English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Conditionals - Vocabulary | Free Course

Chapter: Conditionals

📚 Vocabulary

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten

⭐ Most Important Exam Words

conditionalconditionclauseresultpossibilitydependoutcomeunlesssucceedattemptimmediatelyinstructionadvicedelayunrealhypotheticalopportunityprofessionregretcertaintybrochurememorialdiscountpollutionrecycleenvironmentunhealthyrural

📃 Word Formation Rules

► Add -al to condition to form conditional, meaning শর্তসাপেক্ষ.

► Add -ity to possible to form possibility, meaning সম্ভাবনা.

► Add -ment to achieve to form achievement; similarly, environmental vocabulary often uses noun suffixes such as -ment.

► Add the prefix un- to healthy to form unhealthy, meaning অস্বাস্থ্যকর.

► Add -tion to pollute to form pollution, meaning দূষণ.

► Add -ing to recycle to form recycling, meaning পুনর্ব্যবহার করার প্রক্রিয়া.

► Change celebrity to celebrities in the plural by changing y to ies.

► Add -al to profession-related roots such as instruction to form instructional.

► Use the negative prefix im- with possible to form impossible, but use un- with real to form unreal.

► Use the noun suffix -ity in opportunity and certainty to express a state or quality.

1. Conditionals: Basic Terms (8 words)

conditional[/kənˈdɪʃənəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: শর্তসাপেক্ষ

Alt: কোনো শর্তের ওপর নির্ভরশীল

Example: A conditional sentence expresses a condition and its result.

Syn: dependent, contingentAnt: unconditional, absolute

💡 Exam tip: Remember that a conditional sentence usually has an if-clause and a main clause.

condition[/kənˈdɪʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: শর্ত

Alt: অবস্থা বা পরিস্থিতি

Example: You will pass on the condition that you work hard.

Syn: requirement, provisionAnt: result, consequence

💡 Exam tip: Use condition for the situation that must happen before a result.

clause[/klɔːz/]nounmedium

Meaning: উপবাক্য

Alt: বাক্যের একটি অংশ যাতে subject ও verb থাকে

Example: The if-clause presents the condition.

Syn: sentence-part, construction

💡 Exam tip: In If you study, you will pass, If you study is the subordinate clause.

result[/rɪˈzʌlt/]nouneasy

Meaning: ফলাফল

Alt: কোনো কাজের পরিণতি

Example: The main clause states the result of the condition.

Syn: outcome, effectAnt: cause, origin

💡 Exam tip: Identify the result clause before choosing the correct verb form.

possibility[/ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/]nouneasy

Meaning: সম্ভাবনা

Alt: ঘটার সম্ভাব্যতা

Example: The first conditional expresses a future possibility.

Syn: chance, prospectAnt: impossibility, certainty

💡 Exam tip: First conditional is commonly used for a real or likely future possibility.

depend[/dɪˈpend/]verbeasy

Meaning: নির্ভর করা

Alt: কোনো কিছুর ওপর নির্ভরশীল হওয়া

Example: The result may depend on your effort.

Syn: rely, hingeAnt: independ

💡 Exam tip: Use depend on, not depend of.

outcome[/ˈaʊtkʌm/]nounmedium

Meaning: পরিণতি

Alt: কোনো ঘটনার শেষ ফল

Example: The outcome will be positive if everyone cooperates.

Syn: result, consequenceAnt: cause

💡 Exam tip: Outcome is a useful synonym for result in vocabulary questions.

unless[/ənˈles/]conjmedium

Meaning: যদি না

Alt: শর্তটি না ঘটলে

Example: You will fail unless you study regularly.

Syn: if not, except ifAnt: if

💡 Exam tip: Unless usually means if...not; do not normally add another not after it.

2. First Conditional Vocabulary (8 words)

future[/ˈfjuːtʃə/]nouneasy

Meaning: ভবিষ্যৎ

Alt: বর্তমানের পরবর্তী সময়

Example: The first conditional often refers to the future.

Syn: time ahead, coming timeAnt: past, present

💡 Exam tip: The usual pattern is if + present tense, subject + will + base verb.

succeed[/səkˈsiːd/]verbeasy

Meaning: সফল হওয়া

Alt: লক্ষ্য অর্জন করা

Example: If I work hard, I will succeed.

Syn: achieve, prosperAnt: fail, lose

💡 Exam tip: Succeed is followed by in before a noun or gerund: succeed in life.

attempt[/əˈtempt/]nounmedium

Meaning: চেষ্টা

Alt: কোনো কাজ করার উদ্যোগ

Example: If your first attempt fails, try again.

Syn: try, endeavourAnt: neglect, inaction

💡 Exam tip: Attempt can be both a noun and a verb.

miss[/mɪs/]verbeasy

Meaning: ছুটে যাওয়া

Alt: ধরতে বা পেতে ব্যর্থ হওয়া

Example: If you start now, you will not miss the train.

Syn: lose, fail to catchAnt: catch, reach

💡 Exam tip: Miss the train means fail to catch the train, not merely feel sad.

immediately[/ɪˈmiːdiətli/]adveasy

Meaning: অবিলম্বে

Alt: সঙ্গে সঙ্গে

Example: Call me immediately if you need help.

Syn: instantly, at onceAnt: later, eventually

💡 Exam tip: Immediately is an adverb and often modifies an action in the result clause.

instruction[/ɪnˈstrʌkʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: নির্দেশনা

Alt: কোনো কাজ করার আদেশ বা পদ্ধতি

Example: If you feel sick, follow the doctor's instruction.

Syn: direction, orderAnt: disobedience

💡 Exam tip: An imperative in the result clause can express an instruction.

advice[/ədˈvaɪs/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরামর্শ

Alt: উপকারী মতামত

Example: If you are confused, ask your teacher for advice.

Syn: guidance, suggestionAnt: misguidance

💡 Exam tip: Advice is uncountable; say a piece of advice, not an advice.

delay[/dɪˈleɪ/]verbmedium

Meaning: বিলম্ব করা

Alt: দেরি করা

Example: If you delay your work, you may miss the deadline.

Syn: postpone, deferAnt: hasten, advance

💡 Exam tip: Delay may be followed by a noun or by a gerund: delay doing.

3. Second Conditional Vocabulary (8 words)

unreal[/ʌnˈrɪəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: অবাস্তব

Alt: বাস্তবে সত্য নয় এমন

Example: The second conditional describes an unreal or unlikely situation.

Syn: imaginary, hypotheticalAnt: real, actual

💡 Exam tip: Use past simple in the if-clause and would plus base verb in the result clause.

hypothetical[/ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkəl/]adjhard

Meaning: কাল্পনিক

Alt: ধরে নেওয়া হয়েছে এমন

Example: The interviewer asked a hypothetical question.

Syn: imaginary, supposedAnt: actual, factual

💡 Exam tip: Hypothetical situations are frequently tested with second conditional structures.

imagine[/ɪˈmædʒɪn/]verbeasy

Meaning: কল্পনা করা

Alt: মনে মনে চিন্তা করা

Example: If you could travel anywhere, where would you go? Imagine the possibilities.

Syn: visualize, conceiveAnt: ignore, overlook

💡 Exam tip: Imagine is followed by a noun, gerund, or that-clause.

opportunity[/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/]nounmedium

Meaning: সুযোগ

Alt: কিছু করার অনুকূল সময় বা অবস্থা

Example: If I had the opportunity, I would help rural people.

Syn: chance, openingAnt: obstacle, disadvantage

💡 Exam tip: Opportunity is usually followed by to + verb or for + noun.

offer[/ˈɒfə/]verbeasy

Meaning: প্রস্তাব দেওয়া

Alt: কোনো কিছু দিতে চাওয়া

Example: If they offered me a better salary, I would stay.

Syn: propose, provideAnt: refuse, withdraw

💡 Exam tip: Offer can be followed by an object and to-infinitive: offer me a job.

salary[/ˈsæləri/]nouneasy

Meaning: বেতন

Alt: নিয়মিত চাকরির পারিশ্রমিক

Example: If the salary were higher, she would accept the job.

Syn: pay, wageAnt: expense, cost

💡 Exam tip: Salary is generally monthly or yearly pay; wages are often paid by time worked.

profession[/prəˈfeʃən/]nounmedium

Meaning: পেশা

Alt: জীবিকা অর্জনের কাজ

Example: If I could change my profession, I would become a teacher.

Syn: occupation, careerAnt: unemployment

💡 Exam tip: Profession and occupation are common synonyms in examination passages.

regret[/rɪˈɡret/]verbmedium

Meaning: অনুতপ্ত হওয়া

Alt: কোনো কাজের জন্য দুঃখ পাওয়া

Example: If I had more time, I would not regret my decision.

Syn: repent, lamentAnt: approve, rejoice

💡 Exam tip: Regret is followed by a noun or gerund: regret doing something.

4. Modal and Result Expressions (8 words)

will[/wɪl/]verbeasy

Meaning: করবে বা হবে

Alt: ভবিষ্যৎ বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত সহায়ক ক্রিয়া

Example: If it rains, we will stay at home.

Syn: shall, is going to

💡 Exam tip: Do not normally use will in the if-clause of a standard first conditional.

would[/wʊd/]verbeasy

Meaning: করত বা হতো

Alt: কাল্পনিক ফল বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত সহায়ক ক্রিয়া

Example: If I had money, I would help the poor.

Syn: might, could

💡 Exam tip: Second conditional commonly follows if + past simple, would + base verb.

may[/meɪ/]verbeasy

Meaning: হতে পারে

Alt: সম্ভাবনা বা অনুমতি বোঝায়

Example: If you hurry, you may catch the bus.

Syn: might, couldAnt: cannot, must not

💡 Exam tip: May expresses possibility in the result clause of a first conditional.

might[/maɪt/]verbmedium

Meaning: সম্ভবত হতে পারে

Alt: কম নিশ্চিত সম্ভাবনা

Example: If I send the document today, she might receive it tomorrow.

Syn: may, couldAnt: cannot

💡 Exam tip: Might usually indicates a weaker possibility than may or will.

could[/kʊd/]verbmedium

Meaning: পারত

Alt: সক্ষমতা বা সম্ভাবনা বোঝায়

Example: If I had more time, I could complete the task.

Syn: would be able to, mightAnt: could not

💡 Exam tip: Could may replace would when the meaning is ability or possibility.

imperative[/ɪmˈperətɪv/]adjhard

Meaning: আদেশসূচক

Alt: নির্দেশ বা পরামর্শ প্রকাশকারী

Example: If you need help, give me a call is an imperative conditional.

Syn: commanding, directiveAnt: interrogative, optional

💡 Exam tip: The imperative form uses the base verb without a subject: Open the door.

instructional[/ɪnˈstrʌkʃənəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: নির্দেশনামূলক

Alt: শিক্ষা বা নির্দেশ দেওয়ার জন্য ব্যবহৃত

Example: The guide gives instructional advice to tourists.

Syn: educational, directiveAnt: misleading

💡 Exam tip: Instructional language often appears in conditional sentences with imperative verbs.

certainty[/ˈsɜːtənti/]nounmedium

Meaning: নিশ্চয়তা

Alt: নিশ্চিত হওয়ার অবস্থা

Example: Will expresses greater certainty than might.

Syn: assurance, confidenceAnt: doubt, uncertainty

💡 Exam tip: Choose will for a more certain result and might for a less certain result.

5. Travel and Guidance Vocabulary (8 words)

tourist[/ˈtʊərɪst/]nouneasy

Meaning: পর্যটক

Alt: ভ্রমণকারী ব্যক্তি

Example: If you are a tourist, carry a city brochure.

Syn: traveller, visitorAnt: resident, local

💡 Exam tip: Tourist means a person travelling for pleasure, not usually for permanent residence.

brochure[/ˈbrəʊʃə/]nounmedium

Meaning: তথ্যপুস্তিকা

Alt: সংক্ষিপ্ত তথ্যসম্বলিত প্রচারপত্র

Example: If you are lost, look at the city brochure.

Syn: leaflet, pamphlet

💡 Exam tip: Brochure is a common travel-related vocabulary item.

memorial[/məˈmɔːriəl/]nounmedium

Meaning: স্মৃতিসৌধ

Alt: কোনো ব্যক্তি বা ঘটনা স্মরণে নির্মিত স্থাপনা

Example: If you love history, visit the memorials.

Syn: monument, remembrance

💡 Exam tip: Memorial is related to memory and remembrance.

crowd[/kraʊd/]nouneasy

Meaning: ভিড়

Alt: এক জায়গায় সমবেত অনেক মানুষ

Example: If you want to avoid the crowd, go early.

Syn: throng, massAnt: solitude, emptiness

💡 Exam tip: Crowd may be used as both a noun and a verb.

discount[/ˈdɪskaʊnt/]nouneasy

Meaning: মূল্যছাড়

Alt: স্বাভাবিক দামের চেয়ে কম মূল্য

Example: If you book early, you may get a discount.

Syn: reduction, rebateAnt: increase, surcharge

💡 Exam tip: Get a discount means buy something at a reduced price.

police[/pəˈliːs/]nouneasy

Meaning: পুলিশ

Alt: আইনশৃঙ্খলা রক্ষাকারী বাহিনী

Example: If you lose your passport, seek help from the police.

Syn: law enforcement, constabularyAnt: criminals

💡 Exam tip: Police is generally treated as a plural noun: The police are investigating.

umbrella[/ʌmˈbrelə/]nouneasy

Meaning: ছাতা

Alt: বৃষ্টি বা রোদ থেকে রক্ষার উপকরণ

Example: If you travel in the rainy season, take an umbrella.

Syn: parasol, sunshade

💡 Exam tip: An umbrella begins with a vowel sound, so use an umbrella.

alone[/əˈləʊn/]adveasy

Meaning: একা

Alt: অন্য কারও সঙ্গ ছাড়া

Example: If you go alone, do not speak to strangers.

Syn: separately, by oneselfAnt: together, accompanied

💡 Exam tip: Alone means without company; it does not always mean lonely.

6. Environment and Social Issues (8 words)

pollution[/pəˈluːʃən/]nouneasy

Meaning: দূষণ

Alt: পরিবেশে ক্ষতিকর পদার্থের উপস্থিতি

Example: If people use cars less, there will be less pollution.

Syn: contamination, defilementAnt: purity, cleanliness

💡 Exam tip: Pollution is an uncountable noun in most contexts.

recycle[/ˌriːˈsaɪkəl/]verbeasy

Meaning: পুনর্ব্যবহার করা

Alt: ব্যবহৃত উপাদানকে নতুনভাবে ব্যবহার করা

Example: If people recycle more, they will protect the environment.

Syn: reuse, reprocessAnt: discard, waste

💡 Exam tip: The noun form is recycling and the adjective is recyclable.

environment[/ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/]nouneasy

Meaning: পরিবেশ

Alt: জীবজগতের চারপাশের প্রাকৃতিক জগৎ

Example: If we plant trees, we will improve the environment.

Syn: surroundings, ecosystem

💡 Exam tip: Environment is commonly used with protect, preserve, and damage.

unhealthy[/ʌnˈhelθi/]adjeasy

Meaning: অস্বাস্থ্যকর

Alt: স্বাস্থ্যের জন্য ক্ষতিকর

Example: If people eat junk food, they may become unhealthy.

Syn: harmful, unsoundAnt: healthy, wholesome

💡 Exam tip: Unhealthy is formed by adding the negative prefix un- to healthy.

stress[/stres/]nounmedium

Meaning: মানসিক চাপ

Alt: উদ্বেগ বা অতিরিক্ত চাপের অবস্থা

Example: If life did not move so fast, people would suffer less stress.

Syn: tension, pressureAnt: calm, relaxation

💡 Exam tip: Stress can be both a noun and a verb.

celebrity[/səˈlebrəti/]nouneasy

Meaning: খ্যাতিমান ব্যক্তি

Alt: জনপ্রিয় বা বিখ্যাত ব্যক্তি

Example: If people stopped talking about celebrities, they might become less popular.

Syn: star, famous personAnt: unknown, nobody

💡 Exam tip: The plural form is celebrities, changing y to ies.

war[/wɔː/]nouneasy

Meaning: যুদ্ধ

Alt: দেশ বা গোষ্ঠীর মধ্যে সশস্ত্র সংঘর্ষ

Example: If countries did not start wars, the world would be safer.

Syn: conflict, battleAnt: peace, harmony

💡 Exam tip: The phrase start a war is commonly tested in sentence completion.

rural[/ˈrʊərəl/]adjmedium

Meaning: গ্রামীণ

Alt: গ্রাম বা গ্রামের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কিত

Example: If I had the chance, I would work with rural people.

Syn: countryside, agrarianAnt: urban, municipal

💡 Exam tip: Rural is the opposite of urban.

💡 Exam Tips

• First conditional pattern: If + subject + present simple, subject + will/may/might + base verb.

• Second conditional pattern: If + subject + past simple, subject + would/could/might + base verb.

• Do not usually use will in the if-clause of a first conditional.

• Use a comma when the if-clause comes before the main clause.

• In a second conditional, were may be used with all subjects in formal English: If I were you, I would study harder.

• Unless means if...not; avoid using an extra not after unless.

• An imperative can occur in the result clause to express advice or instruction: If you need help, call me.

• May and might express possibility; might generally shows less certainty than may.

• Check whether the question refers to a real future possibility or an unreal situation before selecting first or second conditional.

• In vocabulary questions, distinguish cause or condition from result or outcome.

• Advice is uncountable, while opportunity and attempt are countable nouns.

• Remember common collocations: miss a train, seek help, get a discount, protect the environment, start a war, and suffer from stress.

English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten - Conditionals - Vocabulary

Chapter: Conditionals

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