Chapter: Kinds of Verbs
đ Vocabulary
English Grammar and Composition Classes Nine and Ten
â Most Important Exam Words
infinitivegerundparticiplemodalauxiliarybase formrememberforgetstopregretenjoyavoidfinishdenyriskdelaysuggestintendwishhopemakeletincidentcolleague
đ Word Formation Rules
âē Modal verb + base form: can go, might come, must study, should obey.
âē make/let + object + base form: make us laugh, let the children play.
âē Verb + to-infinitive: want to learn, hope to visit, intend to stay, decide to go.
âē Verb + gerund: enjoy reading, avoid eating, finish writing, deny stealing.
âē Verb + gerund or to-infinitive with little or no change in meaning: like reading/like to read, love dancing/love to dance, start working/start to work.
âē Remember, forget, stop, regret, try and mean change meaning according to whether they are followed by a gerund or a to-infinitive.
âē Verb + -ing functioning as a noun is a gerund: Swimming is healthy; I enjoy reading.
âē Verb + -ing functioning as an adjective is a participle: a crying baby, a fighting batsman, school-going children.
1. Infinitive Without To (8 words)
modal[/ËmoĘdÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯, āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: We must obey the rules.
Syn: auxiliaryAnt: main verb
đĄ Exam tip: Modal verb-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ to āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž verb-āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§: must go, can read.
infinitive[/ÉĒnËfÉĒnÉtÉĒv/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ; āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ to-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: āĻ
āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: She wants to learn English.
Syn: base formAnt: finite verb
đĄ Exam tip: to + verb-āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻā§ infinitive āĻŦāĻ˛ā§.
remember[/rÉĒËmembÉr/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Remember to post the letter.
Syn: recallAnt: forget
đĄ Exam tip: remember to do = āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž; remember doing = āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž.
forget[/fÉËÉĄet/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Do not forget to take the prescriptions.
Syn: overlookAnt: remember
đĄ Exam tip: forget to do = āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ; forget doing = āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ.
make[/meÉĒk/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The teacher made us write the answer.
Syn: force, causeAnt: prevent
đĄ Exam tip: make + object + infinitive without to: made us write.
let[/let/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: They let the children play outside.
Syn: allow, permitAnt: forbid
đĄ Exam tip: let + object + infinitive without to: let him go.
could[/kĘd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤; āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§
Alt: can-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Example: We could not stop laughing.
Syn: was able toAnt: could not
đĄ Exam tip: could-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ verb-āĻāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§, to āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ.
might[/maÉĒt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
Alt: may-āĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Example: The doctor might want to see them.
Syn: may, possiblyAnt: certainly
đĄ Exam tip: might + base verb: might want; might-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ to āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻž.
2. Gerund and -ing Forms (8 words)
gerund[/ËdĘerÉnd/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ verbal noun, āĻ¯āĻž noun-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§
Alt: -ing āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Example: Swimming is good exercise.
Syn: verbal nounAnt: participle
đĄ Exam tip: -ing āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ noun-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ gerund: Swimming is enjoyable.
enjoy[/ÉĒnËdĘÉÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: I enjoy reading stories.
Syn: like, relishAnt: dislike
đĄ Exam tip: enjoy-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž gerund āĻŦāĻ¸ā§: enjoy reading; enjoy to read āĻā§āĻ˛.
avoid[/ÉËvÉÉĒd/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Avoid eating oily food.
Syn: evade, shunAnt: face, accept
đĄ Exam tip: avoid + verb-ing: avoid making mistakes.
finish[/ËfÉĒnÉĒĘ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: She finished writing the letter.
Syn: complete, endAnt: begin, start
đĄ Exam tip: finish-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ gerund āĻŦāĻ¸ā§: finish doing.
deny[/dÉĒËnaÉĒ/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž
Example: The boy denied stealing the coins.
Syn: refuse, rejectAnt: admit, confess
đĄ Exam tip: deny + verb-ing: denied taking; deny to take āĻā§āĻ˛.
risk[/rÉĒsk/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Do not risk going there at night.
Syn: hazard, endangerAnt: protect, secure
đĄ Exam tip: risk-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ gerund āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ: risk losing.
delay[/dÉĒËleÉĒ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§
Example: They delayed going to the station.
Syn: postpone, deferAnt: hasten, advance
đĄ Exam tip: delay + verb-ing: delayed meeting; delay to meet āĻā§āĻ˛.
suggest[/sÉËdĘest/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Babul suggested going to a restaurant.
Syn: propose, adviseAnt: oppose
đĄ Exam tip: suggest + verb-ing: suggested going; suggested to go āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛.
3. Verbs Followed by Infinitive (8 words)
want[/wÉnt/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: I want to watch television.
Syn: wish, desireAnt: dislike, refuse
đĄ Exam tip: want + to-infinitive: want to read.
intend[/ÉĒnËtend/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Lucy intends to stay in Dhaka for a year.
Syn: plan, meanAnt: neglect
đĄ Exam tip: intend + to-infinitive: intends to learn.
wish[/wÉĒĘ/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: She wishes to learn Bangla.
Syn: desire, wantAnt: reject
đĄ Exam tip: wish + to-infinitive; wish to learn āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻ¨.
hope[/hoĘp/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: She hopes to visit many places.
Syn: expect, anticipateAnt: despair
đĄ Exam tip: hope + to-infinitive: hope to see; hope seeing āĻā§āĻ˛.
plan[/plÃĻn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: They plan to travel to Bangladesh.
Syn: arrange, intendAnt: improvise
đĄ Exam tip: plan-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ to-infinitive āĻŦāĻ¸ā§: plan to go.
learn[/lÉËrn/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻāĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: He learned to speak English.
Syn: study, acquireAnt: forget
đĄ Exam tip: learn + to-infinitive: learn to write.
decide[/dÉĒËsaÉĒd/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: We decided to go sailing.
Syn: determine, resolveAnt: hesitate
đĄ Exam tip: decide + to-infinitive: decided to leave.
refuse[/rÉĒËfjuËz/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Example: He refused to answer the question.
Syn: decline, rejectAnt: accept, agree
đĄ Exam tip: refuse + to-infinitive: refused to help.
4. Meaning Changes with Verb Patterns (8 words)
stop[/stÉp/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž
Example: Masum stopped buying fruits.
Syn: cease, haltAnt: continue, start
đĄ Exam tip: stop doing = āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž; stop to do = āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻž.
regret[/rÉĒËÉĄret/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: We regret to inform you of the decision.
Syn: repent, be sorryAnt: rejoice
đĄ Exam tip: regret to inform = āĻĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§; regret doing = āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ.
remember[/rÉĒËmembÉr/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Do you remember leaving a message?
Syn: recallAnt: forget
đĄ Exam tip: remember doing āĻ
āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; remember to do āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž.
forget[/fÉËÉĄet/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Example: Farooq forgot to pay the bill.
Syn: overlook, neglectAnt: remember
đĄ Exam tip: forget to pay = āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋ; forget paying = āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ.
try[/traÉĒ/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Try to solve the problem.
Syn: attempt, endeavourAnt: avoid
đĄ Exam tip: try to do = āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž; try doing = āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž.
mean[/miËn/]verbhard
Meaning: āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: This job means working at night.
Syn: signify, intendAnt: misunderstand
đĄ Exam tip: mean doing = āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ; mean to do = āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž.
continue[/kÉnËtÉĒnjuË/]verbmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻ
āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: She continued reading the book.
Syn: proceed, persistAnt: stop, discontinue
đĄ Exam tip: continue + gerund āĻŦāĻž to-infinitiveâāĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ.
like[/laÉĒk/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻž
Example: I like reading poetry.
Syn: enjoy, preferAnt: dislike, hate
đĄ Exam tip: like doing āĻāĻŦāĻ like to do āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
5. Participles as Adjectives (8 words)
participle[/pÉËrËtÉĒsÉĒpÉl/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¯āĻž adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻŖ
Example: A crying baby needs attention.
Syn: verbal adjectiveAnt: gerund
đĄ Exam tip: -ing form noun-āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋ participle.
fighting[/ËfaÉĒtÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ˛āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤
Alt: āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¤
Example: He was a fighting batsman.
Syn: struggling, combatantAnt: peaceful
đĄ Exam tip: fighting batsman-āĻ fighting, batsman-āĻā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻā§; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ participle.
complaining[/kÉmËpleÉĒnÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Example: She is a complaining girl.
Syn: dissatisfied, grumblingAnt: contented
đĄ Exam tip: complaining girl-āĻ -ing āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻā§.
playing[/ËpleÉĒÉĒÅ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
Alt: āĻā§āĻ˛āĻž-āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤
Example: They are school-playing boys.
Syn: sporting, activeAnt: inactive
đĄ Exam tip: cricket-playing country-āĻ¤ā§ playing noun-āĻā§ modify āĻāĻ°ā§.
going[/ËÉĄoĘÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨
Alt: āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ°āĻ¤
Example: School-going children need care.
Syn: travelling, movingAnt: staying
đĄ Exam tip: school-going boys-āĻ going participle āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ adjective-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§.
shimmering[/ËĘÉĒmÉrÉĒÅ/]adjmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: The shell looked shimmering in the sunlight.
Syn: sparkling, glitteringAnt: dull
đĄ Exam tip: shimmering āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ noun āĻŦāĻž subject-āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ participle.
trembling[/ËtremblÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž
Alt: āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
Example: He tried to control his trembling legs.
Syn: shaking, quiveringAnt: steady
đĄ Exam tip: trembling legs-āĻ trembling adjective āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§.
flying[/ËflaÉĒÉĒÅ/]adjeasy
Meaning: āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
Example: I saw some flying bats.
Syn: airborne, soaringAnt: grounded
đĄ Exam tip: flying bats-āĻ flying, bats-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§.
6. Exam Grammar Terms and Actions (8 words)
base form[/beÉĒs fÉËrm/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Alt: verb-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ
Example: Go is the base form of went.
Syn: root form, bare infinitiveAnt: past form
đĄ Exam tip: modal, make āĻ let-āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ base form āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
auxiliary[/ÉËÉĄËzÉĒliÉri/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
Alt: āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ verb
Example: Can is an auxiliary verb.
Syn: helping verbAnt: main verb
đĄ Exam tip: can, could, may, might, must, should āĻ will modal auxiliary.
prescription[/prÉĒËskrÉĒpĘÉn/]nounmedium
Meaning: āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ
Alt: āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ
Example: Take the old prescriptions to the doctor.
Syn: medical orderAnt: įĻåŋ
đĄ Exam tip: Vocabulary āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ā§ prescription-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ medical advice āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§.
disturb[/dÉĒËstÉËrb/]verbeasy
Meaning: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Alt: āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
Example: Please do not disturb other people.
Syn: interrupt, annoyAnt: calm, assist
đĄ Exam tip: disturb + object: disturb the students; disturb to students āĻā§āĻ˛.
librarian[/laÉĒËbreriÉn/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Alt: āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Example: The assistant librarian came to help us.
Syn: library officerAnt: reader
đĄ Exam tip: librarian āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ; library āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨.
incident[/ËÉĒnsÉĒdÉnt/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž
Alt: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž
Example: We will remember the incident for a long time.
Syn: event, occurrenceAnt: non-event
đĄ Exam tip: incident-āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ event-āĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ.
ultimately[/ËĘltÉĒmÉtli/]adveasy
Meaning: āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤
Alt: āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇā§
Example: Ultimately, the assistant made us leave.
Syn: finally, eventuallyAnt: initially
đĄ Exam tip: ultimately āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§.
colleague[/ËkÉliËÉĄ/]nouneasy
Meaning: āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§
Alt: āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
Example: Lucy showed the pictures to her colleagues.
Syn: coworker, associateAnt: employer
đĄ Exam tip: colleague āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§; college āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧâāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¨āĻž.
đĄ Exam Tips
âĸ After modal verbs, use the base form of the verb, not to + verb or verb-ing.
âĸ After make and let, use object + infinitive without to.
âĸ Memorize common gerund-taking verbs: enjoy, avoid, finish, deny, risk, delay, suggest and miss.
âĸ Use to + infinitive after want, wish, hope, intend, plan, decide, learn and refuse.
âĸ Distinguish gerund from participle by function: noun function means gerund, adjective function means participle.
âĸ Remember the meaning difference: stop doing means cease an activity, while stop to do means pause in order to do another activity.
âĸ In error-correction questions, write suggest going, enjoy watching, look forward to watching and mind watching.
âĸ After the preposition to in expressions such as be used to and look forward to, use verb-ing: used to cooking, looking forward to watching.
âĸ For fill-in-the-blanks, first identify the preceding verb and then decide whether it requires a gerund, a to-infinitive or a bare infinitive.
âĸ Do not confuse forget to pay with forget paying: the first means the payment was not made, while the second refers to forgetting the memory of a completed payment.