
৪. subject, verb এবং complete thought আছে কি না পরীক্ষা করুন।
৫. বাক্যটি পরিষ্কার ও সম্পূর্ণ কি না পড়ে যাচাই করুন।
জেনে রাখুন: The same word may have different parts of speech in different sentences. For example, “light” is a noun in “The light is bright,” but it is an adjective in “a light bag.” Adjectives describe nouns, whereas adverbs usually describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. A complete sentence must contain a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought; “Because of the rain” is therefore a phrase, not a complete sentence.
১. “child” names a person, so it is a noun.
২. “young” describes the noun “child,” so it is an adjective.
৩. “reads” shows an action, so it is a verb.
৪. “quietly” tells how the child reads, so it is an adverb.
৫. “in” shows a relationship of place, so it is a preposition.
৬. “room” names a place, so it is a noun.
∴ Structure: adjective + noun + verb + adverb + preposition + noun.
Evidence: “An adverb usually modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.”
| ক্রম | ঘটনা | গুরুত্ব |
|---|---|---|
| ১ | Look at each word’s function. | Meaning is judged from sentence use. |
| ২ | Ask what job the word performs. | The correct category becomes easier to find. |
| ৩ | Classify the word. | Words are grouped as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, or interjection. |
| ৪ | Check the sentence structure. | A grammatical sentence needs a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. |
| ৫ | Read the sentence aloud. | This helps test whether the sentence is clear and complete. |
Solution:
১. “and” joins two words or groups of words, so it is a conjunction.
২. “carefully” tells how they worked, so it is an adverb.
∴ “and” = conjunction; “carefully” = adverb.
Evidence: “Conjunctions join words or groups of words.”
১.৪ Type-১ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর
Parts of speech classify words according to the grammatical jobs they do in a sentence. A word is identified by its function in context, not only by its dictionary meaning. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas; verbs show action or state of being; adjectives describe nouns or pronouns; adverbs usually describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; pronouns replace nouns; prepositions show relationships; conjunctions join words or groups of words; and interjections express sudden feeling. Sentence analysis begins by examining each word, asking what job it performs, classifying it, checking the sentence structure, and reading the sentence aloud. A complete sentence must have a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.
Evidence: “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.”
১. Read the sentence and examine each word’s function.
২. Ask whether the word names, shows action, describes, replaces, joins, or shows a relationship.
৩. Classify the word according to its grammatical job.
৪. Check whether the sentence has a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.
৫. Read the sentence aloud to test whether it is clear and complete.
Evidence: “The parts of speech must work together to make a grammatical sentence.”
A word may have different parts of speech in different sentences. Therefore, its use in the sentence must be checked before its category is decided.
Evidence: “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.”
Adjectives describe nouns, whereas adverbs usually describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Evidence: “An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing its quality, color, size, number, or type.”
Sol:
Sol:
Sol:
Sol:
সমাধান: A word should be judged by its function because the same word can perform different grammatical jobs in different sentences. Its dictionary meaning alone is not enough.
Evidence: “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.”
সমাধান: First, examine each word’s function. Next, ask what job each word performs. Then classify the words. After that, check the subject, verb, and complete thought. Finally, read the sentence aloud to check whether it is clear and complete.
Evidence: “Read the sentence aloud to test whether it sounds complete and clear.”
সমাধান: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. An adverb usually describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Thus, the word being described must be checked before the category is chosen.
Evidence: “Adjectives describe nouns, whereas adverbs usually describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.”
সমাধান: “Because of the rain” does not contain a subject and a verb, and it does not express a complete thought. Therefore, it is a phrase, not a complete sentence.
Evidence: “A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought.”
(a) swift
(b) jumped
(c) over
(d) fence
Correct answer: (a) swift
(a) She ran quick to the gate.
(b) The quick runner won the race.
(c) We saw a quick change in the weather.
(d) A quick decision was needed.
Correct answer: (a) She ran quick to the gate.
(a) preposition
(b) conjunction
(c) adverb
(d) interjection
Correct answer: (a) preposition
(a) It joins two nouns with equal importance.
(b) It shows that one action caused another.
(c) It describes the teacher more closely.
(d) It replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
Correct answer: (a) It joins two nouns with equal importance.
(a) Rita lost Rita's notebook, so Rita borrowed Rita's friend's.
(b) Rita lost her notebook, so she borrowed her friend's.
(c) Rita lost she notebook, so her borrowed hers friend's.
(d) Rita lost theirs notebook, so they borrowed she friend's.
Correct answer: (b) Rita lost her notebook, so she borrowed her friend's.
১.৫ Type-২ : চরিত্র বিশ্লেষণ
In this explanatory lesson, the “characters” are the grammatical roles that work together inside a sentence. The main roles are nouns and verbs because they name the subject or object and show the action or state; the supporting roles describe, replace, connect, or show relationships. Evidence: “Parts of speech are the categories used to classify words according to the jobs they do in a sentence.”
| Role | Feature | Textual evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Noun | Names a person, place, thing, or idea. | “A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.” |
| Verb | Shows action or state of being. | “Verbs show action or state of being.” |
| Adjective | Describes a noun or pronoun. | “An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing its quality, color, size, number, or type.” |
| Adverb | Usually describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. | “An adverb usually modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.” |
| Pronoun | Takes the place of a noun. | “A pronoun is used instead of a noun to avoid repetition.” |
| Preposition | Shows a relationship of place, time, or direction. | “A preposition links a noun or pronoun to another word and shows relationship.” |
| Conjunction | Joins words or groups of words. | “Conjunctions join words or groups of words.” |
| Interjection | Expresses sudden feeling. | “Interjections express sudden feeling.” |
First, identify the sentence and examine each word’s function. Next, ask whether the word names, shows action, describes, replaces a noun, joins, or shows a relationship. Then classify the word by its grammatical job. Finally, check whether the sentence is complete and clear. Evidence: “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.” The passage is explanatory in tone because it defines, classifies, and gives steps; evidence: “How It Works — Step by Step”. No literary অলংকার is identified because the supplied lesson presents grammatical explanations rather than a literary narrative.
Worked example: Consider the new sentence, “The honest teacher explained clearly with patience.” A conventional analysis takes each word in order: “teacher” names a person, so it is a noun; “honest” describes “teacher,” so it is an adjective; “explained” shows an action, so it is a verb; “clearly” tells how the action was done, so it is an adverb; “with” links a noun to another word and shows relationship, so it is a preposition; and “patience” names an idea, so it is a noun. The shortcut is to ask the job of each word directly: naming → noun, describing → adjective, action → verb, telling how → adverb, and relationship → preposition. Thus, the conventional method checks every word carefully, while the shortcut reaches the same classification more quickly. ∴ Structure: adjective + noun + verb + adverb + preposition + noun. Evidence: “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.”
Practice question and solution: In the sentence, “The careful driver moved slowly toward Mumbai,” identify the parts of speech of “careful,” “driver,” “slowly,” “toward,” and “Mumbai.” Solution: “careful” describes “driver,” so it is an adjective. “driver” names a person, so it is a noun. “slowly” tells how the driver moved, so it is an adverb. “toward” shows direction, so it is a preposition. “Mumbai” names a place, so it is a noun. ∴ careful = adjective; driver = noun; slowly = adverb; toward = preposition; Mumbai = noun. Evidence: “An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing its quality, color, size, number, or type.”
১.৬ Type-২ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর
Type-২ : Parts of Speech—Identification and Use
Examine the word’s job in the sentence → naming = noun; action or state = verb; describing a noun or pronoun = adjective; describing a verb, adjective, or another adverb = adverb; replacing a noun = pronoun; showing place, time, or direction = preposition; joining words or groups of words = conjunction; sudden feeling = interjection.
Formula: word function → grammatical category → sentence check
Know This
A word must be classified from its use in the sentence, because its part of speech may change in another sentence. Evidence: “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.”
Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns, while adverbs usually describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Evidence: “An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing its quality, color, size, number, or type.”
A complete sentence needs a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. Evidence: “A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought.”
(অনুশীলনের জন্য অতিরিক্ত) Questions and Solutions
(a) swift(b) jumped(c) over(d) fence
Answer: (a) swift
(a) She ran _quick_ to the gate.(b) The _quick_ runner won the race.(c) We saw a _quick_ change in the weather.(d) A _quick_ decision was needed.
Answer: (a) She ran _quick_ to the gate.
(a) preposition(b) conjunction(c) adverb(d) interjection
Answer: (a) preposition
(a) It joins two nouns with equal importance.(b) It shows that one action caused another.(c) It describes the teacher more closely.(d) It replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
Answer: (a) It joins two nouns with equal importance.
(a) Rita lost Rita's notebook, so Rita borrowed Rita's friend's.(b) Rita lost her notebook, so she borrowed her friend's.(c) Rita lost she notebook, so her borrowed hers friend's.(d) Rita lost theirs notebook, so they borrowed she friend's.
Answer: (b) Rita lost her notebook, so she borrowed her friend's.
১.৭ Type-৩ : মূলভাব ও বার্তা (Theme)
Main theme: Parts of speech help a writer classify words by their grammatical jobs so that sentences become clear, accurate, and easy to understand. The central evidence is: “Parts of speech are the categories used to classify words according to the jobs they do in a sentence.” This shows that the topic is not only about memorising labels; it is about understanding how each word works inside a sentence.
1. Read the sentence as a complete unit.
2. Examine what each important word does.
3. Ask whether the word names, shows action, describes, joins, replaces a noun, or shows a relationship.
4. Identify the tone of the explanation: it is instructional and practical because it gives steps and checks.
5. Look for literary devices only when the passage provides them; here, the material mainly uses definitions, examples, contrast, and step-by-step explanation.
6. Support every theme or sub-theme with a short quotation from the passage.
Sub-theme one — context controls meaning: A word cannot be classified correctly by dictionary meaning alone. Its grammatical role depends on its use in the sentence. The supporting quotation is: “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.” Therefore, sentence context is the key to deciding whether a word is acting as a noun, adjective, verb, or another part of speech.
Sub-theme two — grammatical knowledge improves communication: Correct word choice and correct word forms make messages precise and natural. The passage explains this through the quotation: “Parts of speech help writers and speakers make sentences precise, natural, and easy to understand.” Its tone is practical rather than imaginative, because the discussion connects grammar with school communication and other real-life situations. No separate figurative device is developed in the supplied material; the main methods are definition, example, contrast, and direct instruction.
Sample paragraph: A careful reader studies each word according to its function. The reader first identifies the word’s job, then checks the sentence structure, and finally reads the sentence aloud. This process helps the writer produce a clear and complete message.
Answer: The paragraph’s main theme is that sentence analysis should be based on the function of each word. Its supporting ideas are checking sentence structure and testing whether the meaning is complete. The best evidence is: “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.” The paragraph has an instructional tone because it presents an ordered method rather than a personal opinion.
Practice question and solution: What message does the passage give about learning parts of speech?
Solution: The passage gives the message that grammar becomes useful when learners connect each word with its job in a sentence. It also teaches that context must be checked before a final label is chosen. This message is supported by: “Knowing parts of speech makes sentences clearer, more accurate, and easier to analyze, revise, and improve.”
১.৮ Type-৩ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর
এই ধরনের প্রশ্নে পাঠ্যাংশের প্রধান বক্তব্য, সহায়ক ধারণা, উদ্দেশ্য ও প্রমাণ শনাক্ত করতে হয়। উত্তর লেখার সময় পাঠ্যাংশের বক্তব্য সংক্ষেপে প্রকাশ করে একটি সংক্ষিপ্ত উদ্ধৃতি দিতে হবে।
১. Read the passage as a complete unit.
২. Identify the central idea repeated or supported throughout the passage.
৩. Separate the main idea from supporting details and examples.
৪. Identify the tone from the way the passage explains its subject.
৫. Find a short quotation that directly supports the answer.
৬. Write the answer clearly without adding information outside the passage.
A word must be classified by its function in a sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning. The passage supports this point by saying, “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.”
The tone is instructional and practical because the passage gives an ordered method for analysing sentences and checking whether they are clear and complete. This is supported by the step-by-step directions, including “Read the sentence aloud to test whether it sounds complete and clear.”
The passage mainly uses definitions, examples, contrast, and direct instruction. No separate figurative device is developed in the supplied material.
Question: What is the central idea of the passage about parts of speech?
Answer: The central idea is that parts of speech classify words according to the grammatical jobs they perform in sentences. A word should be identified from its function in context, because the same word can perform different grammatical jobs in different sentences.
Evidence: “Parts of speech are the categories used to classify words according to the jobs they do in a sentence.”
Explanation: The definition gives the main idea, while the statement about changing function explains why context is necessary.
Solution: The passage teaches that learning parts of speech is useful when a learner understands the grammatical job of each word. This knowledge helps the learner analyse and improve sentences.
Evidence: “Understanding parts of speech helps a reader explain why a sentence is correct or incorrect.”
Solution: Context must be considered because one word may function differently in different sentences. Its grammatical category depends on the job it performs in that particular sentence.
Evidence: “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.”
Solution: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. An adverb usually describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Therefore, the word being described should be checked before the grammatical category is chosen.
Evidence: “An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing its quality, color, size, number, or type.”
Solution: The tone is instructional and practical. The passage first defines parts of speech, then gives questions for identifying the job of each word, explains the different categories, and finally advises the reader to check the sentence and read it aloud.
Evidence: “Identify the sentence and look at each word’s function.”
১.৯ Type-৪ : ভাষা, অলংকার ও সুর
Type-১ : Language, Devices and Tone
Parts of speech are explained in a clear, instructional way. The passage uses definitions, examples, contrast, and direct steps rather than poetic language. Its central viewpoint is practical and learner-focused: grammar helps writers make sentences “precise, natural, and easy to understand.”
১. Identify the main teaching point of the passage.
২. Notice whether the writer explains, persuades, entertains, or gives instructions.
৩. Check the words and examples used to identify the tone.
৪. Look for simile, metaphor, personification, or imagery only when the text provides clear evidence.
৫. Support every conclusion with a short quotation from the passage.
জেনে রাখুন: The tone is instructional and practical because the passage gives an ordered method for analysing sentences: “Identify the sentence and look at each word’s function.” The viewpoint is objective rather than personal. The writer explains how grammar works and why it matters in communication, without presenting a personal story or opinion.
| Device | Example or evidence | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Simile | No clear simile is developed in the supplied passage. | No comparison using “like” or “as” is available to analyse. |
| Metaphor | No clear metaphor is developed in the supplied passage. | The explanation remains direct and factual. |
| Personification | No personification is developed in the supplied passage. | Ideas are explained without giving human actions to non-human things. |
| Imagery | The passage mainly gives grammar examples, such as “a light bag.” | The example clarifies word function rather than creating a vivid scene. |
Worked example and practice: The tone of the passage about parts of speech is instructional and practical. First, the writer defines the topic. Next, the writer gives a step-by-step method. Finally, the writer explains that context must be checked because “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.” Answer: The passage teaches readers how to classify words accurately, and its direct method makes the explanation clear. (অনুশীলনের জন্য অতিরিক্ত) What is the writer’s viewpoint? Solution: The viewpoint is objective and learner-focused because the writer explains grammar rules and their usefulness without adding a personal narrative.
১.১০ Type-৪ অনুশীলন ও উত্তর
দূরত্ব, সময় ও গতিবেগের সম্পর্ক মনে রাখুন: গতিবেগ = দূরত্ব ÷ সময়; সময় = দূরত্ব ÷ গতিবেগ। একক পরিবর্তনের ক্ষেত্রে ১ মি./সে. = ১৮/৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা ব্যবহার করা যায়। ট্রেনের ক্ষেত্রে খুঁটি অতিক্রমে দূরত্ব = ট্রেনের দৈর্ঘ্য, আর প্ল্যাটফর্ম অতিক্রমে দূরত্ব = ট্রেনের দৈর্ঘ্য + প্ল্যাটফর্মের দৈর্ঘ্য।
গতিবেগ = ২৬০ কি.মি.৪ ঘণ্টা
গতিবেগ = ৬৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি:
গতিবেগ = ২৬০ ÷ ৪
গতিবেগ = ৬৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
Ans. ৬৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা।
১ মি./সে. = ১৮/৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
৫ মি./সে. = ৫ × ১৮৫ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
৫ মি./সে. = ১৮ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি:
কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = ৫ × ১৮ ÷ ৫
কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = ১৮
Ans. ১৮ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা।
৩৬ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = ৩৬ × ৫১৮ মি./সে.
ট্রেনের গতিবেগ = ১০ মি./সে.
খুঁটি অতিক্রমের দূরত্ব = ১০০ মিটার
সময় = ১০০ মিটার১০ মি./সে.
সময় = ১০ সেকেন্ড
শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি:
সময় = ১০০ ÷ ১০ = ১০ সেকেন্ড
Ans. ১০ সেকেন্ড।
অনুকূলের গতিবেগ = ১০ + ৩ = ১৩ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
প্রতিকূলের গতিবেগ = ১০ − ৩ = ৭ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা
অনুকূলে সময় = ৯১ কি.মি.১৩ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = ৭ ঘণ্টা
প্রতিকূলে সময় = ৯১ কি.মি.৭ কি.মি./ঘণ্টা = ১৩ ঘণ্টা
শর্টকাট পদ্ধতি:
অনুকূলে = ১০ + ৩ = ১৩; ৯১ ÷ ১৩ = ৭ ঘণ্টা
প্রতিকূলে = ১০ − ৩ = ৭; ৯১ ÷ ৭ = ১৩ ঘণ্টা
Ans. অনুকূলে ৭ ঘণ্টা এবং প্রতিকূলে ১৩ ঘণ্টা।
১.১১ সাধারণ ভুল ও ফাঁদ
- শব্দের শ্রেণি তার অভিধানগত অর্থ দিয়ে নয়, বাক্যে সে কী কাজ করছে তা দেখে নির্ধারণ করতে হবে।
- একই শব্দ ভিন্ন বাক্যে ভিন্ন পদ হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, তাই প্রতিটি বাক্যে তার ব্যবহার পরীক্ষা করতে হবে।
- Noun ব্যক্তি, স্থান, বস্তু বা ভাবের নাম প্রকাশ করে।
- Verb কাজ বা অস্তিত্বের অবস্থা প্রকাশ করে এবং পূর্ণ বাক্যে একটি প্রধান verb থাকা দরকার।
- Adjective সাধারণত noun বা pronoun-কে বর্ণনা করে, তাই এটি কোন শব্দকে বর্ণনা করছে তা খুঁজতে হবে।
- Adverb সাধারণত verb, adjective বা অন্য adverb-কে বর্ণনা করে, তাই এটি কীভাবে, কখন, কোথায় বা কতটা বোঝাচ্ছে কি না দেখতে হবে।
- Pronoun noun-এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং একই noun বারবার লেখা এড়াতে সাহায্য করে।
- Preposition noun বা pronoun-কে অন্য শব্দের সঙ্গে যুক্ত করে স্থান, সময় বা দিকের সম্পর্ক দেখায়।
- Conjunction শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছকে যুক্ত করে, তাই এটি কোনো শব্দকে বর্ণনা করছে বা noun-এর পরিবর্তে বসেছে ধরে নেওয়া ভুল।
- Interjection আকস্মিক অনুভূতি প্রকাশ করে এবং অন্য পদের মতো নাম, কাজ বা সম্পর্ক নির্দেশ করে না।
- কয়েকটি শব্দ একসঙ্গে থাকলেই পূর্ণ বাক্য হয় না, কারণ পূর্ণ বাক্যে subject, verb এবং সম্পূর্ণ ভাব থাকতে হয়।
- কোনো শব্দের পদ নির্ধারণের পর বাক্যটি পড়ে দেখতে হবে যাতে শ্রেণিবিন্যাসটি বাক্যের অর্থ ও ব্যাকরণের সঙ্গে মেলে।
১.১২ অতিরিক্ত অনুশীলন
প্রমাণ: “A word should be judged by what it does in the sentence, not only by its dictionary meaning.”
১. বাক্যটি পড়ে প্রতিটি শব্দের কাজ লক্ষ করো।
২. শব্দটি নাম প্রকাশ করছে, কাজ বোঝাচ্ছে, বর্ণনা করছে, পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত হচ্ছে, সম্পর্ক দেখাচ্ছে, না কি সংযোগ করছে—তা নির্ধারণ করো।
৩. কাজ অনুযায়ী noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition বা conjunction নির্ণয় করো।
৪. শব্দটি বাক্যের কোন অংশকে বর্ণনা বা পরিবর্তন করছে, তা মিলিয়ে দেখো।
৫. শেষে বাক্যটির subject, verb এবং সম্পূর্ণ ভাব আছে কি না পরীক্ষা করো।
প্রমাণ: “The parts of speech must work together to make a grammatical sentence.”
প্রমাণ: “A word’s part of speech can change depending on how it is used.”
১. She একটি noun-এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে; তাই pronoun।
২. her noun-এর পরিবর্তে বা তার সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত possessive অর্থে ব্যবহৃত pronoun।
৩. pencil একটি জিনিসের নাম; তাই noun।
৪. in স্থান-সম্পর্ক দেখাচ্ছে; তাই preposition।
৫. bag একটি জিনিসের নাম; তাই noun।
∴ She = pronoun; her = pronoun; pencil = noun; in = preposition; bag = noun.
প্রমাণ: “A pronoun is used instead of a noun to avoid repetition.”
১. student একজন ব্যক্তির নাম প্রকাশ করছে; তাই noun।
২. quiet শব্দটি student-কে বর্ণনা করছে; তাই adjective।
৩. answered কাজ বোঝাচ্ছে; তাই verb।
৪. politely শিক্ষার্থী কীভাবে উত্তর দিল তা জানাচ্ছে; তাই adverb।
৫. in স্থান-সম্পর্ক দেখাচ্ছে; তাই preposition।
৬. class একটি স্থান বা জিনিসের নাম; তাই noun।
∴ quiet = adjective; student = noun; answered = verb; politely = adverb; in = preposition; class = noun.
প্রমাণ: “An adverb usually modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.”
১. and দুটি noun, teacher ও student-কে যুক্ত করেছে; তাই conjunction।
২. teacher একজন ব্যক্তির নাম; তাই noun।
৩. read কাজ বোঝাচ্ছে; তাই verb।
৪. বাক্যটিতে subject এবং verb আছে, তাই এটি সম্পূর্ণ ভাব প্রকাশ করছে।
∴ and = conjunction; teacher = noun; read = verb.
প্রমাণ: “Conjunctions join words or groups of words.”
১. “Because of the rain” একটি শব্দগুচ্ছ।
২. এতে rain একটি জিনিস বা ঘটনার নাম প্রকাশ করছে; তাই noun।
৩. কিন্তু এই শব্দগুচ্ছে কোনো subject এবং main verb নেই।
৪. তাই এটি সম্পূর্ণ ভাব প্রকাশ করে না।
∴ “Because of the rain” একটি phrase, complete sentence নয়।
প্রমাণ: “Because of the rain” is a phrase, not a complete sentence.